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COMPONTNT MODUI,ES
ljsers: :.iijir ;tt-::r
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stcres metadata in the DBMS cataicg" Sxecutic.n:
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e casual users -Interactvia interactive query inlerface or access

canned transactions. eueries are parsed,
validated by query compiler then optimized
t Application Programmers - Write programs in host languages
like Java, C;or C+r
r Parametric users Perform data entry by supplying parameters
- to predefined transactions.
4. DDL Compiler:
- Processes schema definitions specified in DDL.
- Stores schema descriptions (meta_data) in the DBMS catalog.
5' Interactive Query - interface for casual users and persons
with occasional need for information flom the database.
6. Query Optimizer - Optimizes queries for performance
7' Precornpiler - Extracts DML commands from host language
programs and sends it to DML compiler for
compilation of object code
8' DML Compiler- Compiles DML commands into object
code for database access.
9. Runtime Database processor:
- Executes privileged commands, executable query plans,
and canned transactions with runtime parameters
- Handles data transfer between disk and main mernory.
- Manages buffers in main memory.
10. S ubs,vstems for transaction management.
base System
r Loading - used to load existing data files such as text files or sequential files into
the database
r Backup - creates a backup copy ofthe database by dumping the entire database onto
tape and can be used
to restore the database in case ofcatastrophic disk failure
r Database storage reorganization - used to reorganize a set of database files into
different file organizations
and create new access paths to improve performance
r Performance monitoring - monitors database usage & provides statistics to the DBA.
DBA uses statistics
in making decisions about reorganising files, add or drop indexes
to improve performance
rothers - sorting files, handling datacompression, moniioring
access by users, interfacing with the netrvork

Other Tools
I. Data dictionary I repository
o used to store schema descriptions and other information
such as design decisions, application program
descriptions, user information, usage standards, etc.
o Active data dictionary is accessed by DBMS software
and users/I)BA.
o Passive data dictionary is accessed by users/DBA only.
2' Application Development Environments & cASE (computer-aided
software engineering) tools environment
for database design, GUI development, querying, updating, -
and application program development
Examples: powerBuilder (Sybase), JBuilder
6o.uoa1, r6"""top.i rOc (oracil)

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1" Centratrized DBMS Architecturc
- IViainframe computers handled all system functions user application programs, user interface programs, DBMS
- Users accessed the DBMS through terminals with display capabilities but no processing power.
- All processing rvas done remotely on the central computer, with display information sent to terminals over
communication networks. !)iS.ri* '" " {t tuti..ti {ir:r..1 ,rit-i .1 r;t.l ,4.{o..r*r-r j adUtj{;,.,-r r,', !,};r,:& * d.
2. Basic ClientlServer Architectures
- Developed to handle environments with various interconnected devices like PCs, servers, printers,... via networks
- Specialized servers provide specific functionalities accessed by many client machines.
- Client machines provide interfaces to utilize these servers and local processing power.
3. Two-Tier ClienUServer Architectures for DBMSs
- Software components distributed over client and server systems.
- user interface programs and application programs run on the client side.
- DBMS access is established through client programs connecting to the DBMS.
- Open Database Connectivigr (ODBC) standard enables client-side programs to call the DBMS.
- Client programs can connect to multiple RDBMSs using ODBC ApI.
4. Tl:ree-Tier Architecture and n-Tier for web applications
- Introduces an intermediate layer between client and database server.
- Application servet or Web server acts as intermediary. Clients contain user interfaces and web browsers.
- Three tiers include the user interface, application rules, and data access layers.
- n-tier architectures offer flexibility and scalability, with tiers running on appropriate platforms independently

CLASSIFICATI0F{ oF DBMS SYSTEMS :- Based on:

1. Data Model: Relational (SQL), ob.iect, I\IOSQL, hierarchical, ?l\ra$ r.1.. ,...-.i

native
2, Number of tJsers: Single-user, multiuser
3. Distribution: Centralized, distributed {DDBh/rS) i-.(
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4. Cost: Open sourcs, personal, site licenses, modular s]-stems, :ii'; 'if:'Si:i
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enterprise solutions i: :., i.,- i.r.; :'. r:'1i, -,,.;1; r,,1''11.',".i iJ.ti ;i ilr:l:, .'-.i'::: r:i i ri

5. Access Path Options: Inverted file structures, B-tree i- :,i,; i_. I : i,.) .'.,. i. ;"r i',, ;'r I i li i'.:. L"-'.i ;l.i;;, 5::1 i i*i r.1i StCl l.;

