Review Innovations CE Review for Apr 2024 – Geotechnical Engineering 3

Flow of Water thru soil Situation 2.

A falling head hydraulic conductivity test is performed on a
1. Discharge (Q) sample of soil. The standpipe having a diameter 0.2 cm is
Q = Av = kiA observed and it takes 60 seconds for the water to drop by 50
cm from an initial hydraulic head of 90 cm. The sample has a
2. Discharge Velocity (V) length of 20 cm, and a diameter of 4 cm. Determine the
v = ki following:
4. Coefficient of permeability of soil
3. Seepage Velocity or Interstitial Velocity (V s) 5. Hydraulic gradient
v ki
vs = = 6. Rate of flow of water in the soil
n n
Situation 3.
4. Seepage Force (j) A pumping test was made in a sand layer extending to a
j = i w depth of 15 m. The initial ground water table is located 2 m
below the ground surface. Observation wells were sighted at
5. Transmissivity (T) distances 3m and 7.5 m from the pumping well. Using a
T = kt discharge of 0.4 m3 per hour, a steady level is attained at the
pumping well. The measured drawdowns at the two
6. Hydraulic Gradient (i) observation wells are 1.5 m and 0.35 m respectively.
h Determine the following:
i=
L 7. Hydraulic head at the observation well farther from
pumping well.
7. Coefficient of Permeability (k) 8. Hydraulic head at the observation well nearer from
or Hydraulic Conductivity
pumping well.
A. Constant Head Test
9. Coefficient of permeability of the soil.
Vol L
k=
Aht Situation 4.
B. Falling/Variable Head Test Three layers of soil is shown with the corresponding values
aL h1 of coefficient of permeability.
k= ln
At h2 K1 = 4 x 10 –3 cm/sec 3m
C. Pumping Test (Unconfined Aquifer)
Q ln(r1 / r2 ) 4m
k= K2 = 5 x 10 – 3 cm/sec
 (h12 − h2 2 )
D. Pumping Test (Confined Aquifer)
Q ln(r1 / r2 ) K3 = 6 x 10-3 cm/sec 5m
k=
2 t (h1 − h2 )
Determine the following:
8. Equivalent hydraulic conductivity (k eq) 10. Equivalent horizontal coefficient of permeability
A. Parallel Flow 11. Equivalent vertical coefficient of permeability
h1k1 + h2 k2 + h3k3 + ... + hn kn 12. Ratio of equivalent coefficient of permeability
keq =
H
B. Perpendicular Flow Situation 5.
H The figure shows the layers of soil in the tube that is 10 cm
keq = by 10 cm in cross section. When the tube is supplied with
h1 h2 h3 h
+ + + ... + n water, a constant head difference of 30 cm is observed. The
k1 k2 k3 kn
coefficient of permeability of each sample are as follows.

Sample Problems:
Sample K (cm/s)
Situation 1. A 2 × 10-3
A constant-head permeability test is performed on a sample B 3 × 10-3
of granular soil. The length of soil sample is 15 cm and the C 4 × 10-3
cross-sectional area is 10 cm2. If a 24 cm3 volume of water
Determine the following:
passes through the soil sample in a 3-minute period and the
13. Equivalent coefficient of permeability
constant head is 30 cm determine the following:
1. Coefficient of permeability of the soil 14. Hydraulic gradient
2. Discharge velocity 15. Rate of water supply
3. Seepage velocity if the void ratio is 0.64

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 Review Innovations CE Review for Apr 2024 – Geotechnical Engineering 3
Situation 9.
For the falling head permeability test conducted below:
Length of specimen = 200 mm
30 cm Area of soil specimen = 1000 mm2
Area of standpipe = 40 mm2
Head difference at t = 0 s, h1= 500 mm
A B C Head difference at t = 180 s, h2 = 300 mm
23. Calculate the hydraulic conductivity in mm/sec
A (2.27 x 10-2 mm/sec)
15cm 20cm 25 cm

Situation 10.
Situation 6.
For the layered soil shown below.
A test is set up as shown in the figure. A cylindrical mold 4
cm in diameter is filled with silt to a height of 15 cm, whose
coefficient of permeability K1 = 1.1 × 10-2 cm/min. A second
coaxial mold is placed around the first mold to form an
annular ring whose outside diameter is 10 cm and whose
height is also 15 cm. Its thickness is negligible. The second
mold is filled with sand whose coefficient of permeability is
K2 = 8.2 × 10-2 cm/min. The test set up is a permeameter of
constant head. Water is placed in the mold and maintained 24. Estimate the ratio of equivalent hydraulic conductivity
at a level of 36 cm above the level of the outlet. (horizontal to vertical ratio) (145.4)
16. What is the total flow of water in cm3/min?
17. What is the equivalent coefficient of permeability Situation 11.
cm/min? The figure shows three layers of soil that is in a 100 mm by
18. What is the total amount of water percolated after 55 100 mm container. Water is supplied to maintain a constant-
min? head difference of 300 mm across the sample. The hydraulic
conductivities of the soils in the direction of flow through
Situation 7. them are as follows:
A river and a canal run parallel to each other but at different Sample K (cm/s)
elevations as shown in the figure and has been determined A 1.0 × 10-2
to exist for a 450 m length. The coefficient of permeability of B 3.0 × 10-3
the sand is 3 m per day. Determine the following: C 4.9 × 10-4
19. Hydraulic gradient 25. Estimate the discharge in the soil in cm3/hr
20. Quantity of water which flows into the canal (291.24 cm3/hr)
21. Seepage velocity if the porosity of the sand
is 0.22

Elevation = 90m

Elevation = 80m
River

Canal
Sand layer 1.5m thick

128m

Problems for Practice:

Situation 8.
For the constant head permeability test conducted below:
L = 30 cm
A = Area of Specimen = 177 cm2
Constant head difference, h = 50 cm
Water collected in a period of 5 min = 350 cm3
22. Calculate the hydraulic conductivity in cm/sec
(3.95 x 10-3 cm/sec)

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