#4 Unit Converters: In day to day life we use lots of unit converters - length, weight, temperatures, volume, area, time etc ., in all these conversions, different combinations of functions are used. These functions allow us to convert the input units in to the required out put units. Length UNIT Converter > EZ: ck - Ed. #4 Calculator: The calculators we use in our day to day life are programmed taking help of functions.#2 Economists and Business analysts: In real life we come across market predictions, stocks etc functions play a vital role here.Even business analysts use functions as major part of their analysis to predict business needs.#4 Computer Science Functions play a vital role in computer programming languages such as C, JAVA etc...While writing the computer programs, functions are defined and reused in the code, which actually reduces the effort of writing the complex codes again and again.Any line drawn paralle! to y-axis Intersects the graph of a function at only one paint. Horizontal Line Test Any line drawn parallel to x-axis intersects the graph of one-one function at only one point, This function is invertible, Satie Graph of one one functionCF lateralRelation R from set A to set Bis a subset of the cartesian product AX Band is derived by describing a relationship between first and Beceem U eee ce ed RELATIONS Cee ne Oriel For A=(9, 16,25} B={5,4,3,-3,-4,-5} Here, relation is that elements of A are Reet eget arr aeliu Cai eae hia a) oer om cin) R= { (9, 3), (9, -3), (16, 4) , (16, -4), (25, 5), (25, -5)} Netley If A has h elements and B has k Taek u Seem Ly Sv col Lor Terminologies related to Relations fore ms ee.) AO} Collection of elements of B VRRP) erate eat eto} ree ny | ={7,8,9, 10, 11} eT ue eee) Drury Ce IU aT eae) COUT cra) Each element of A is related Reena racnta7) Pare) (2) Identity Relations/Reflexive Each element of Ais related to (ood i.e, R={(a,a) a€ A} (ESTE Tey eee ee ee Aad eee to ker | Contes elon) RecA ce (b, a)€R; ¥a,bEA OMIC Usa clo) Fae Cea ROT RU Rohe eae (6) Equivalence Relation Reema ends relation is an equivalence relation. eee one Cen ee cur ee Me ae kee Ke) Ree emu ke et ee Mc ee aa eeu Me}A function is a relation that map each Penta ceee Menure anit ari eee) een ois lal aah) f: A>B is one to one if every element Oe ene ey s A 3 i c b d G (3) Onto function/ Surjective BeP Ned Me a ONAN NSU eo AS related to at least one element of A vi ti | =. ti , e—e Then re ee For a function to be invertible it needs Bola Tole mel eRe Mite Cola) Function f: AB is given as y=flx) (2) Many to one function Fy es CAMA eum eciy aero ns r B (4) One-one and onto function Aira f: AB is one-one and onto if it satisfies both the condition for one-one and onto f:AB and g: BC can be composed Peninsular aie Ato. Acomposite function is denoted by Coes) ar Ca mecca \ rieNo. of subsets/ No. of relations Jen, +m. mn. + MN. + MN = Fl No. of onto functions Sen oe nr ,ifm>n Oifm sin x+cos!x = : tre (elit > tan x+cot?x= ; > cosec!x+sec!x = ;Inverse Trigonometric Functions ‘These are the inverse of six trigonometric functions viz. sim'x , cos x, tan’ x, cot! x , sec"'x and cosec"! x. Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions cot!x R sectx R-(-1,1) ‘cosee" x R-(-1,1) Here , R is set of real numbers Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions seeaeoeene sss “ 6 sin'(-L) = cose! x,x>Lorx<-1 cos'(L) = see'x, x2 1orx<-1 tan'(L) = cot! x.x>0 sin'x,x€[-1.1] tar'x,x€R sin Gx) tan! (-x ) cosec! (x)= cosect x, x2 1orx<-1 X)=T-cos'x,x€ [-1,1] cot! (x)= 1 -cot'x,x ER cos! see" (-X)=T-sectx,x>lorx<-1 sin! x +cos'x=B ,xe[-1,1] tan! x +cot!x=F .xER sectxteosectx= 4 x>1orx<-1 tantattanty = tn! (ALY ay 1 2 tan“! x=tan" (2r). -1 ME es gran abd WS ra Ear er SOM aan reat cues maar) aad REE alot} De eC ae 8 + Inverse of matrix A is denoted by A + Fora given non-singular matrix there is a unique inverse matrix Dene ees) tere ola t(-RO)M aN eta VT Cw a Tee @ (aey'=B'A" 4Ue ra ede CE oe ted ooo oes ee eat eg en) Itis denoted by O Ce ae Con aun eke ee et 10 a) ee ae or|/0 10 oo 001 cei ® Upper Triangular matrix: Square matrix with elements below diagonal as Pom rae} Le ae eee Can Oe Oe 006 Cea ane eoee eee e e - A k | or e.g., A= or Eye) Eoin Addition and Subtraction Of Matrices ene ic le ee ue eee gue og + When order is same for the two matrices, each element from the first ee Rte cle BRU eu oe elute a Seu UCL g Properties Of Matrix Addition ee Tee a Pee cei D Commutative Law: A+B=B+A @ Associative Law:(A+B)+C= A+(B+C) ® Additive Identity:A+O=O+A=A Scalar Multiplication Of Matrix eee eur eee ec Ree tse 10 an) Cree Cee aN mel)#2 Matlab Software Matrices play vital role in some of the programming languages. One such example is MATLAB where data is taken in the form of matrix. MATLAB Ka ex #4 Cryptography: Cryptography is all about coding and decoding used for security. In cryptography, sender's information is encrypted/coded in the form of large matrix and the receiver's message is decoded with its inverse matrix.