HOLY T RINITY C OLLEGE

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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS
Introduction
Plastics are part of our daily consumption habits. The foods that we buy
from markets are supplied in plastic bags, plastic films, and other kinds of plastic
containers. Additionally, plastic is a non-biodegradable material made from
petrochemicals and not found in nature (Yasar, 2019). Plastic is a common
material because it is durable, lightweight, and inexpensive to produce. However,
once we've used everything, the fact that plastic is so resilient is not necessarily
a positive thing. This is due to the fact that plastic decomposes very slowly in the
environment. Plastic trash is carried by the wind and water to the oceans, where
ocean currents cause it to gather in enormous swaths of trash.
Given that the world's capacity to deal with the constantly rising production
of throwaway plastic goods, plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most
urgent environmental challenges. Since the 1950s, humanity has produced more
than 8.3 billion tons of plastic waste, and we don't appear to be slowing down.
Traditional plastics made of petroleum have a long environmental shelf life and
cause pollution and climate change. According to Parker (2021), Plastic pollution
is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage collection
systems are often inefficient or nonexistent
Researchers and scientists have been looking for sustainable alternatives
to traditional bioplastics to help mitigate this problem. Ecologically friendly goods
were introduced to make up for the harm. The majority of recycled and/or organic
resources are used to make these. They make a duplicate or a replacement for
our plastics using the plentiful resources found in nature. The status quo for
decades, a recent shift in consumer preference, advancement in materials
sciences, and legislation protecting the Earth have given rise to a world of “eco-
friendly” plastics (Ncube et al., 2021). From packaging to the products,
themselves, bio-based, biodegradable, and recycled materials are finding
purchase. The "Biodegradable plastic bags" produced from the starch of the
cassava plant (Manihot esculent) are one example. Among the myriad bioplastic
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options, potato starch-based bioplastics stand out as an attractive and

sustainable alternative.
Potatoes, a staple crop in many regions, provide a readily available source
of starch. Potato starch is a versatile product that’s used in commercial food
production and by home cooks to improve the texture of many foods (Burgos et
al., 2020).In order to generate a material that can be molded and mounded into
different shapes, potato starch is often extracted from the potatoes, combined
with other natural substances, like glycerol, and then used to make bioplastic.
Due to the way starch granules react to heat, they absorb water when placed in a
liquid, swell, and release long, tangly starch molecules, all of which contribute to
the liquid's thickening. Potato starch is a versatile ingredient that can be used to
manufacture construction materials, adhesives, papers, and other non-food items
because of its ability to bind and thicken. There have been numerous product
advancements based on potato starch, including foam packaging chips, carrying
bags, and food-safe trays.
According to Abe et al. (2021), potato starch-based bioplastics have
emerged as a promising alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. They
can be created from renewable resources, are biodegradable, and compostable,
and possibly have smaller carbon footprints than products made from fossil
fuels. But like any material, potato starch bioplastics have advantages and
disadvantages, and it's important to understand these trade-offs in order to make
wise choices about how to use them. In this article, we will examine some
unexpected discoveries about these cutting-edge materials as well as the top-
secret potato starch bioplastic benefits and drawbacks.
Potato starch bioplastic has emerged as a promising contender in the
pursuit of sustainable alternatives to harmful commercial plastics due to its
biodegradable nature and renewable sourcing (Gadhave et al., 2018). While
existing literature highlights the ecological advantages and potential applications
of potato starch bioplastic. Notably, previous studies have predominantly focused
on the environmental aspects of bioplastics. This hinders a comprehensive
assessment of potato starch’s potential as an alternative to harmful commercial
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plastics, limiting the informed decision-making process for industries seeking

sustainable solutions.
In this experimental study, we aim to explore the potential of potato starch
bioplastic as a sustainable alternative to conventional environmentally harmful
plastics. Our focus is on assessing the quality attributes of solubility, tensile
strength, and durability, with the goal of contributing valuable insights into the
feasibility and efficacy of potato starch bioplastic in addressing the environmental
concerns associated with traditional plastics. Through experimentation and
analysis, we seek to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
performance characteristics of this alternative material, paving the way for
more eco-friendly and sustainable practices in the field of plastic production.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to compare potato starch (solanum
tuberosum) bioplastic and harmful commercial plastics in terms of quality. The
researchers aim to answer the following questions:
1. What is the quality of potato starch bioplastic in terms of:
1.1 Solubility
1.2 Tensile Strength
1.3 Durability
2. What is the quality of commercial plastic in terms of:
2.1 Solubility
2.2 Tensile Strength
2.3 Durability
3. Is there a significant difference between potato starch bioplastic and
commercial plastics in terms of quality?

Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between potato starch bioplastic and
harmful commercial plastic.

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Scope and Delimitation

This study revolves around investigating potato starch bioplastic as a
sustainable alternative to harmful commercial plastics in terms of quality. The
entire bioplastic production process will be covered in the study, from the choice
of materials and processing methods to the assessment of mechanical and
thermal properties. A comparative analysis will be conducted to assess how
potato starch bioplastic performs in comparison to traditional bioplastics,
considering factors like strength, tensile, elongation, and impact resistance.
Practical applications, such as packaging materials and disposable cutlery, will
be explored to determine the feasibility of integrating bioplastics into everyday
use. Additionally, the study will include an environmental impact assessment,
focusing on reduced carbon footprint and resource consumption.
Significance of the Study
The significance of the experimental research design for studying potato
starch ( solanum tuberosum) bioplastic as an alternative to harmful plastics lies in
its potential to address pressing global challenges and contribute to a more
sustainable future.
This study may be beneficial to the following:
Consumers. This research introduces the concept of eco-friendly
alternatives to traditional plastics. As a result, consumers can enjoy the benefits
of innovative, sustainable materials in their daily lives.
Environment. This study seeks to offer a more environmentally friendly
alternative to traditional plastics. With plastic pollution posing a severe threat to
ecosystems and marine life, finding sustainable alternatives is of paramount
importance.
Innovation and Industry. This study can stimulate innovation in the field
of bioplastics, potentially leading to the development of improved materials and
manufacturing processes. It has the power to influence industries and encourage
the adoption of more sustainable practices.
Researchers. This study of potato starch bioplastic provides an avenue
for scientific exploration and innovation. It presents opportunities for increasing
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material qualities, streamlining bioplastic production procedures, and broadening

the scope of applications.
Students. This research offers a valuable educational opportunity. It
serves as a practical example of how scientific principles are applied in
addressing real-world environmental challenges.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant works, literature, and studies of foreign
and local authors for the purpose of establishing a deeper and better
understanding of the topic and the problem as basis of the methods and as basis
of the methods and claims used in the study.

Review of Related Literature

Bioplastic
In this study, Gökçe (2018) asserts that bioplastic is produced by hand
into a surface and a cubic specimen with multiple developed alterations. Local
agricultural waste is detected and aggregates, natural fibers, and pellets are
blended with various starch kinds, such as potato, corn, wheat, and tapioca. The
bioplastic made from potato starch is molded and shaped into two different
shapes: a sheet and a three-dimensional material. Tests are then run to
determine how durable and resilient it is.
The environmental impact of bioplastics, which are used in consumer
goods, packaging, and agriculture and can be created by fermentation, chemical
synthesis, or biodegradation, may be lower than that of ordinary plastics, based
on Nalini (2023). They might also produce plastic in a more environmentally
friendly way, which makes them a viable substitute. Vegetable fats and oils,
sugarcane, and maize starch are examples of renewable biomass sources that
can be used to make bioplastic.
The fundamental ingredients utilized in the production of bioplastics
include natural polymers (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.) and other small
molecules (sugar, disaccharides, and fatty acids), as stated by Cinar et al.
(2020). Modified natural polymers, synthetic bio-based polymers made from
synthetic bio-based monomers, and bioplastics made from waste are the three
further categories into which bio-based plastics fall. At the moment, only around
1% of the world's annual plastic production is made from bioplastic. Bioplastics
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are expected to capture a bigger market share. The construction, textile, and
automotive industries are the next major application areas, after the packaging
business.
As stated by Coppola et al. (2021), bioplastics are polymers made from a
variety of microbes and renewable feedstocks with the goal of reducing their
environmental impact. Low-carbon economy adoption may be significantly
impacted by the growth of bio-renewable resource research and development in
engineering domains such as medical, packaging, structural design, and
automotive production, to mention a few. This paper covers the main applications
of bioplastics. Bioplastics appear to solve several packaging-related problems in
the food industry and greatly increase the industry's overall sustainability. This is
one of these applications. This study should take into account the whole life cycle
assessment of the suggested technology in order to produce a wide variety of
biomaterials.
Thakur et al. (2018) state that because bio-based polymers are renewable
and biodegradable, they can be utilized in place of petroleum-based plastics to
lessen environmental concerns. This review article has discussed the
biodegradability of polymers. This paper has focused specifically on the
mechanics of bio-recycling. Despite being better for the environment,
biodegradable polymers have several disadvantages, including expensive
production costs and a low mechanical tendency. Lower gasoline and diesel
availability as a result of rising prices makes resources more limited and calls for
the creation of alternative bioplastic production technologies.
Bioplastic Production
Wellenreuther and Zander's (2022), study reveals that alternative food
production can supply the essential ingredients for commercial bio-based
polymers, also known as first-generation feedstocks. Creating these feedstocks
leads to doubts about the implications for land use and the race for farmable
lands. Therefore, the escalating international food production demand will
significantly influence the creation of bioplastics. Useful non-food origins like

