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Anatomy of the Linux kemel History and architectural decompostion Tin Joes, Constant Engineer Emulex Cap ‘Summary: The inate the care of lage nd comploxoperaing stom and ‘tate huge, ia wal panaedin ame faudeyetere adie. ne ou ‘Selre ne goneral stuck fe Lnurkemeland gti fe mar sober ard ‘Sreiatacs Whar posse you ge Its ach artles tp youd deeper ‘Dat: 050 2007 et nord ‘Ao mailto [sss Jananene Posuquese “Tags forts artel:erainry, rosie, karl inac @ragttst 1 Update my a inter (een erste) Guan atthe god this atele wn intod.ce jou Lnuckame and ators achisctro and sie companes, acs inackomel arenes fom 3000 fst ae al sae te ‘rar autre, Tn Ln sont sorlon in cent, ois raduton i ntesbaust, Use e pars Statin tht of unkema atay ho okat ‘harcore gin Ashort tour of Linux history We Lsuxis aablyne most popular open sours opereng peti 6830 es (arnmerts 1 (Vw rad corners FRC SCO H Prag ag (ose on 740 es) ooo Aenrtar of Urothetny nor iL? sty t oa ‘nen aor yasmin tree of i Sferarng sje nieve osming regrrenes,YsAe toby retoad PalLiouas an peang Fresrofetrest ta Una elopssen tatarevaranmentehemmrve gage Te Semis etad binsonecacys Lat arin faokefanpaaingsjiom meant Pal nyere apicason ang SPers.a8"GNULLnx”Tereason bends Pa Cher reser cause ea lg andomerivedoate tame. Eady UPURls e keel tan opening ee Thewae 01 pursing tons wwe Sewopesin te 1850s oprowan aaineer SMGeateepions Patmake Pe peringaystim eclopmerionersnts ample ise ie Gero isor teehee Be GNU ote Fr eamnpl he fates Grout Seirus dewtopeserve taNTovanshe, ——whdowing ston compli rtf cha, Poem non Sam (ejomelgesoyNathamescn — SEtlopment ods, ets, tes, andthe See Spline exat ouside the kere may of hen ecUsctnre Fortis eason marjconase | My deve eommunty “Unoca are appropiate name ane peat pete ie hacer enor Inthe 196, Maeeachsts het of ctnoogy MT) anda host ‘eonpanies deveepesanesermortal esraing jo calls ‘tes orhipiens infomation and Comgutng Senin re stheiatgers tise in Smctbocacie cs eat ern iyi pedo fies eps Saou cpeargoyeenn we fatdedea Uns senate oprgcnnas Rela brains denpatatenetonomala ss Scatter cae eon pate one Tey een eee reo comedian nin SLND ales errata NOY atone Toaatatcnatcs Riou sacs owatonna aopente nauriocay iain oases oo eS ity tr ne ee we a fi i pis oe © ssrow fem ene Tse e : fps wie 8 ame rat ar tat Se aT aa Ste ne mt sn Linu quickly evolved fom a single-person project loa world-wide development project imolvng tnousands ofdevelopers.One architecture stan cloud Preterm rey rome errno ae noel Ee eae ‘al wes pected tor commer epltaion, nd ls Snefiad tam tho use=spacedeloerarl f CAU pest (ctrecta Salman whose sous vas ta coe Lesher) ve slowed ute appestons ssh ae be GNU Compe Catoctan (G0) ae aro shal sopp (etaenee snd 2 design covekgre cp sen(scunst calpse gereal_ pro. gr # Backtotep Introduction to the Linux kernel Nowontn ahighatuteeckathe GNULinxcperaing estom achiscure ucentirkabewtancperaing system foe greenies tm Toe ae shown Figure 2 tee oe hve jag fectnao,. jnserit Fare 2 The futomrtalarcitctr ofthe MUL operating system sey BE Ben fa Web2ert linux stipe open source parry pat ales performance pa — PrP php npertex progarming python mad rst Eo Bs | == coy reas ecerae = scanty rcs serene am feo. sap. sep long Sos ponnonaniers wo va 2 ‘8, doe wrabservens wipes ‘erotet socom ‘Atthe top is the user, or application, space. 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Santer Power Stems acs. ovn aarages, Bt ster dear otal eb Carina, he inal has ozone actin ms ofboth meron CPUs, 5 wo as eee sate Bitte ‘etierenin ape of gun sma corto if pray Lnuxear becomes ron ahge root Ufproceston se ators wh rer: roca cosas ad neets.One orale we lyr urna on ‘ects wha memaymeragsret uit ht) a8 wo a hase Pa powde ro The irate inser rowaoe rn MAI suport Soe he Sct seston omer dea ~ tganton oases tate ‘yar eles pn Ftackiotp Seiya Major subsystems of the Linux kernel sitrenmtelal Now tt kat sme maar componerts ie Linaxkena sig ts beakonn shown in Fgue 3.s age Serco sae Shows Wes. 