ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

1

Lecture 1

Dr Vipul Srivastava
Department of Physics
School of Chem Engg & Phys Sciences
Lovely Professional University, Punjab
+91-9424468717

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

2 18/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

24/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields
25/01/23 Lecture 2 Concept of Gradient, Divergence and Curl
31/01/23 Lecture 3: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
01/02/23 Lecture 4 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
02/02/23 Lecture 5: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant, Magnetic
field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation..
07/02/23 Lecture 6: Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential and integral
forms)
08/02/23 Lecture 7 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell Equations,
electromagnetic spectrum
09/02/23 Lecture 8: Application of em theory in resistive touch screen display, capacitive
touchscreen display, Imaging devices

January 31, 2023

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD
 Syllabus

3
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
4
Physical Quantity: Any quantity that can be measured/determined and
has a magnitude and unit.
Examples: Mass, weight, distance, length displacement, speed, velocity,
pressure, temperature, force, acceleration, energy, current ..etc..

Scalar Vector
 Physical quantity that has only  Physical quantity that has magnitude
magnitude and has no direction and also has direction
Do you know about TENSOR?
If a tensor has only magnitude and no direction (i.e., rank 0 tensor), then it is
called scalar.
If a tensor has magnitude and one direction (i.e., rank 1 tensor), then it is
called vector.
Tensor of Rank 2 is called matrix.
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
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Scalar quantity Vector Quantity

• It is enough to know its magnitude • It is necessary to know its magnitude (
( numerical value and unit to numerical value and unit) and also the
express it) direction

Examples:. Mass (kg), length (m), Examples: Displacement (m), velocity (m/s),
distance (m), Current (A), time (s), acceleration (m/s2), force (N), Weight (N)
speed (m/s), temperature (°C),
Energy (J)
x2 m
B C
t2 s Displacement= AD=x2 m
Distance=AB+BC+CD=(2x1+x2)m Velocity= x2/(t2) m/s
Speed = (2x1+x2)/(2t1+t2) m/s x1 m t1 s t1 m x1 m

t2 s
A x2 m
D
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023
6

The quantity which has only magnitude is called?

a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

7

Force is a vector quantity. True or false?

a) True
b) False

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

8

The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?

a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 Vector Basics
9

 We will be using vectors a lot in this course.

 Remember that vectors have both Ways of writing vector notation
magnitude and direction e.g. F  ma
a,   
 You should know how to find the F  ma
components of a vector from its magnitude F  ma
and direction
a x  a cos
a y  a sin 

 You should know how to find a vector’s

magnitude and direction from its
ax
components

a  a x2  a y2
  tan 1 a y / a x
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023
 VECTOR ALGEBRA
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Algebraic operation on Vectors

1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Products
1. Dot product
2. Cross product
Properties of Vector addition
1. Commutative property: For any two vectors

2. Associative property: For any three vectors

The associative property of vector addition enables us to write the sum of three
vectors without using brackets.;

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 VECTORS ALGEBRA
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 Null vector
Additive identity,

 Unit vector

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Let is vector and  is scalar, then is the multiplication of

vector with scalar .

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

12

Magnitude of the null vector is

a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

13

Magnitude of the unit vector is

a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 VECTORS ALGEBRA: Dot product of two vectors
14

Vectors a and b with an  between

them a
 A
AB =AB cos b

Dot product of two vectors is a scalar

Why cos ?

This the case if we know the magnitude of two vectors and the
angle between them.. What if know only the components
along X,Y and Z direction?

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 Derivation; Dot product of two
vectors
15

 
 How do we show that A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y ?Az Bz

 Start with A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ

B  Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ
 
 Then A  B  ( Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)
 Axiˆ  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)  Ay ˆj  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)  Az kˆ  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)

iˆ  ˆj  0; iˆ  kˆ  0; ˆj  kˆ  0
 But
iˆ  iˆ  1; ˆj  ˆj  1; kˆ  kˆ  1
 
A  B  Axiˆ  Bxiˆ  Ay ˆj  By ˆj  Az kˆ  Bz kˆ
 So  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

16

Dot product of two identical vectors (A) is a

a) Zero
b) A2

January 31, 2023

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD
 VECTORS ALGEBRA: Cross product of two vectors
17

Vectors a and b with an  between

them a
 A
a x b =ab sin b

Cross product of two vectors is vector

Lies perpendicular to the both a and b

This the case if we know the magnitude of two vectors and the
angle between them.. What if know only the components
along X,Y and Z direction?

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

18

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD

January 31, 2023
19

Cross product of two identical vectors (A) is a

a) Zero
b) A2

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

20

Cross product of two vectors is a

a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

21

Dot product of two vectors is a

a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
22

Components of a vector, with i, j, k unit vectors

(x,y,z) z

 A three-dimensional coordinate system

MUST obey the right-hand rule.
 Curl the fingers of your RIGHT HAND so
they go from x to y. Your thumb will
point in the z direction.
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023
 Right Handed Coordinate Systems
23

Which of these coordinate systems obey the right-hand rule?

a) I and II.
b) II and III.
c) I, II, and III.
d) I and IV.
e) IV only.

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
24

P (s,,z)

x=s cos=  (s,)

y=s sin=  (s,)
z= z

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

SPHERICAL POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
25

 r

r-projection = r Sin=  (r,)

x=r-projection. Cos = r Sin Cos=  (r,,)
y=r-projection.Sin = r Sin Sin=  (r,,)
z= r Cos=  (r,)

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

26

If the vector is a function (r,,), which co-ordinate system is used

a) Rectangular
b) Cylindrical
c) Spherical

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 A field is a function that has a different
SCALAR FIELDS? value at every point in space
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A scalar function defines a scalar field in that domain or

on that surface or curve

Eg. Temperature (°C)

Temperature distribution in the room
with a heat source is a scalar field
Heat source

Pressure and electric potentials functions are other examples of

scalar field

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

28

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 VECTOR FIELDS
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A vector function defines a vector field in that domain

or on that surface or curve
Eg. Velocity (m/s)
Velocity distribution of fluid flow
through a tube of varying diameter is
a vector field
Other examples of vector fields are field of
tangent vectors of a curve, field of normal vectors of a
surface, velocity field of a rotating body and the
gravitational field, electric field and magnetic field

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

30

Magnetic field of a magnet Electric field of positive and

negative charges

Vector and scalar fields may depend also on time in addition to

their dependencies on space.
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023
31

Which one is a scalar field

a) Electric field
b) Magnetic field
c) Gravitational field
d) Pressure field

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

32

Which one is a vector field

a) Electric field
b) Temperature field
c) Pressure field
d) Electric potential

Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD January 31, 2023

 UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

23/09/22 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

33 27/09/22 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields
28/09/22 Lecture 2 Concept of Gradient, Divergence and Curl
30/09/22 Lecture 3: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
04/10/22 Lecture 4 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
05/10/22 Lecture 5: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant, Magnetic
field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation..
07/10/22 Lecture 6: Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential and integral
forms)
11/10/22 Lecture 7 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell Equations,
electromagnetic spectrum
12/10/22 Lecture 8: Application of em theory in resistive touch screen display, capacitive
touchscreen display, Imaging devices

January 31, 2023

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD