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COORDINATE SYSTEM (2D)

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DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

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1. Let A (x, y), B (x,, y,) be two points in the coordinate plane. Then (i) AB 1S a
horizontal line iff y, =y, and (ii) AB is a vertical line iff x, = x,
A

2. The distance between the points A (x1, ) and B(x ) is

-y
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=
AB N, -x)+(1
3. Three or more points are said to be collinear if they lie in a line.
4. If A, B and C are collinear, then AB + BC = AC or 4C+CB = AB or BA + AC= BC.
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5. The point which divides the line segment joining the points 4 (x, y), B (r2 y) in the
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ratio:m
Lx, +mx ly2+my
i)internally is4m 1+m +m*0)
mx -my)
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(Ix ((# m)
ii) externally is| -m 1- m

6. The midpoint of the line segment joining A (, y), B (x2, y) is

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7. Let A, B be two points. The points which divide AB in the ratio 1:2 and 2: 1
are
called points of trisection of AB.
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8. IfPx,y) lies in the line joining A (x, y), B (,y) then and P divides
-x :x-x, that is also equals to y, -y:y-y x-x, y-Y2
AB in the ratio x,
9. x-axis divides the line segment joining (*, y). (x2, y2) in the ratio -y :y
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10. y-axis divides the line segment joining (x, y). (2 Y2) in the ratio -x X.

-. -z .
11. If D (a,. B), E (a. B), F (a, B,) are the midpoints of the sides BC, TA, AB of A ABC
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B:+B-B).B= (4, t a, B, +, -B,). C=(a, +a P +P-B,).

then A =(a+y -

12. If (x, y), (r2, )y), (t3, y3) are three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram, then the
fourth vertex is (x X2 + X3»yi -Y2+Y3).
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13. Ifa point P divides the line segment joining the points A, B in the ratio l: m, then the
point which divides AB in the ratio l; -m is called harmonic conjugate of P
with respect to A and B.

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14. The line passing through a vertex and midpoint of its opposite side of a triangle is
called a median. The medians of a triangle are concurrent and the point of concur
rence is called centroid or centre of gravity of the triangle.
15. Let G be the centroid of A ABC and D, E, Fbe the midpoints of BC, CA,AB
respec
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tively: Then-G divides the medians AD, BE, CF in the ratio 2:1.
16, The centroid of the triangle formed by the points 4 (), B CD.C.) is
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3
17. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. The point of
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concurrence is called circumcentre of the triangle.
18. If S is the circumcentre of A ABC then SA =SB= SC. The circle with centre S and
radius SA passes through the three vertices A, B, C of the triangle. The circle is called
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circumcircle of the triangle. The radius of circumcircle of AABC is called circum

radius and it is denoted by R.
A

19. The circumcentre of a right angled triangle is the midpoint of the hypotenuse.
20. The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is called ortho-
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centre of the triangle.

21. The orthocentre of a right angled triangle is the vertex at the right angle.
22. The internal bisectors of angles of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence
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is called incentre. It is denoted by I.

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23. The internal bisector of angle A and external bisectors of angles B, C of AABC are
concurrent. The point of concurrence is called ex-centre of A ABC opposite to the
vertex A. It is denoted by 7. The ex-centres of A ABC opposite to the vertices B,C
are respectively denoted by I2, 13
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24. If A (, y), B («z Vz), C 2, y) are the vertices of AABC and if a = BCb = CA, c= AB
then
ax+bx + CX ay, y+
Incentre I=
a+b+ C
,
a+b+C
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= (-ax + bx2 + CX3 + by2+ Cy

Excentre opposite to A is
-a +b+C
+ cx
-a +b+C
Excentre opposite to B is Ih = 2-bx ybyt
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a-b+c a-b+c
Excentre opposite to C is l, =
ax t bx-c aytby-y
a +b-cC
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a+b-C
25. Orthocentre H, centroid G, circumcentre Sof a triangle are collinear and G divides HS
in the ratio 2:1. The line passing through H, G, S is called Euler's line. If the
triangle is an equilateral triangle then H= G=S=I where I is the incentre.
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26. The area of the triangle formed by the points A ). B 3Y) and C ( y) is
S

27, The area ofthe triangle| (y2* is denoted by

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28. The area of the triangle formed by the points O (0, 0), A (.y). B (,) is

29. The area of the triangle formed by the points (F,.Y), FY), E ¥) is
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1 *

30. If Gis the centroid of A ABC, then

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Area of A GAB = Area of A GBC= Area of A GCA =Area of A ABC
31. IfD, E, F are the midpoints of the sides BC, TA, AB of A ABC then Area of A DEF=
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Area of A AEF= Area of A BDF Area of A CDE= [Area of A ABq.

As
32. If D, E, F are the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB of
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A ABC and G is the centroid then Area of A AGE=(Area of

A ABO)
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33. Three points A, B, Care collinear iff area of A ABC is zero.
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34. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the points A (. Y), B (2 y2), C (. y),
D y) taken in order is |.
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35. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the points (,»). ,>), ), ty)
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taken in order is 1 *s -
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TIPS AND TRICKS

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1. Centroid of A ABC is
A+B+C
3
+ bB +CC
2. Incentre of A ABC is aA
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a+b+c
3. Excentre of A ABC opposite to C is4tD5-CC
a+b-C
4. Circumcentre of the right angled triangle ABC, right angled at A is
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5. Orthocentre of the right angled triangle ABC, right angled at A is A.

6. The incentre of the triangle formed by (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, b) is
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ab
a+b+a+6 a+b +
ab
a +b
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7. If A (x, y), B (*,. Y), P%,y) are collinear, then P (x%y) divides AB in the ratio
-X:X-X2=y1-y:y-%:
8. If ABCD is a parallelogram, then D = A -B +C.
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9. If D, E, F are the midpoints of the sides BC,CA, AB of AABC, then A = E +F-D

B F+D-E, C=D+E-F
,
10. If D, E, F are the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB of A ABC the centroid of
A ABC = Centroid of ADEF.

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11. If(,Yi): C, y,) are two vertices of an equilateral triangle, then its third vertex is
+t3 -) y++13(r-)
2 2
2%V2) are extremities of the hypotenuse of a right angled issosceles
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12. If (1 ).
219-*))2
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triangle, then its third vertex is 2
y), 2, y) are the ends of the base of an isoscales triangle and 6 is the angle
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13. If
made by the side with base then the third vertex of the triangle is
t tan6 =) y +yt tan6(G)
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2
14. The circumcentre of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), ), F» Y) 1s
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2%-%Y1) 2 (-1 )
15. IfH is the orthocentre of A ABC then 4, B, Care the orthocentres of A HB GAHCA
A

AHAB respectively.
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- -
16. The orthocentre of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (r1, y1), (a2, Y) is
-& D,->il.& -z) where k-
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17. In AABC the internal bisector of angle A meets BC at D, then BD: DC=AB: AC
if
and if I is the incentre then AI : ID= (AB + AC): BC.
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18. IfI is the incentre and I1, ,1, are the excentres of A ABC then I is the orthocentre
of A1,
19. InA ABC if AD is the median drawn to BC, then 4B+ AC = 24D+ CD).
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20. If ,y), z>) are two vertices of a triangle whose centriod is (a, B) then the third
vertex is (3a-x -2 3p-y1-V
21. IfGis the centroid of AABC then AB+ BC+ CA=3 (GA + GB' +GC).
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22. IfP is a point in A ABCand Gis the centroid then

PA +PE +PC° = GA' + GB' + GC +3PG'.
=
23. IfD is a point on the side BC of A ABCsuch that mBD nDC, then
(m + n) AD+ mBD + nDC = m AB +n AC.
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24. The feet of the perpendiculars drawn from P to the sides of A ABC are collinear then
P lies on the circumcircle of A ABC
25. The sum of the squares of the lengths of the medians is equal toof the sum of the
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squares of the sides.