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The Ol) Stheklr also supports mutate pocoscors (alu Srnec MuroceesPg, SVP), can dfs process ‘managomort source Anus anéaocre-epordor sous nae You can ear mre sb Alpert ine Essar socton ‘Memory management ‘easing esac Pats manages byne xmas mamon Fo elcony gerbe way al ehadasre manages ‘ta meno; memorys medina oe ced gos cK sural ohne) Louise te ears ‘ranagetta alana morary a: wel ae De harcware means ssa ané wal mapas ‘xtmamoryranagomartis much mor than manoging KB brs Linxpros absacon oe KB bors, Such 3 ho Sab alos: Tis momoryranagonor{scheme uses MBs a ls oss bullpon locates sruros For wii Keing Fackot wich pages ar paralysed, and emo Tis alow te scheme areal ro and sk se nares of ogreal ston ‘poor mle ver of maar there are mes whe th ualable marorycan be eshte, Fore reason pages can bemotegoutatmemaryandara he dhe proces i called snapping because he papes are swapped fom memory (rine nari u caine ba momorymanagomertcouces noe Virtual file systern “Theva te sytem (VES) an iferesing aspect oe Lack because proves commen ieraeabiecon fr Ae oma The VES powdesmscing bye botwnn' bw SCI a fl sto suposed ye or fe Fre), Fete The VIS poids switching between users and fle systems ‘vatop othe \ESis accra #Plabsractonofuncons suchas open, dose read and wri. the baton ofe VES {hoi sjlem aostacors hat sotns hon ho uzper lyr ncters ar memes. These are lane he gh He Sjlom (wien ower S0 ott, Yu car in hoe ys sources Ta ‘Below hte stators te ber cache, wich povdes a conmon sla uncons ie fl sstam ler Independent of ‘ryparteuarfle yar), Ths acing lye optnaee aceasta Pa yal dees ty keeping dla taunt shortte (o’Speneney rod ahead so hate cas alle when needed Below habe caze are deuce des, Whee Inclement ne ase ore parkas psi doves Network stack “Thence stack by dosin lows a layed architecuro modelos aloe proooks Romohes Roca Pal thslriemet Probus cor terre ts bal ne arpa polos (mest cmon Pe Tansmssin Col Pos. or TOP) oie TOP she soca aa wre sed aur fe SL The sockets lajersthe slandauA” tthe netwatingsubeyston ar prods a use ntarac oa arity natvering Doct, Ram aware ascess oP polos! disunts (FOUs) andupo TCP ana ha User Dstagram Pte (JOP) he Sout ljer rondo a standrdzed way’ manag cnnectns and move dala lveen endpams ou can nd he etwaring sources in hekara Aunt Device drivers Thevastmaoty tte sours cate in e Lnurkora ess indevce divers hat make aparcar hardware dove usable, ‘TroLinuraowrn ten poudes a oni recy hes itor isos ye ara Sovens at re spies urs ae ‘Bloat 20 seal an son Youean fod doa drier soos smears ‘Aechitecture-dependent code ste much of Linas indapendet of he aria on hich ru, he ae element a mus creda facie lorrarmalapeaon ant fy Te nar abr delnes bs ns. dependengrton tee Source cond arr of susdredares aoe spate te ance elect orn ie SSP Fas pel Seah, eS8s areca used. Each arco suc cone a hare’ ae ubarertos Pallonis ova Pear asc he aol such a baa kone nemoryrstageral ard Oe. Yascan nbs rece seperdert ‘in re 1 Backtotoy Web2,Interesting features of the Linux kernel It porsbllyandioconcythe Lnaxkomel werent enough, treées some cher eas that couldnt cssiosin ‘hopreous decompsiton. Linx tenga production cps stom ard open sous, eattst best naw plod ard adtancements of ose Linas ato a dumic ena suspatng Me sion arom sofware comsarat. on ey Theta cals ‘jars ndate keel modules, anaheyean be nse abou whose rae hes paralr Souci fun ‘equtngte module) oa ayeme ye wer ‘recent actancoment of nus its ue as an open sam