#1 Computer Graphics (CG): Matrices are widely used in computer graphics, especially in transforming images from one system to other. Information regarding transformation such as scaling, rotation, refiection, etc.. is stored in a matrix called coefficient matrix.These coefficient matrices are used to map each coordinate of the image to its new coordinates.Continuity of a function#2 Volume of the Parallelepiped The determinant gives the (signed) volume of the parallelepiped whose edges are the rows (or columns) of a matrix. The volume interpretation is often useful when computing multidimensional integrals (‘change of variables’). It is also useful for understanding (or defining) the ‘cross product’ in physics or mechanics. Af) trowel el ~The magnitude of 3 x 3 determinante is the volume of a Parallelepiped Geometric meaning Ra “Ny#4 Discontinuity of a function at a point A function is said to be discontinuous, if the limit of the function at that point doesn't exist. fis) a -@ eon @ la) = Undefined#1 Continuous Function A Function without holes or breaks is called continuous function. The graph of a continuous function can be drawn without lifting the pen from the paper. Te Examples of Continuous Functions Soy, fa (a) fi) = Pe fis =" a Sx) i (c) f@) = sin x of (d) fa) =e@ A function /(x) is continue at x = ¢, if limit exists and lim £0) =F) @ A function f(x) is discontinuous at x =c, if limped #f(e) In this case, c is a point of discontinuity of f(2) Algebra of Continuous Function For two real valued functions (x) and g (x) continuous at X=c, we have f(X) +g (X) continuous at x = c £(X)-g(X) continuous at x = ¢ F(X) xg (X) continuous atx = c f(x) is continuous at x = ¢, provided g(c) #0 8) e©eoose Some Typical Continuous Functions * Trignometric functions ( in certain periodic intervals (Sinx, Cosx, Tanx) * Polynomial functions (x? + x + 1, x4 + 2 etc) Exponential functions (e* , 5e* etc) * Logarithmic functions in their own domain, (log, 2c, In x? etc) Discontinuity [xen a did 1 NN, Diets ity Here the function deta) LTD has a well wo PET Le PTET hs sides limit at RHLandLHLofthe The funetion diverges x=a, but either function atx =a atx=atogiveita f(@) isnot defined exists ; but they re discontinuous nature, f(a) is not equal natequal toeach other. 9 (x) is not defined to its limit te f60= ey F69 lal lim f(x) = f(a)a,+Kb, a,+Kb, b, b 2 5 & ©, 3 tis a determinant obtained by deleting the i* row and j® column in which a, lies. Minor of a, is denoted by M,. Minor of an element of a determinant of order n is a determinant of order n-1. itis denoted by A, and defined as A,= (1) M, Where M, is minor of a, For a triangle with vertices (x, y,), (x¥,). (%Y,). | *adj(A) IAIChain Rule [flg@))I'= f’(g().9'@) Logarithmic Differentiation Lety= F(x) =fuer® log y= v(2)log [ul] + ~6) 5 as 1 (e) ¥'@log|us)] wey op w Ger Gellog tue] core.g.: — Then logy-xloga A dy 24 y de 4. = yloga - s'loga. TCR CUCU mene lah od ii ya (cos"s) == a OX (ins) = 4 (i) A(oot's) Sees 1 ; eet (i) A tans) = 743 (vA (cosee 4, Bi pepe A kee’) = Go wi 2ey=e Lety = flx) then oe fe) if FQ) is differentiable then 4 (2) 2 = f*(x) is the second order derivative of ywrtx. (vi) 4 tog) = 4 7 For eg : ify~ 3x2, theny’ ~sxand y” -6. Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms Let x= f (8),y-g(t) be two functions of parameter 't’ 3 & (ee9) at For eg: ifx=a cos, ysasind then‘ - -a Sino and ¢y dy _dy/dO__ acoso 97 30080, and sof =o = emg = 00t8.