CHAPTER 1 (4% 1) 1. Norwegian 4 Freafefaa 29 letters (arent) ar war frat ST a Capital Small Pronunciation letters letters (aE HR) (Se sR) Ltdg ger seeganawgg a = 4 jBOO a a a i ZPrPaRNxxecacuenonv BegN< xe cere nas 4% Boi. cq.w.x 3k 21 van Sam fateh wei A fare ‘wal @ | Hw et Norwegian family names 9 34 see wary waz 2. Some letters may be modified by diacritics : & 8, 6, 6, 9, and 6. Nynorsk 4 i, a Ht y ai Mt we Sar sez) diacritics WEE Ae @ SHA FS cases H diacritics FA ao a am & fafa ad free ond f Ha: for #1 S44 for H to @1 for 1 BE went (a) #1 for 1-H furrow (HS) B1 a for (FR) #1 HF fodder (arm) t1PRONUNCIATION (sae) Norwegian pronuncation is much more regular than English pronunciation. The sound system of Norwegian is similar to Swedish. There is considerable variation among the dialects, but the variant generally taught to foreign students is, Standard Bstnorsk. ‘The Vowels ‘A vowel is generally long in stressed syllables when itis the final letter or followed by only one consonant. A bar (~) over a vowel symbol (e.g. ew/) in olf phonetic transcription indicates a long vowel. If followed by two or more conso- nants, or in unstressed syllables, the vowel is generally short, Pronunciation Meaning of Vowels Approximate of Norwegian Norwegian in pronunciation inDevanagri English & Hindi a1) When long, aa) dag day like a in far cr io 2) When shor, ah) tak thank you it is pronounced (am) (SIR) like w in cut katt cat wave) © 1) When long, a @ se see like ay in may - @ (eer) Ie laugh @ er2) When short, a like ¢ in get 3) When followed ® by, often like a in bad, w can be short or long. 4) eis also pronounced er (#1) in unstressed syllables as er (A) in ‘other’ without any r-sound, 11) When tong, c(t) like ee in bee sis at oer wt sa 2) When short the CF position of the tongue is slightly lower. 0-1) Writen 0 has two pronunciations in Nocwepian 3 1 3h penn ay Sho in bere eo Long in ber @® Ga) co) rik frig a) lite (fora) snill (ara) pen (ram) gentleman (am TH) here (aa) (ore) ten ~« rich, (ari) a litle (ate) good (ora)‘The © sound is generally Jong i Generally itis /.) god pronounced long a ii, When short, 0 (st) tolv generally like o (he) in hot W 1) Norwegian w @ mur Fh eat fateh oR ‘ate & Ferg ofr t1 raat @ buss waft aa was ee wi ae ttt gutt W long om short t ward #1 yretatin (i) w/t) oy cm) aow (f/e) Hae ew(F/E) mnt Wat ti ewis a & rounded ce sound’ y can be long or short Note: O38 fran a1 ori ¢ sitaf @t ater eT! good (ora) twelve (are) wall (am) bus ~~ boy (wean) town, (ay (fe)we Taal aft stint we cat Fa at ee #11 appeats usualy infront of +, usually long. ‘art ae short tat @1 “SR consonants wed 2 TT may Way (Q #4 we tat 8 FE vowel sit Wad t1 eat waht of at ae 21 eet sid a sit Tecan be long or short ur (31) # eae F a Fer Tet 4 @ Ais usually long. 54 7 long at eer sore sich = saw 7% Haw ae aati When shor, it is like o in hot. FO =®) ur (3) tere aes) tend ce fel i) dor wo smtt pa ) handbook 2) to lear, (aren) leamed tren) ugly door butter CFR) handbook (gfe)‘The Consonants 1. bd, fb, m,n, p, t, v letters are pronounced in Norwegian as in English. 