fo abr opting stems (cles hypendso Roce ‘nodfeatona fe kovol vas mae ail fe Kener Sesed Vital Nacho (Wh, Ths medeazon erable aw nos Uber space Pal alone ober poratng selon trun abow fo KWrables oro hadaton turing aneborrstaras of LU Mosats Windows cn alsobe vlna Tne olyeonevar's Bato undoing processor mustsippat Pe new anton returns, Soho Saari socio ore ermal # Backtotoy Going further “Tia atdeustscracedtne srt of he Linacre artis and ares and capes, eu can heck ct te Documentation cacy Bats pron uy Lnurdstibstn fr dealed woman seoe covers oe kar Ba Suto check oth esse stan ah re oe ae or te dla naraon abot ary ties, Grewsved ere Resources + The Usa deserter fe GAU GPL ht cove he natn nd moto uso aplicaons prodded whit Bio cercbosi less rensicho for ote GA cals bw ser OL), + AUG UND. Laure cowradn Wied lor wh a delle amie of he operating sys + The GUC Lar ogi is he implomeraon fhe saranda ts used i be GNUL operating syn, Si ae het zoomed oping slo, + Clnuriaapartol te Linuctral ht can om o los Balik an MU, Tis ons he Lineman 2 ‘ey mbes parm, sch 2s he Mca Drago rocssorwodin he Paes Possoral Dg etstars FON + Yorn onmand ins Linas cal (Soopers, Mirch 2007 coms fw $0, which animate ‘he nurkoral wt vesace suport fom ite al abies non cls bowen ur te and kone + Tye aLincacstl”(eeloeA ss, dure 2006) pores fe rew Ot) Scheduler inrooatin Lina tats ‘cir sales wha re ruber of rocasses (eens) areas astartngo of SVP sss. + Mousse Linacamel usin hee lesan (Soalopeas, Mar 2006} ook at ep: lesen, whichis aval sys at rou anova wayer userspace aopleatns comma wih ral Ts lo ‘mons ros as Wea loadablktel modes. + ‘Banarclnc Pts dasstons wos (demlopanns, 2008 das rb VES Bal ans Lito ‘suppor avai oeeret ie sytem trough commmaninsen. Ths same ites uses ar ps of over suchas eos + Tuite Linas” (oelper es Ny2006) oxarines te Lucho procs ich ks car ot Srngngup a Lnaxayetom ands he some sie process whahasyourebontg Pom he Sak hope USE monory ‘ice of tr he neuer + “Luca ate te seu” (GoloperosJ/2006) ope hel Ae bic lal he oot cess for he syed medium fom hose both. + uternetntina win SCT (eelgperrs, Fetrsry 2008) coves one fhe mostinastg netwarng poles, ‘tear CartaTansmisionPotoed en operas ne TCP bala aro fuse eto Sa ‘meseaing mul-tomin and leaning Lele BSD, al operating ito ye tested a ator tans + ‘Moaumthe nul ocala” (eelopeitioas, Me 2007) eners ane fhe moatirresing aspects of memay ‘maragerenl nina Be sla alco. Tae mecaniem oighaied San bf ena enalhame nade be + “Wal Lu deveopantions, Desrier 2005) shows how Ltuxcan ke anlage of procistore wih wedi ees + “Linucanda nine mts (dewdopeth, Mich 2007) asses how Lnuxcan also tke abaniage of pocensors al flr dipdowd mols, + eso inuxkral Va Mn (eloped, pf 2007) core a eee toon izon |p ere whic ws Lnavemel oa hyperisor br oer Wales opera ts. + heck ut Tn book Gnu aaten Fragrenning fr more imation on paying Lut use space, + nie daslsorns Leute, ted marred br Leutdedepes,edudng Linas a wall ao Web2,(et procs at echretoios + une Sr Lux a we DVD stoning he aos val sofware fer Leuttom DE2E, Lots, Retonl, Thal an VieoSenere. + ty tal stars, ata fr dnicad dre tom detent, bald you not delopmere pret onLin + Gotinohodinthe velonatns commun rough ou deslope Hog, nuns, pasts. and communities in urnew dealoperiors sooo, About the author Ten Jonas san embossed sotwaeerghser and e stor of GUL Agpeaton Progamming. Al 2oplton Programing (now ts saan eaten and BSD Sockos Pegg am a aangog? ‘erapacte. ie enineag backreure ranges form he devdepretct kara rgeosynorous {peszerat embedded ejtens arcvecure and neering praocle developmen Consutrt Engineer for Emdex Cap. Longmont, Clersdo, ‘Comments ‘eonments | Adicanmsat arena coer your commis verge an Fey tga 0 2 Darter 208 cktotee ‘eters | Wooler rs ns coon er) Web2