#2 Conditions of Continuity at a point 1. To prove continuity of a function, f(x) at a point c Limit of the function at the point c should exist. Sf) Cc Limit f(x] Limit f(x) xXx->C x-CcES Instances where a function is Discontinuous A Function is said to be discontinuous under the following instances EXAMPLES OF DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS \ 4 kK i VM 4 +x > x @ a a (a) Jim fx) does not i lim f(x) does not 4 lim f(x) exists (dl) lim f(x) exists, exist and f(a) is exist but f(a) but f(a) is fia) is defined, not defined is defined not defined but lim f(x) * a) Ra “x#7 Nonexistence of Differentiability or Derivative. Nonexistence of the Derivative Some of the reasons why the derivative of a function may not exist at.x =a are © The graph of f(x) has a hole or break at.x = a4, or © The graph of f() has a sharp corner at.x = 4, or a © The graph of f@) has a vertical tangent at x =a. fied fey vw leeGeometric Interpretation of Derivative Derivative of a function can be interpreted as slope of the tangent line. y=f(x) Tangent#6 Geometric Interpretation of Derivative Derivative of a function can be interpreted as slope of the tangent line. Y=fO) Sf (x+ax) ay fooExamples of Discontinuous Functions Graphs of discontinuous functions have breaks or gaps or holes. y =tanxEXAMPLES OF DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS vb ke (a) I tim fis) does not (b) lim f(x) does not (c) lim f(x) exists (d) lim f(x) exists, caist and f(a) is exist but f(a) but f(a) is f(a) is defined, not defined is defined not defined but lim f(x) # f(a) Ses)APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES er ‘Y varies with another quantity x eo thut y *f(), Loty = fC); Ax be a small increment in‘ and A y be the anal then t= [14] enentn the rte of change of yw rt inerement tn y carreaponeting to the incrernen iL ay = flee) fH) is THe, ye gia by dy 9 foo dy «(x wal (red) ey ». tepresenis the mteof change of y Welw ati = x, Apoint c inthe domain of 'f at which Wand y’ vation with nether variable Tie. it x f(t) lther ("(o}*0 or ia net differentiable in i ae’ “i rr called ertionl point v6, ot Bod 41.91/80 oo aS teu ‘AFunction ta said to be: wee ay peceeening Fevetont | nemalog oat) xem, tad) oe Se fea) 0 sort = Sip : : ax ten fe = ae a ned = ua) 4 a. , a Floa,on)= 5 ge 9) =F C9 T+ In Se) as)= (x)=1 = (sin x) = cos x (eos) =-sinx 4 (tan x) = sec*x Z. (sec x) = sec x tanx pas (cse x) =- ese x cot x dx d 2 leotxy=- 6 (cot x) =- ese? x d 1 ~ (sin x) = = (sin x) Jiex a 4 (osx) =- Z dx 1-x? d ae ea oe 4 @) = a*in(@) dx d x “e»y=e aA ») Z cnes) =1,x>0 d =i a ad = d = ae (log) = BAO)UMC Lc ca een rs PCC Cmca Seen ge em esa ey ee junction ee cece car] ee Equation of tangent at erat is given as Cee et is See oe sea Pores Bee teil rea ere et sid rr he normal at this point is Pee COM ea rescue ane st fae ue oe Og eke be a differentiable function defined on an open interval, Such that er See eae ccd and Pe a and neither point of local minima nor local maxima if his point is called the point of inflection. eerie artical even ee ed ea PERO eer!#5 Strictly Decreasing Function Strictly decreasing functionDiscontinuous Function A discontinuous function can be plotted by lifting the pen from the paper. Examples of Discontinuous Functions Graphs of discontinuous functions have breaks or gaps or holes. y =tanx Ra “sy#% Increasing and Decreasing Functions INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS: Let I be an open interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f. Then f is said to be (i) Increasing on 1 if x, < x, in 1=> f (x,) < f(x,) for all x,,x,€1, (ii) Strictly increasing on 1 if x, f (x,) < f(x, for all x,,x,€1 (iii) decreasing on 1 if x, < x, in | =>f (x,) > f(x,) for all xx, EL. (iv) Strictly decreasing on 1 if x, < x, in I=>f(x,) > f(x,) for all x,,x,€1 USING THE CONCEPTS OF DERIVATIVES (i) f is strictly increasing in (a,b) if f ‘(x) > 0 for each x€(a,b) (ii) fis strictly decreasing in (a,b) if f (x) < 0 for each xE(a,b) (iii) A function will be increasing (decreasing) in R if it is increa 5¢ (decreasing) in every interval of R.