2. ¢.g,w diz He Norwegian alphabet 919 sa fae Hi aati $1 WaT Fact foreign words W fea aT ze! 3. (@) g TEAM iy W ci VUE yes Hy (@) a RE fara sat 1 Examples gift (Pervet) = poison (31) ayldig Graf) - valid (AFA) seit (a4) = goat (RG) &) A gS ay Tera a g HTM gas (x) #1 we een @1 Examples : gal (Ie) - false (@@1), mad (4FT) guly (RA) - floor (Hi) 4. hy #1 Tea view Fv (@) Ht WE Fat FI Examples iva A) ~ pronoun what (#1) hval (ast) - whale (@1) 5. j, gj, hj, lj Fea yes Fy (a) wt ae eae Examples : Jeg (ara) 1a) Jord CR) ~ earth (eat) gield (ei) ~ debt (rat) giennom (44-4) = through (ata 4) hjelp (44) ~ help (aera) hjem (3) ~ home (7%) Tome (aa) = echo (ist)6. k #1 Tea i, y Aj A Veet TH ich F ch Ca) Ht RE ‘eat &1 Examples : kim (ara) - germ (ferery) inn (RA) ~ cheek (Tet) kyss Fa) ~ kiss (A) kyst Gare) ~ seaside (HAR a FART) Kjemi (4) ~ chemistry (CarTTRTEA) Kjole (asi) > dress (eT) NB.:k # at af ae wt sree et atk wT Sea k () ‘eat &1 Examples : Klima (RM) - climate (e1aTq) Klok (FR) ~ clever (FG) kone (A) ~ wife (7) kraft (94) = force Cafe) kal (tet) - cabbage (Tt) 7. 1H FSI HA leo H | Ht aE eet 21 Examples salt (Fea) > salt (71%) salat (Hea) ~ salad (Heme) 8. ris slightly rolled in the front of the mouth, except in south-western Norway where it is pronounced in the back of the mouth, Examples rep (8) + rope (RM) rev (4) - fox (ein) rik (6) = rich (74) rom (a) + room (#77) 9, 18 #1 FeaRM WH eastern Norway W sh (a) ¥t ae ea 21 Oslo Ft gear FeareT sh CM) Ht aE eter B1 eRT earl we ai start a Tear fee STA @ | Examples10, AL. norsk Ca) ~ Norwegian (Tafa) verst (4a) + worst (4 A A) SH TAT FT so Hs Ht ME eet 21 Examples saft (1) ~ juice (WA) sak (A) > cause (ICT) sal (Bre) ~ hall (eet) seks (88) - six @) saus (R158) ~ sauce (el) sau (BTS) - sheep (4) sj, skj, sk when followed by i, y or # or dy, like sh (@1) in shut. Examples sjikane (itera) ~ harassment (WTF) sjiraff (ate) + giraffe (Frm) skjort (4) ~ skirt (HE) sky GH) + cloud (R=) ski Ct) > ski A) B.: In the combination sl at the beginning of a word, s becomes sh (2) | Examples : slank (Xa) ~ slim (¥eT) slike (eA) ~ such (eM) Mute Consonants adjectives 3% adverbs 41 -ig 3X -lig ending # g mute ‘aa @, Fa: erlig (fe) - honest (SHAR) hurtig (@a-fa) ~ quick (set) stadig (ef) - constantly (TAR) ivrig (Saf) + anxious (Fefargei)In the groups rd, rl, m and st, the r tends not to be pronounced. dis mute at the end of a word after r, at the same time lengthening the vowel. 43: Jjord PR) ~ earth (gett) bord (RR) table (4) 1d3ittnd #t Wa: spoken language Wl HXnnF assimilate at fem oan 21 Fa: Jand (Jann) + land (ai) holde (hol-le) ~ hold (FEA) his silent before j & v. 8: hjelper (AAR) ~ helper (wera) hjont Cra) ~ deer (fez) vile a) > rest (SATA) vin (at) ~ shriek (ra) Invi (ta) > white (WR) neuter nouns #f definite form 4 ¢ #1 Searcy wet fara are | 8: huset (8) ~ the house neuter pronoun det (@) -itY “ft seareo1 ae are Se | ge wel Fv a sea We fem ore Sa: tolv (ate) ~ twelve (aR) solv (HA) + silver Café) haly (eA) > half (ire) Diphthongs Norwegian 4 #4 diphthongs €1 4a: cau (33) ei (FR) oy (aa) au: %@ diphthong #1 Sear ‘ara’ ean 31 Fa: 10haug (8S) ~ small hill (tat were) sau (BTS) ~ sheep (48) hauk (5%) > hawk (a) tau (478) ~ rope (te) maur (FISD > ant fa) pause (518) ~ pause (Fat) 2. ei: 8 diphthong #1 Sea sigh F igh (318) Ht we BT ema: vei (aI) ~ road (HE%) stein (ENR) ~ stone (Yee) eis (8) lint (fer) keiser RAD ~ emperor (ATE) leir (RR) + camp (379) nei (IR) ~ no (7él) peis (TRS) + fireplace (SMT FI tar) reise (EA) ~ travel (aa) bein (aE?) - leg (en) beite (ATE) + pasture (ITE) feil CHIR) - mistake (Tera?) 3. 6y: SAH TEAR boy F oy (site) Bt mE eda: oy (aig) - island (er toy (ae) cloth (4ST) hoy (Bre) ~ tall, high (San) Stress : 312i 1 GE Norwegian 81H F stress WA: TR ® first syllable % Sten Var @ citer ga fam S we ary (exceptions) @, farina fate ai 1 Romance ak Greek Origin # Wei A stress FH last syllable % Set TT 1 Norwegian 4 fageft w= ferret ending -sjon (3A), -al (311), uwcell (BA), -ant (Bia), -ent (BA), -ment (4), -inne (FA), -e7i (Wt), -ere (ER), log (eH), ~ist (GA, -ikk (GH), -itt HA), -anse (A), -fon (HA), -graf CF), -tur 7B), -6r (R, -ti (MM), -ter (44) AB, 4-H stress FI last syllable % SA wat eI Intonation : Norwegian 9 wel # 44 an war & fee ‘@rt-aet intonation #1 watt fart ore tH art weet at ‘Yara $1 fis speech melody # fee 4 Norwegian broadcasts @l staeq GF | Norwegian Television #t Saat +t Ha yeTI Compound Words Compound words are written together in Norwegian, which can cause words to become very long; for example : sannsynlighetsmaksimeringsestimator (maximum likelihood estimator), menneskerettighetsorganisasjoner (human rights organisations) and En midtsommernattsdrom (A Midsummer Night’s Dream). ‘af Norwegian "1H 4 Compound words #1 ygI Ft ‘feral at gas VFO humorous (eeANR) EA | roykfrite (the wid) (no smoking) #1 4f& compound word @ &9 4 7 fear are ah atel ae SA | TA royk (dhe) frint (Sa) aT are TATE % smoke freely, N.B,: Norwegian phonology # Tet aera & fey Kristoffersen, Gjert #1 YS ‘The Phonology of Norwegian’ wl S| St YRS Hl VHT Oxford University Press 21 Phonology means phonetics, phonemics or both together. 2CHAPTER 2 (3141 2) THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE—GENDER (aitrara sore —fein) Norwegian’ dal # M4: FUR F AA article (FA SIA a, an, the) Hr xan eer e 1 aS fei a Tea sae article Ht Rat a A Tact @ | aad sf major spelling reform @ eet Norwegian 4 #4a @ genders ‘4 ara 1. common gender, 2. neuter gender. common gender % masculine 2% feminine gender wre %1 New spelling reform feminine gender #1 *f a1 feat ‘att | common or neuter genders #1 3A afer Far frat oat @ | fa Weel, a stay A eA Norwegian indefinite articles en i et (a, an) #1 31744 FE | Norwegian common gender 4 indefinite article en #1 ‘wait farar ora @ staf neuter F indefinte article et #1 weir fart sat @ 1 Common gender Neuter gender en stasjon station —_et hotell ahotel ehn staashaon eht hoo-tehl eR