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lignocellulosic biomass from forest resources will present an environmentally

friendly solution.
According to Tsang et al. (2019), the production capacity of bioplastics
experienced a significant increase from 2 million tons in 2014 to almost 6.7
million tons in 2018. This growth is largely attributed to the use of poly(lactic
acid) (PLA) and starch-derived polymers in the production of bioplastics. While
bioplastics offer promising alternatives to traditional plastics, they are facing a
challenge in terms of competing with food production. This is because the crops
used to make bioplastics, such as potatoes and corn, are also vital sources of
food. Additionally, the conversion of these crops into bioplastics results in a
substantial loss of water, nutrients, and land. As such, numerous studies have
raised concerns about the sustainability of this bioplastic production method in
the long term.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has declared the
greenhouse effect to be a prominent global concern. Experts estimate that in
order to prevent a 2 °C increase in global temperature by 2050, a 50% reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions is necessary. But there is hope! As Moshood et al.
(2022) argue, utilizing bioplastics instead of traditional, oil-based plastics not only
reduces emissions, but also utilizes sustainable or biodegradable sources,
encourages resource availability, and offers a practical use for solid biomass
residues. In fact, many believe that incorporating biomaterials like biofuels and
bioplastics into our lives is a crucial step toward mitigating the effects of global
warming.
In their groundbreaking study, Ali et al. (2023) delved into the realm of
sustainable plastics by conducting a comprehensive life cycle analysis. This
involved examining the creation processes of both lab-produced bioplastics and
traditional petroplastics, and evaluating the environmental impacts of each.
Through an insightful comparison, their research sheds light on the potential
consequences of plastic production, such as global warming, acidification,
eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and ozone layer depletion.
Surprisingly, their findings revealed that the production of bioplastics contributes
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to greenhouse gas emissions ranging from 0.354 to 0.623 kg CO2 equivalent,

with each kilogram of bioplastic requiring 2.37 kg CO2 equivalent per kilogram of
polypropylene, a traditional petro-plastic.
Potato Starch
Mujtaba et al. (2022) observed that the elongation at break and thermal
resistance of potato starch bioplastics were enhanced by doping them with
sodium silicate solution. The starch-based bioplastics were cast and then
analyzed by FTIR, DSC, SEM, color, transparency, apparent opacity, humidity,
thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break as well as a biodegradation
experiment. Increased heat resistance was achieved by adding 0.5% silica
powder to potato starch bioplastic, however, elongation at break was not
improved. Increased to 17 °C for the PS5-P0.5 sample and 11 °C for the PS7.5-
P0.5 sample. The biodegradability of potato starch bioplastics was 5 days,
compared to nearly 40 days for maize starch.
Glycerol was employed as the plasticizer, and white potato peel starch
was utilized to make bioplastic sheets, as stated by Marichelvam et al. (2019). To
make biodegradable plastics, starch is the most promising naturally
biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources and may be obtained
from a wide range of crops. Not to mention that starch-based bioplastic is rather
cheap and, more significantly, comes from a raw material source that is
replenishable every year. Scholarly investigations have examined the
application of starch in water-soluble detergents, insecticide sachets, flushable
liners and pouches, and medical delivery systems and tools.
As reported by Sanyang et al. (2015), preparatory tests were carried out to
determine the proper proportion of the ingredients in order to synthesize
bioplastic from potato starch. The ingredients of plastic are plasticizer (potato
starch), polymer (glycerol), solvent (water), and acid (vinegar). To make film
compositions, varying amounts of potato starch are added to a biopolymer
matrix. After that, the films are put through a series of tests to determine their
tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability, and