#4 Constant FunctionContinuity and Differentiability Formula Sheet Continuity of function, /(x)at a point a 1. f(a) exists 2 lim, fo) = fla) 3. “tim, Se) = im S&) Continuity of a function, f(x)in an interval [a, b] 1. f(x) should be continuous in (a,b) 2, lim f(x) = fla) x-vat 3. lim f(x) = f(b) xb Algebra of Continuous functions If fand g are two continuous functions at a point c, then 1. f +g /s continuous at c 2. /.g is continuous at c 3. £ is continuous atc,g #0 g 4.gof is continuous at c DERIVATIVE DEFINITION EU co)= 0) = jm LOM £00 BASIC PROPERTIES (GW) = el FH) (0) © 900) =f) 2016) a £@ =0 MEAN VALUE THEOREM I/ Is differentiable on the interval (a,b) and ‘continuous at the end points there exists @ cin(eo)auehinat f fo = PRODUCT RULE (FH) 9W)) =F W9%) +5 W)9(0) QUOTIENT RULE (00) £9) = £0) 9%) a gy) o@)? POWER RULE gr) = nent a een G(x)20 CHAIN RULE (eGo) = Gono")#6 Tangent and Normal#3 Equation of plane in intercept form #4 Perpendicular Distance of a point from Plane PY2)) p |ir=al+bp+ck ax+by+cz+d=0 #5 “ Ml O &#4 Local MinimaApplication of Derivatives in Aerospace: While launching rockets, a force that pushes the rocket upwards is required and that force is called thrust. Thrust is obtained by finding the derivative of momentum. In other words thrust is termed as rate of change of momentum.More on Theorems of Applications of Derivatives 1, =tna=srey= Y smpe Oe) © When tangent parallel to x-axis, © When tangent parallel to y-axis, ay ge 7 Bot defined # Angle of intersection af two curves: tan. © When tangents are parallel to each other, m, © When tangents are perpendicular to each ather, m,x mr, 2. L Hospital’s Rule: We should find derivatives of denominator and numerator of any function until indeterminate form is removed. Rolle’s Theorem if the funtion f (x) is * Continuous in the closed interval [ a,b] * Differentiable in the open interval (a, b) f(a) = (0) ‘Then there exists at least one point ce (a, b) such that fc) = 0 Mean Value Theorem (Lagrange’s mean value theorem) if the function f (x) is * Continuous in the closed interval { a,b] + Differentiable in the open interval (a, b) then there exists at least one value Then there exists at least one point ce (a, b) such that f'(c)= £0)- f@ ba#6 Local Maxima#n First Derivative Test Point of local maxima Point of non differentiability and point of local maxima Point > : of local; | minima |#16 Point of Inflection = fie>o oO Point of inflection#2 Strictly Increasing Function Strictly increasing function y = f(x)Real Life Application of Derivatives #2 In the usage of radar guns The rate of change of the distance between the radar gun and the moving car is taken as the speed of the vehicle. Most police officers use radar guns to estimate the speed of vehicles easily.#7 Maxima and Minima Y axis 19h, Global Maxima Global Minima#4 Coffee Maker Coffee vending machines use derivatives to measure the volume of coffee given out in a particular time period by finding the rate of change in volume.Property 1: Order of integration a a [teras = ~ [pods Property 7 : Integrals of odd and even functions > f(-x) = ~ f(x) = Odd funetion » fi-x) = f(x) => Even function [resi s 1 iF FG) is Odd 2 sires, if fo) is Bven Storie [sete 20a roof af fants if fu) = fle) 0 olf fQa~x) =f) Property 2: Zero width interval [pea =0 ites ate Definite Integrals Property 3: Scalar multiple i o Pi terds = [porate Property 4; Sum and Difference tb & Db Le) ts 280 = [perars fist Property 5 ; Splitting of limits ‘ ' fforde = [porae +f forar Property 6: King’s Rule b . a fpoa = fferb-aer @ [ford = fp - naeBemoulli Trials - The Binomial Distribution Given a random event r= (0,1) P- probability of success (r= 1) of a given discrete trial q- probability of failure (r= 0) of the given discrete trial peqel n- number of independent trials Pp (k,n) - probability of k successes inn independent trials (Bernoulli Trials) The number of k successful trials from n indepedent trial is given by n nl (ea with probability The probability of k successful trials from n independent trials is given by nt = ————_. p(1-p)" P (kn) Rew p*(1-p) n i =p) (i) eo Using the binomial theorem we obtain 4 3/(" -p)"™ (rarer > (i) eamLimit of Sum ’ ff fey = him, AFCO Fre + os + fla DM, Definition For any two values a and b, we have Definite [ f00 = 100 + a = FH - Feo * a ele Le hy where t= =" 0.a5 +0 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. f(x) is a continuous function in the closed interval (a, b] If f(x) is a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and let A(x) be the area function, and Fis an anti derivative of f(x), then A'Gx) = f(0), Vx € [a,b]. then [ ‘fh = (FCs) = FO) - Fl, fod#4 Decreasing Function decreasing functionProperties 4; [roa = so) +c Definition Integration in the inverse pracess of differentiation, W SFG = fo, then Indefinite Integration 2 fue «some = [yarar s Prod F(x) i8 an indefinite integral of f(x) or a Pr ferae nk Jf fos. where is any real number [fon dx = Foo + € Where C isan arbitrary constant of integration, Solving methods Using by Parts fou fone = [a foal-f z Using Partial Fractions rs (1) If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials auch tog fa) Bae), tha wa dvide by 0. OO 1 cntiens 9 Rei Using substitution * 3) 8G) (2) If fe) and g(x) are two polynomials such that, ‘The given integral J 40) dx canbe deg Fix) < deg g(x), then we evaluate, transformed into another form by changing the independent variable L2G toby Aecomnpoing “into parlfrstons x to by substituting x = g(!)