wen tga we teaten agurk a cucumber ehn ah-gewrk & ae we cit en aften anight ehn ahf-ten aR WH Ua en alkohol an alcohol ehn ahl-koo-haol U oaeg | WH a en albue an elbow ehn abl-bew-é seq we set en almanakk a diary ehn ahl-mah-nakk tae ow sai en ambassador an ambassador ehn ahm-bah-sah-dirr Ta WH TT enananas a pineapple ehn ahn-nah-nahss 4 et album an album eht ahl-bewm ta aeqy | w tean etalfabet an alphabet eht abl-fa-bayt te ae-e-aa Ue aire etansikt a face eht an-sikt te anf UF aT etantall a number cht ahn-tahl worm wet et gress a grass eht grehss ta ta WS Ue et gull a gold eht gewll ar wat et herberge ahostel cht heer-ber-ger wit ow deden anstalt an institute ehn ahn-stahlt Go smaa | eT en and a duck ehn ahnn aan wwe en anforer a leader ehn ahn-far-rerr GER wT en ape a monkey ehn aa-per & am UH TR en appelsin an orange ehn ah-perl-seen toads ow dar en aprikos an apricot ehn app-ri-k@Bs Go avftga ow gert en arbeider a labourer ehn ahrbigh-derr RAR WH en arkitekt an architect ehn ahr-ki-tehkt acfedea aaa 1s ethonorar a fee eht hoo-noo-raar Wee wie et hull ahole eht hewll ae wR ethospital —_ ahospital eht hoos-pi-taal weehiad UF ree et vennskap a ftiendship eht vehn-skaap wae ow det et idol an idol eht-idéol wee aft et begrep an idea tay we fra et kinn a cheek eht khinn te far WH Te et kjott ameat eht Khurtt wa Ween armé anarmy et kne a knee ehn ahr-may eht knay aa we ah wet we YE enattest acertificate et krus a mug ehn ah-tehst eht krewss & aie we vdiete WEE HT en avgud an idol et bakeri a bakery ehn aav-gewd eht bah-ker-ree Bae we fe weet we aet en avis anewspaper et bakverk —_ a pastry ehn ah-veess eht baak-verk te acta wae haa oH tee en avling acrop et ball aball ehn ahy-ling eht bahll Raft wre ta ww te en bagasje aluggage et barn achild ehn bah-gaa-sher eht baan eta wun tan Ur Tea en baker a baker et batteri a battery ehn baa-kerr eht bah-ter-ree Ra wiet tact wat en bambus abamboo et bein aleg ehn bahm-bewss eht bighn wa arga we aa tat wan 16en banan ehn bah-nan wan en bart ehn bahtt aa en basill ehn bah-sill & fae en blomkal ehn blom-kawl aia en blomst ehn blomst & ache en bluse ehn bie waa en blyant ser ehn blew-ahnt & agora a banana we tan a moustache we agerm um faery a cauliflower we Fert a flower UF FA a blouse WH aaa a pencil 7 et berg a mountain eht berg te 4 Oh WETS et bevis, a proof eht beh-veess wate HAG etbibliotek a library eht bi-bli-oo-tayk eseete wey et bilde a picture cht bil-der wfe< wm ae et bord atable eht bar we we at et brett a tray cht brehtt tate we et dekk atyre eht dehikk te ty we amen bok ehn bak ue en bokhandel a book Wh RR a book store ehn beok-hahn-derl Tee wets a table tennis en bordtennis chn ba@-teh-niss tigate ow ta tha en bror ehn braar Tat en brud ehn bréwd aR en bu ehn baw aq en busk ehn bewsk ue a brother Uh AR a bride Uh eT a booth waa a bush & at 18 et dikt eht dikt th fear et drama eht draa-mah tee et innfall eht in-fahl a Re et egg cht ehgg we etfelt eht fehlt te ter etfjell eht fyehll te Fie et fotografi a poem a