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biodegradability. According to their initial results, potato starch can be used as a

plasticizer.
Commercial Plastic
Polymers, which are made up of lengthy chains of molecules, can be
obtained from natural sources like cellulose or fossil fuels. The Science History
Institute (2023) states that the word "plastic" originally meant "pliable and easily
shaped”. Because of their chain length and arrangement, synthetic polymers,
which are made up of repeating atomic units, have strength, lightness, and
flexibility. Humans have leveraged the ability to make synthetic polymers during
the previous century and a half, resulting in the widespread usage of plastics in a
variety of applications. Plastics, which are made from polymers, have had a
tremendous impact on modern life, saturated our world, and revolutionized the
way we live. These materials, with their distinct qualities, have become an
essential part of our daily lives and environments.
When it comes to commercial plastics used in industry, Lange (2021)
claims that performance durability is more important than degradability and
recyclables. As a result, chemical recycling of plastics is becoming increasingly
challenging. They presented sequential and "one-pot" depolymerization
techniques to chemically recycle commercial plastics (PLA, BPA-PC, PBS,
PBAT, PCL, and PET) and mixed polymers (BPA-PC/PET, PLA/PBS, and
PLA/PBAT) to their initial monomers or value-added chemicals. Li et al. (2022)
claim that plastics have transformed civilization by making a wide range of
materials that are affordable to produce and have a plethora of industrial
applications. Three possible factors account for the increase in plastic
production: the developing world is using more plastic as their economies grow;
new plastic materials (made by altering the structure and processing conditions
of the plastics) enable the use of plastics in new applications; and low-cost fossil
feedstocks are driving down the cost of plastic production.
Plastic contamination in the marine environment was first reported nearly
50 years ago, less than two decades after the rise of commercial plastics
production, when less than 50 million metric tons were produced per year, in
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2014, global plastics production surpassed 300 million metric tons per year,
according to Law (2017). Plastic devices ranging in size from micrograms to
meters have been discovered in all major marine environments throughout the
world. They stated that they are concerned about the risk to marine creatures
from exposure to the many forces of plastic litter, which has sparked new
research on the magnitude and consequences of plastic pollution in the marine
environment. The framework summarizes current knowledge about the sources,
distribution, destiny, and impacts of marine plastics.
Solubility
Bioplastic composites have been studied to learn about their properties,
according to Abdullah et al. (2019). The FTIR investigation of the interaction
between polylactic acid and starch-based bioplastic revealed shifting and rising
spectra. Analysis of contact angle and solubility demonstrated that adding
polylactic acid can improve the stability of hydrophobic and insoluble properties.
Mechanical qualities can be improved by combining polylactic acid and starch-
based bioplastic. Furthermore, the thermal properties of bioplastic composites
have improved thermal stability and resulted in a lower melting point, reducing
the energy required to melt bioplastic composites as polylactic acid composition
increases.
As mentioned by Saiful et al. (2019), solubility refers to a bioplastic's
capacity to dissolve in a specific solvent or environment. In various settings, a
higher solubility signifies a faster deterioration rate. This feature is essential for
assessing how bioplastics affect the environment, directing the use of
sustainable materials, and influencing waste management procedures.
Santana et al. (2017) stated that the solubility of bioplastics was the main
focus of their investigation. Their findings showed that as the concentration of
starch in the film-forming solution rose, solubility also increased. The presence of
hydroxyl groups in starch, which promote contact with water molecules, was
thought to be responsible for this effect. In contrast, the concentration of glycerol
had no effect on solubility. The results of Santana et al. provide important