#4 Definite integrals have boundary. Functions within this boundary are integrated. Here a is lower limit and 0 is upper limit. #4 Definite Integrals as limit of Riemann sum y f(x) f(x)Applications of Integrals in Space Planets are built in several stages. Dust grains grow to large rocks in a million years, then rocks accumulate to form asteroids and asteroids make rocky planets. Integration is used to find the mass of a planet at a given time in the process.#3 Usage in Biology The derivative of the equation is used to calculate the speed at which the virus grows, which may permit biologists to predict whether or not the virus is growing quickly and counter measures ought to be taken to prevent the expansion.Ree CU Mae CUE a:b = || |b] cos 8 Where @isangle betweenaandb,0<9<7 BPA dee ce Cn noel Qe ab= 0" PLE Ce ere ee i Leh CE nc eee aey 4 lal [b] = 8 = 180° Elie] b=bi+bJ+b,k Ruta) Caer a iar RC ESCH) Fra} are C nee Cine Eparchy PSC ISE REG Ast nent ae seus CU Mime e ata ela te l c lm clslel iek Pa Seth ars Ae Rc suture ecual Speen aca rae Sey Crd ori) Cee ed ESE e toes (3 ixt=jxj=kxk=0 Max B) = (Ad) x B = ax (AB) Ceebeesba cn eae 9 iff=aitas+askand Pee hee See aura) i: axb=| a, a: a; aIntegration in Construction An Architect Engineer uses integration in determining the amount of the necessary materials to construct curved shape constructions and also to measure the weight of that structure.#4 Area under the curve bounded by x=a, x=b, and x-axis. Ra ey #4 Area enclosed between a quadratic curve andalineApplications of integrations ‘Area under simple curves {ype 1. area bounded by axis, 23,0 and ye) where ach and yoo in (8 , y fig =P dc Pride = “ x x yx ‘Type 2. Area bounded by x-axis, x=3, x5b and y=f(s) where ach and ys in (a,b) \ : ce AclPvdel = [Pande] Xe ee ‘y=f(x) ‘ ‘Type 3. Area bounded by y-axis, y=c, yed and x=g(y) where ced and x>0 ined) y ai a= fray Geinnay | aly) x x *, ‘Type 4. Area bounded by y-axis, y=c, yed and x=g(y) where ced and x<0 in (ed) a=|fe| =| ave! ‘Area between two curves ‘Type 1. Area enclosed by curves y=fix) and y=g(x) and lines x=a and x=b,, when #302800 ina and aco . fete A= PP ts) abae a Type 2. Area enclosed by curves y=fix) and y=glx) end lines x= ‘when flx)ze(0) in (2,] and f(x)se(e) in [cb] and ace aff a -ablides (tas) -Aoea Convention used for area under two curves 1 Avea abiove satis is assigned a postive sign 2. Area below x-axis is assigned a negative sign#4 Technology Three dimensional geometry has wide range of applications in computer software. Eg: Video games have structures of buildings and other objects which are designed using three dimensional geometry.#4 Area under the Pressure-Volume graph gives Work done#4 Area under the speed-time graph gives the distance covered. #2 Area under the Force-time graph gives impulse Impulse = area under fore e graph Force /N time’see time/sec Impulse = Area under graph Impulse = Area under graph 1 1 ana =Ixb+ > xbxh sa#1 Method, Curve x = fly) Graph Curve y = f(x) Graph 4 Diagrammatic Representation#4 Integration in electrical engineering Power stations between two substations take the shape called catenary. Finding the arc length gives the length of cables needed and integration is used to determine the arc length to know the exact length of power cables needed to connect two substations which are miles apart. rr ELECTRICA NE#4 Integration in Medicine: Cardiac output decides the rate of blood to different parts of the body. Known amount of dye is injected in to Right atrium and its concentration of its passage is determined. Integration is used to describe the cardiac output of heart. Cardiac Output @ The cardiac output of the heart is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time, that is, the rate of flow into the aorta. The cardiac output is given by aorta A vein Fe= pulmonary = pulmonary arteries Je(tat wines — 0 right Note: F is the flow rate, Ais the atrium amount of dye known, and o(t) is the stoner concentration