drama Wa Tes an idea we fra an egg we ata afield aT a mountain WH WE a photo eht foo-too-grah-fee Egat wr Wden buss a bus et institutt an institute ehn bewss eht in-sti-tewet um waa ta eefiegs UH eT en bunt abundle et intervall an interval ehn bewnt eht in-terr-vahl ur wrt teeaT ae ay en dame a lady et interyju an interview ehn daa-mer eht in-terr-vyew TH watt mma wR en datter adaughter erkateter a desk ehn daht-terr cht kah-tay-terr HaeR wat ween te endiktator dictator et ‘kilo a kilogram ehn dik-taa-toor eht khee-loo hierg wane wag wefectrr en dikter a poet et kjgkken kitchen ehn dik-terr eht Khurk-kern th fee wr aft oe ow Te en diplomat adiplomat et Kjoleskap a fridge ehn dip-loo-maat eht khur-ler-skaap tw fega ww gett tea UH fet wen disiplin adiscipline et konditori_a pastry shop ehn di-si-pleen eht koon-di-too-ree feed wag eee wieisige endomstol —_acoutt et konsulat a consulate ehn dom-staal eht kon-sew-laat Gees owas otahge wate ree en due apigeon et galleria gallery ehn déW-er eht gah-ler-ree aye wa tate tat en festival afestival et godstog a goods train ehnfehss-ti-vaal cht goots-tawg ttefeaa wate | tae meet en filosof aphilosopher et halshdnd a collar ehn fi-loo-si@f eht hahls-bon th fea ow aie oth cad oH wer en fiolin a violin et halskjede a necklace hn fi-oo-leen ht hahls-khay-der G fers ware tee WH HM en fisk a fish et have an ocean ehn fisk eht hav & free wid tea wm are 20en forfader ehn for-faa-derr & eH en forsikring ehn fo-shik-ring tH wife fia en fortelling ehn fo-tehl-ling tH defer en fot ehn feat ae en dans ehn dahn-ser ue en fotokopi an ancestor ww an insurance we ar a story we wert a foot wm ta a dance ee a photostat ehn foot-too-koo-pee pet en frokost ehn frax-kost ree we HERE a breakfast We ARAL 2 ef springvann a fountain eht spring-vahn te aofteat UE Fea et horn ahom eht haon we we at et hus a house eht hewss ug HR ethandkle a towel eht hong-kler & ere der et handledd a wrist eht hon-lehd tetas om Fat et krigsskip a warship eht krik-sheep te frazie oH Sit ers etkronblad a petal eht kr@in-blaa ta oH igien frukt ehn frewkt Fe en fugl ehn fewl re en gave ehn gaa-ver SR en gevinst chn geh-vinst afer en gitar ehn gi-taar tH far en gift ehn yift tH fave en grav ehn graay ta a fruit we Fa abird we vet a present We TIE a prize aM a guitar w& free a poison, Th FT a grave we eh 2 et krydder a spice eht krewd-derr take UH Fae et kveg acattle eht kvayg aT HY et kyss a kiss eht khewss aie wa et landskap a scenery eht lahn-skaap Wl ean WF et leksikon an encyclopedia ht lehk-si-kon fade feat wr eratethiten et lokaltog a local train ch loo kaatag te Gae UF cra etlotteri —_alottery eht-lo-ter-ree te deed ow aten gribb avulture et lin a loan ehn gribb eht lawn & fra wits td we SI en ytterfrakk an overcoat et yrke an occupation ehn ewt-terr-frahk eht ewr-ker tiaras ow steate tr we tn en vert alandlord — et vine a witness ehn veit eht vit-ner maa we wie te feet UH Tae en veske abag et veikart a road map ehn vehss-ker eht vigh-kaht Gas wie aes wea envenninne