26. The coordinates of the vertices of an equilateral triangle are not all rationals.
27. If a is a rational number then i) (a,a), (-a, a), (-al3, av3) form an equilateral
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triangle. ii) (2a, 4a), (2a, 6a), (2a + V3a, 5a) form an equilateral triangle. ii) (a, b),
(-a,- b), (bv3, -av3) form an equilateral triangle.
28. IfQ is the harmonic conjugate of P w.rt. 4, B then AP, AB, AQ are in H.P.
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29. If ). v) are two opposite vertices ofa square then the other two vertices are
(+Xt(-) yt+C1-z)
2 2

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30. Nine point Circie : Let L, M, N be the feet of the altitudes and D, E, F be the
midpoints of the sides of A ABC Let X, Y, 2 be the midpoints.of AH, BH, CH
where H is the orthocentre of the triangle. Then L, M, N; D, E, F; X, Y, Z lie on a
circle called nine point circle of the triangle.
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31. The centre of the nine point circle is the midpoint
of the line segment joining orthocentre and cir-
cumcentre.
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32. The radius of the nine point circle of A ABC is R/2 where R is the circumradius.
33. If N is the centre of the nine point circle, H is the orthocentre, S is the circumcentr
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and G is the centroid of AABC, then HN: NG=3: 1, HN: NS=1:1,
NG:GS=1:2.
IfA=a
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34. a 2 x 2 matrix then a,b, -

azb, is called determinant of A. It is de-

noted by det A or |4| or

A

a 6, C
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35. If A=a, b is a3x3 matrix then a,(be-b6)-b(ae,-a,)+c(«,b,-a,b) is

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called determinant of A. It is denoted by det A or |4| or 4, b, c

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36. Area of the triangle formed by ,V), n),, Y) is l »

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37. If0 is the angle subtended by the line segment joinning A (z,, y), B
(ty,) at the
origin then cos = *yy
+ +Y
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38. Ifp is the length of the diagonal of a square then

i) length of the side is p/N2 i) area of
the square is p'/2.
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39. The co-ordinates of circumcentre of a triangle whose vertices are A(x,,
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y), Br2, Y
andC ) are +,
c( sin 24 +*, sin28-+%,sin2C sin24 sin28 +y,sin 2C)
sin 2A + sin 2B+ sin 2C sin 24 +sin 2B+ sin 2C
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40. The co-ordinates of orthocentre of a triangle whose vertices are A(x1, Yi),
B(x2, y) and

C)are H 1an 4 + tan 8+, tan C y tan 4 +y tan B +y, tan C)

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en as H
given
tanA+tan B+ tan C tan A+ tan B + tan C
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LOCUSS
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DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

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1. The set of all points satisfying a given condition or a given property is called a locus
or a curve.
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2. An equation f(x, y) =0 is said to be an equation ofa locus S if every point in S

satisfiesf(x, y) = 0 and every point that satisfies f(x, y) = 0 belongs to S.
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3. If every point P (x1, y) in a locus S satisfies the condition f(x1, y)) =0 then the.
equation of the locus S is f, y) =0. Generally a locus can be described by its
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equation.

TIPS AND TRICKKS

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1. The locus of a point which is equidistant to two given points A(x, y). Br, y) is a
straight line (perpendicular bisector of AB). It's equation is
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r-x)x+ 0, -)y=5(04 -OB)

2. The locus of a point which is at a constant distance r from a fixed' point (à, B) is a
circle. It's equation is (x- a) +(0-B) =r.
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3. The,locus of the third vertex of a right angled triangle when the ends of hypotenuse
are given as y). (tY% is a circle. In's cquation is (r-) a-s)+0-y)0-)=0
4. If A:B are two given points, then the locus of P such that the area of APAB is a
Constant is a pair of straight lines.
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5. The locus of the point which is equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line is a
parabola.
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6 Let A, B be two given points. The locus of P such that i) PA + PB =k, k> AB is an
ellipse ii) PA PB = k, k < AB is a hyperbola.
-

7. -
If A = (a, b), B = (- a, b) then the Jacus of P such that PA +PB = k or | PA PB = R
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is+ k-4a=1
=
8. IfA = (a,b), B (u,-b) then the locus of P such that PA + PB = kor | PA - PB=k
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4b
a
4(x
=1.

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9. Let 4, B be two given points. The locus of P such that the area of A PAB is k sq.
unit. is a pair of parallel straight lines.
10. Let A, B be two given points. The locus of P such that PA : PB=k:1 is a circle if
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k*1; a straight line if k=1,
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