of the dye at time t. veins veinSteps for Graphical Method Formulate the LPP Construct a graph and plot the constraint lines Determine the valid side of each constraint line Identify the feasible solution region Find the optimum points. Identify the co-ordinates of optimum points Evaluate the objective function at optimum points to get the required maximum/minimum value of the objective function Solved Example Q. Maximize and minimize z - 4x + y subject to- x+y #50 3x+ysgo x20,y20 A. The constraint lines are x + y = 50, 3x * y= 90, x=0,y=0 3x+y=90 Clo, 50) B20, 30) (50, 0) X Hence, maximum value of Z is 120 at the point (30, 0) and the minimum. value of zis 0 at the point (0, 0).SUCCESS OR FAILURE = a <|E z\a Sle z= a aTo form a differential equation from a given function, we differentiate the function successively until we get A function which satistfies the given differential tid of all the arbitrary constants. equation is called it's Solution, Eg: y = ax? +bx +c (three constants ‘a’, ’b’ and 'c’) Eg: y =e*+1isasolutionof y”~y' =0 . diet Since y’ = e* and y= e* y"=0 “ y-y' se*-e% =0 ‘Thus, y’" = is the required differential equation. Solution Formation Paces an ee mat Ue |e) ny General Solution Particular Solution The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation is called a General Solution. The solution free from arbitrary constants is called the Particular Solution.A differential equation of the form ay + Py = Q where P,Q are constants Itis used to solve an equation in which variables dx can be separated completely. or functions of ‘x’ only is called a First Order Linear Differential Equation and it's solution is yes Pax fe el dx +6, Linear Differential Equations Variable Separation Method Methods of Solving First Order, eee MMC Eee ery Homogeneous Differential Equations A differential equation which can be expressed in the form Y = f(x,y) or e = g(x, y) where, f(x, y) and g(x,y) are homogeneous functions Is called a Homogeneous Differential Equation.#2 To model the relationship between predators and prey : As an instance, as predators increase, the prey decreases as more get eaten. However, then the predators will have less to consume and start to die out, which permits more prey to live to tell the tale. The interrelation between the 2 populations is modelled through differential equations.PN SEL CER Monte cece mL con tet CeNn| ee iG a yet ere og These integrals are indefinite integrals, Renner mn cee ta Geometrically, it represents a collection er ROR ee Gu Cee at N ces nNesk bea races ihe D [k f(x) dx=k] f(x) dx when k is a constant Jdx=x+C pres ee Jcos x dx =sinx +C J sin x dx =~ cos x +C J see’x dx = tan x+C Moe ae eee ke sin'x+C Nae ere! cae Sa) ea (Xa) (x-b) Lesa! coon ees Corea rear) ess CST meee) (x-a) petaxtr ivexe (k-a)Q@+bxte) (=a) x Fbxte where x? + bx + c cannot be factorized#4 To predict the population models : Differential equations play a vital role in modeling population growth in a particular location. Differential Equations: Population Growth le cP=0 ‘equilibriumVector Algebra - Part | Reset ee emer eae eae) Position Vector 2 x Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios o ° 9 ° z Pie) ah je» x - a x S —=—- “Types Of Vectors. onnEm emma 3) Cointial V ORIirmaA SEminta \ORommam Addition Of Vectors: 8 A Ener 8 a c Bee A Grseaceeer iis)HS Definite Integrals by splitting limits b c b fre dx = {109 dx+ J t00 dx Yo a c oa Ra “sy #6 Difference between Integral and Derivative Integral (sums up) _ y se Fills up : ~~ x (time) x (time) —— Derivative (finds the rate) Ra “vy#1 Wind Vectors Lets say we have plane with constant velocity and plane moves to south and we have wind force in the direction of west so due to the movement of the plane in south and the movement of wind in west the plane moves diagonally, or in the south-west. = Velocity Ven \ of plane & Resultant velocity VvDifferential Equations ‘Ax equation involving derivatives of he dependert variable with expect othe dependents andy gic ez Se 28 est oder Geriatve occunng inte Differential Equation, Degree ofthe Highest créer dervatve when dferontal coefficients ae made fee from radicals and tactons. Different tho fusion suoeecsvay a6 mary tees ae ruled to getridof the stray conetats inthe equate. arte Seaton "-Reduethe gen serentaeniton 4) a te arm ieee 2.70.9 genera eoiton integrate bat idee of the reduced frm ls) Different equations