a friend et veidekke a pavement ehn veh-nin-ner eht vigh-deh-ker Raia win tarts wm wed en vege a wall et veiskilt aroad sign ehn vehgg eht vigh-shilt aa we tan tr afer ua wee fae en vakt an attendant ef vaskeri a laundry ehn vahkt eht vahss-ker-ree tH war wt taead wm ast 2Ben vane ahabit et valgsprak a slogan ehn vaa-ner eht vahlg-sprawk waa wae i aeate Ue AT en utflukt atrip etuniversitet a university ehn it-flookt eht ew-ni-vee-shi-t@3rt t seaga aT te shafts ow fara en urskog ajungle et térn a tower ehn BW-shkBg eht tawn msg ows tr aT enunderskrift a signature et ronn aton ehn ewn-nerr-skrift eht tonn te eeeweter UH tert tr de Ga en ungkar abachelor ef telegram telegram ehn oong-kaar eht teh-ler-grahmm tH srer wea waa ow tei enuly a wolf et sorgespill a drama ehn ewlv eht surr-ger-spil am w Aen teeta wg enugle an owl et symptom a symptom ehn ewg-ler eht sewm-tm ama wei tiem wan 24en tvist adispute et sykehus a hospital ehn wist cht siW-ker-hewss tr fae were wae wea enté atoe et sporsmal a question ehn taw eht spursh-mawl at was Werth wae en tulipan atulip et subjekt a subject ehn tew-li-paan eht sewb-yehkt afew we aft ga tetas oH fara en tom a thom et stipend a scholarship ehn tan eht sti-pehnd ug waa wee wat en traktor atractor et sprak_—_a language ehn trahk-toor eht sprawk Reg owt tare ow en tener aservant —efspeil — amiror ehn tyay-nerr eht spighl maT wie ar ou chen en tigger abeggar et spill a. game ehn tig-gerr eht spill fam we frat taf ww aa 28en soldat ehn sool-daat a en slekt ehn shlehkt th aaa en slum ehn shlewmm Gag en sko ehn skax aR en skredder ehn skrehd-derr WRT en skjorte ehn shoot-ter aT en skikk ehn shikk te fee a soldier we ate a family we afta aslum we 7 aett a shoe we atailor we oH a shirt we ae custom we fear 26 et skiegg a beard eht shehgg tr wT et skjelett a skeleton cht shehlehtt ted uH Fart et skip a boat eht sheep te vt we fared et sirkus acireus cht seer-kewss wage |W eT et sjdkart chart eht shitkaht ta aad we ae et sentrum centre cht sehn-trewm wae wa et rede anest eht rdy-der tik we diaeren sitron a lemon et redskap — avutensil ehn si-tr@n eht rehss-kaap i fee we fr when ow a ensjarlatan a quack et rep arope ehn shaa-lah-tahn eht rayp Boe owinem tt wr ei en sjef. amanager et ribbein—atib ehn shayf. eht rib-bighn ai wewiae te fea ur Teeth entale a speech et tapet a wallpaper ehn taa-ler eht tah- pa at we mm as Uw are entallerken —aplate et telegram atelegram ehn tah-ler-kern eht teh-ler-grahmm ete we aan wm en tavle a blackboard et torg amarket-place ehn tahv-ler cht torg Gama w teat teh Ge aE aT we ente atea ettrinn ——astep eho 1a he trinn ma Sw te fe ur een N.B. : From here on the phonetic pronunciation in Roman 2script will be omitted. Whenever in doubt the student should refer to Norwegian pronunciation ie. from page 4 to 13, Also refer to chapter 2 for Roman script. Phonetic pronunciation in Devanagri script will not be omitted in any chapter of this book as Devanagri script is easier & more exact as compared to Roman script.