6. Purpose: se, special-purpose ?

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1. Requirements Collection and Analysis: gathering and analysirrg .i-.ii.l (_-r.ri :i i(:i ix
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requirements from prospective clatabase us€rs. It involves interviewing ai,..: I

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users to understand & find their data nceds and flnnctional requirements ..i :,'-:._ i i'i\ i l.'i :.! ;) il,, t ( I t_i.,:, ',.'
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3. Conceptual Design: for the database using a high-level conceptual k:ter*# Seh*r,ta iX/1 ,i).r\i. rr-;l';

data model. It provides a concise descriptiofi of user data requirerrrsnts,

including entity types, relationships, and constraints
4. Logical Design: schema is transformed into an implementation data model suitable for a specific DBMS, such as
the relational (SQL) model. This step ensures compatibility with the chosen DBMS.
5. Physical Design: In the physical design phase, internal storage structures, file organizations, indexes, access paths,
and other are This far the actual of the database.

I
I
Entity - An distinct object, concept, or thing in the real world with physical
Attribute -property that describes an entity and provides more information about it.
Types of attributes:
Simple - indivisible and cannot be funher broken down into smaller components. Ex: Age
Cornposite - composed of multiple sub-attributes, each representing a distinct property of the entity. They can be
broken down into smaller parts, each with independent meanings. Ex: Address
Single-valued - hold a single value for each instance of an entity (at any point in time). Ex: date of birth
Multivalued - hold multiple values for each instance of an entity. They represent properties that can have more than
one value associated with them simultaneously. Ex: Skills of a person
Stored - whose values are directly stored in the database. They are typically retrieved directly from the database when
needed. Ex: Age
Derived - derived from other attributes within the database. Not stored directly but is calculated. Er Age from DOB
Complex - composed of nested composite and/or multivalued attributes. Grouping components of composite
athibutes within parentheses ( ) and separating them with commas & multivalued attributes are within braces { }
Ex: {Student_info( {Name(First_name, Last_name)}, Marks(Math, Science, English)} )}
NULL values - A special value called NULL is used for situations where attribute is not applicable or unknown.
NLILL is used w&en:
1. A particular entity may not have an applicable value for an attribute. Ex: Student without a Middle name
2. Unknown value of an attribute for a particular entify. 2 cases:
i" attribute value exists but is missilrg - Ex: height missing *!4/'t-
ii. attribute value doesn't exist - Ex: home phone not tliere
a of entities that share the same attributes. It is described by its name &
attributes
Entity Sets/Collection -The collection of all entities of a particular entity type in the database at arry point in time
Key attributes - one or more attributes whose values are distinct for each individual entiff in the entig set
It can be composite key attribute- 2 or more athibutes together. It must be minimal, non-superfluous
Value Sets @omains) - specifies the set of values that may be assigned to that attribute for each individual enttty.
A relationship type R among n entity types E1,F;2, . .. , En defines a set of associations--or arelationship set-
among entities from these entity types.
The relationship set R is a set of relationship instances ri, where each ri associates n individual entities (el, e2, . . . ,
en), and each entity ej in ri is a member of entity set Ej, 1 < j < n.
Degree of a Relationship Type - number of participating entity types. Degree 2-btnary, Degree 3 * ternary
Relationships as Attributes - A conceptualization where a binary relationship type is viewed as an attribute of one
of the participating entity types.
Role Names *Names assigned to the participating entity types in a relationship to signif, the role they play.
Recursive Relationships - Relationships where the same entity type participates in multiple roles within the same
relationship type.
Cardinality Ratios for Binary Relationships -specifies the maximum number of relationship instances that an
entity can participate in. 1:1, 1:N, N:1,M:N
Total participation - If every instance of entity Epe E participate in at least one relationship instance r, the
participation is said to be total. Also calied existence dependency.
Partial participation - lf only some of the instances of the enti$z type E participate in the relationship, the
participation is said to he partial.
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o Entities belonging to a weak entity type are identified by being related to specific entities from another
entity type in combination with one nf their attribute values"
o This other entity type is called the identi$ing or owner entity t1rye, and rhe relationship type that
relates a weak entity type to its owner is called the identifuing relationship of the
weak entity type.
o A weak entity type always has a total participation constrainr with respect to its identifying
relationship because a weak entity cannot be identified without an ou/ner entity.
o A weak entity type normally has a partial key, which is the attribute that can uniquely identify weak
entities that are related to the same owner entity.
o The partial key attribute is underlined with a dashecl or dotted line.

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