ofthe frm fast) canbe reduced to variable separable foemby eubetituton ofa. bycor ‘Afanation{3)i aed a hemagenecve faction of degree n for any ron zero constnt 1. Adferential equation ofthe form y=") eld te be homogeneous, fT) fe homogeneous function co 2 Tosovehormgeneousditeental equation athetype =Te)-32) $oe-a 3. Puty-ncand yo: d*in equation () ae ee o 4 4. tegets duced tothe form sg) s ie 5. On separating the variables, fis pie 6. megraeoth ses te obtain the sokrion a tems of vand x 7 Replace yin the soliton cbisined to et he soliton in terms of» sey. ental ef uner rem enaonis 1-0-0 where, Pand o.are functions of «or constants “The Linear Different Equation eoalsobe rane. her, "and ae functions of or constants * Solution af eq ()sgien by the equation y xIP-|(Q.rF) de er tF is ntegrating Factor an ‘Neo, soution of 09 (6) ivenby the equation = «IF -((CL Fy vc where Integrating Faetr and iF"MeO CUCL Mia Tce) as Ea eer io Rard:) Where @is angle betweenaandb,0<90< CIEE a ens A cee ye er aa.) Deiter rei ere ikea COM ere ren and era sean’ then Ea EST eae ee ely 11 (ha).B = A(@.B) =a.(\.b) For vectors a’and b it is defined as Eee eu Where @ is an angle between a’and ea: esa and fis the unit vector perpendicular to both d and b such that a, b and fi form a right handed system See Senile elroy) ed ee ba eh ae 3 ixt=jxj=kxk=0 Cha Uhr rat) OMS cere ener ei b=b,i+b,j+b;k then iP yas axb= Pr Pay Saasvariable is substituted in terms of other variable to get one of ndard integrals. Using this technique so Beste betas Teen ee WOR es eed ond ee J cot x dx = log Isinx 1+C J sec x dx = log I sec x + tanxI+C J cosec x dx = log I coseex - cot x 1+ Coen eae oer ras ReO rT Re Serer , , d oc nT es Fs rr an UOC OM RY ce ct Nm ree ONY MRT ome 1 L A T_ E—> Exponential @ Inverse Log Algebraic “Trigonomerric Ona) eet Reread Nearer Ure aee eee eee eer ty Ce ee ce OR ne ocd Perr e ren] a eee If Fis a continuous function in [a,b] and F is anti-derivative off then fF f(x) ds—[ Fix)]i — F(b)- Fea) eee aon ora Peters rat crn eres ain) eee aT Or eee a ey ene eis) eee) Oars nt nO eee ect ee eee eee oer)fem TD Area enclosed between a cubic curve and a lineA differentia! equation is called Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) if it has ordinary derivatives, If the differential equation is a polynomial equation, then it's degrae is the highest power of the highest order derivative. dy 2 a = 0is one, ‘ diy Eg : Degree of a +2 Since the degree of the third order derivative is only one, The highest number of times for which the dependent variable is differentiated is the order of the differential equation. Eg: The order of v =e" js one.and#4 Integration as sum of infinite rectangles St i Integral Symbol bx #2 Indefinite integrals don’t have specific boundary. In other words they don’t have upper and lower boundaryDistance between two spneeelnes a Equation of Plane In intercept form Pouarures ec Sepeiet Ax+ By +Cz+D; =0 4 iat! Ga Mian RE anlc celal ee on X, ¥ and Z axes respectively. a VA? +B? +C? Angle between a Line and a Plane Equation of Plane passing through Se eer ane Line: ?=2 +28 Mediate aes Ca Plane: f-t=q points A(@), B(6) and C@) eit, = dy Bn 4 fy sity = - -a)-((6-a)x(@-a)) = 0 =| BAI Cao {milla#1 Area under a curve can be found by dividing the area into smaller strips and then adding it. #2 Area under the curve bounded y=a, y=b, and y-axis. RA#4 Roller Coaster Most of the motion in a roller-coaster ride is aresponse to the Earth's gravitational pull. After the train reaches the top of the first slope the highest point on the ride the train rolls downhill and gains speed under the Earth's gravitational pull. Here vectors of forces, acceleration, and velocity are important to make a safety system. yor go \ f \ fe fo \ { YY Foray i | [f ¢ \ \ Fram | ( a \ ! / \ \ } ‘norm \ J J i ~~ 7s 4 a RaCONDITIONS FORMULA Relation between direction cosines 1, m,n and direction ratios a, b,c Pamt+n?=1 1 Vat +b +c? Given two lines d.rsofl, a,b,c) d.r's0f lz Ar, br, Cp Angle between two lines L; and L; Condition for Parallel Lines - L; and Ly laraa + bibs + crcl Va ti+d- Webs B+ cos@ = Condition for Perpendicular Lines — Ly and Ly ya) + Bibs + c1e2 = 0 Distance between two parallel lines 1 =a; +Aband 7 =a, +b bx (t2-m) (el Equation of plane in normal form with direction ratios of normal as 4,b,c ax t+ by+cz+d=0 Equation of plane in normal form where aie fis a unit vector along the direction of rn=d normal Equation of plane in intercept form which] xy ot makes intercepts of a,b,c on X, Y,Z axes 2424551 respectively abe Pe 22 ine r = n Angle between a liner =a +Ab nO ee and aplaner-7 =q Blin#4 For modelling cancer growth: Differential equations are used extensively in medicine to model the growth of tumors in human body, to prescribe proper medication. Final primary tumour cell load © o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 Intial percentage of epithelial-like cancer cellsCARTESIAN FORM VECTOR FORM Equation of line passing through point “Equation of line passing through point a A(@) and parallel to vector b a,b,c 24 F=a4ab ig sts ecen aS AER AR Equation of line passing through two Equation of line passing through two points Atty, ys.z1) & Blt ys,za) points AG) and BO Ee FO Peteabee Boh wry BoA AeR acR Shortest distance between two lines Shortest distance between two lines ae ae Ly: P= a, +b, a by 1 ose ete Ure nt Lai Pam t pb ype Ee aa be o = > am bh 4 ea xtal m bh VE (@ab2 ~ aah)? Angle between two planes Aix+ Bry + Ciz+D; =0 Ant + Bry + Coz+ D2 =0 11 Ag + BiB2 +CiCa} VAI+BR+C}-VAR+BR+C? cos = ‘Angle between two planes =» u 4; a ue = o MyM cos 6 = | {rau lea) Equation of plane passing through three points(%1, 1,21), (2, Ye, Z2)and (3, ¥s,23) kom yyw t-am Fam Yaya 22-2 Fam Ysa 23-2 Equation of plane passing through three points whose position vectors (-a)-[-a)x(e-a] = 0 Condition for coplanarity of two lines XoM yw 2-71 a a Ls a 4 uk W-Ye a- a bb |=0 me bh o Condition for coplanarity of two lines Lit P= a +A; Ly Fede tyby (ixts)-(@ -a )=0 Distance from point (x;, y1,21) to the plane axtbytoz+d=0 ay + by ez +d Ves +c? Distance from a point (@) to the plane : ?-7i=DArchitecture Architectural Geometry is study of combination of architecture and applied geometry. The history of subject spans from medieval age to current times which includes beautiful constructions. Three dimensional geometry plays an important role in deciding the shapes, their sizes and all strategic and technical decisions while constructing building, bridges and any other constructions.Basic Probability Formulas ® Product rule P(ANB) = P(A! B)P(B) = P(BIA)P(A) e Sum rule P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)- P(ANB) © Bayes’ Theorem P(D|h)P(h) P(hI D)= 7) @ Theorem of total probability, if event A; is mutually exclusive and probability sum to 1 P(B)= 2 P(BIA,)P(A))#4 Equation of plane in intercept form Z B (0,b,0) A (a,0,0) #4 Perpendicular Distance of a point from Plane ax, + by, +z, +d ax +by+cez+d=0#4 Linear programming is used for obtaining the most optimal solution for a problem with given constraints. In linear programming, we formulate our real-life problem into a mathematical model. It involves an objective function, linear inequalities with subjective constraints.#5 Tossing a Coin Twice Using the tree diagram, you can see that there are four possible outcomes when flipping a coin twice: Heads/Heads, Heads/Tails, Tails/Heads, Tails/Tails. And since there are four possible outcomes, there is a 0.25 (or D probability of each outcome occurring. TOSSING A COIN TWICE! First Flip Second Flip Outcomes#2 Shortest Route Let's say a delivery man has 6 packages to deliver ina day. The dropping point is located at point A. The 6 delivery destinations are given by U, V, W, X, Y and Z. The numbers on the lines indicate the distance between the cities. The shortest route can be decided by linear programming.#4 Venn Diagrams Venn diagrams are used to visualize the probabilities of ORC: KN Complement of A multiple events. aoa yen] An ‘2 Complement of B ny A noneoceurrence of other events. Probability of one event with given conditions that another event has already occurred, P(B/A) Pn P(E)xP(A/E, FP (EPIAIE) 1) P(E) = 1- P(E) 2) P(E'V/F) = 1- P(E/F) 3) P(ENF) = P(F) P(E/F) = P(E) P(F/E) 4) P(EUF/G) = P(E/G) + P(F/G) ~ P(ENF/G.@ The conditional probability of an event E, given the occurrence of the event F is given by . PIF AF) PIEIFY FF) P(F) #0 # POEIF) =, PAE'IF) = 1-PIEIF) P((EUF)IG) = P(EIG) + P (FIG) =P (E NF)IG) I Eand F are indeoendent, then P(ENF) = P(E) P (F) PEEL F) = PKE),P (F) 40 _PIFIE) = POF). (E) #0 @ Let(E,,E, ...,£,) be a partition of a sample space and suppose that each of E,£,....€, has nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S, then P(A) = P(E,)P(AIE,) + PLE,)P(AIE,)+ cnact P(E )PCAIE,)