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information for the development of sustainable materials by highlighting the

significance of starch concentration in regulating bioplastic solubility.
The variable under examination, according to Samir et al. (2022), is
"Solubility." Bioplastics, which are manufactured into porous structures and
intended to endure moisture, are examined for absorbency and moisture content.
Because of the fermentation process and subsequent mixing with other materials
to generate polymers and monomers, bioplastics do not dissolve in water.
Rather, they require weeks or months of constant heat to degrade. Bioplastics,
despite their ability to absorb water, do not degrade easily due to their robust
chemical and physical composition. Manufacturers adjust their compositions to
meet specific requirements. Surprisingly, bioplastics may be put into water
without degrading considerably.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength was measured in both of the strength tests that Jmawer
(2022) conducted as part of his investigation. Each bioplastic was fastened at
each of its opposing ends to two tabletops. Weights were then positioned in the
center of the bioplastic, and its ultimate strength was determined. According to
the Collins Dictionary, ultimate strength is "the maximum tensile stress that a
material can withstand before rupture." They used an equation to compute in
both tests. The bioplastic based on potato starch exhibited the maximum
strength, measuring 3.27 N/mm. This was 0.98 N/mm greater than cornstarch
and 2.18 N/mm greater than wheat starch.
According to Jethoo (2019), starch-based bioplastics are typically slightly
rigid and brittle, breaking quickly when folded. Brittleness is reduced by
employing an adequate amount of plasticizer, as too much plasticizer reduces
the tensile strength of bioplastics. The tensile strength of bioplastics is
determined by the amount of fiber reinforced in it, and the strength grows up to a
certain point before decreasing, possibly due to a decrease in the binding
substance biopolymer.
The use of starch in the creation of biodegradable plastics (bioplastics)
has a considerable effect on physical quality in the form of tensile strength,
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according to Gabriel et al. (2021). The tensile strength of bioplastics classified by

starch sources shows that tuber-based bioplastics have the best tensile strength
interaction. This is seen in potatoes, taro, and cassava, which have tensile
strengths that meet the bioplastic tensile strength requirement of 10 - 100 MPa.
Durability
According to Widdel (2017), plastics' durability is due to their molecular
structure, which comprises long carbon chains combined with nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, and, on occasion, fluorine and chlorine. These longer molecular
chains provide strength, lifespan, and resistance to water breakdown. Plastics'
inherent polymer-like properties, which are similar to those of biological
organisms, make them more resilient. Although the lifetime of this plastic is
advantageous when used, disposing of it hurts the environment since it can
entangle aquatic life and be ingested by marine animals. Plastics are difficult for
bacteria and fungi to degrade due to their chemical composition.
A starch-based bioplastic is much more durable and resilient than other
bioplastics. The material is also very strong and resistant to moisture, making it a
great choice for outdoor applications. Furthermore, the material is relatively
cheap to produce and can be easily molded into a variety of shapes and sizes,
giving it a wide range of uses. Many companies use bioplastics produced from
corn and rice starch that are comparable to the existing commercial packaging
materials in terms of mechanical features and durability. Furthermore, the
material is also capable of producing objects with great physical properties, as
the thermoplastic form is much stronger and more durable than its raw form
(Clicky, 2023).
In a study by Andrew and Dhakal (2022), bio-based polymers have
chemical structures and properties that are similar to standard plastics, making
them appropriate for applications requiring strength and endurance. These
environmentally friendly alternatives not only mimic the qualities of traditional
plastics, but they also help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Bio-based plastics
are used in a variety of industries, including packaging and automotive
components, supporting global efforts to reduce plastic waste and promote
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environmental sustainability. Their adaptability and eco-friendliness distinguish

them as prospective options in the search for greener materials.

Review of Related Studies

Foreign Studies
A study entitled” Recent Advances in Starch-Based Blends and
Composites for Bioplastics Applications” by Jayrathna et al. (2022) was
conducted in Switzerland. Environmental pollution by synthetic polymers is a
global problem and investigating substitutes for synthetic polymers is a major
research area. Starch can be used in formulating bioplastic materials, mainly
as blends or composites with other polymers. The major drawbacks of using
starch in such applications are water sensitivity and poor mechanical properties.
Attempts have been made to improve the mechanical properties of starch-based
blends and composites, by e.g., starch modification or plasticization, matrix
reinforcement, and polymer blending. Polymer blending can bring synergetic
benefits to blends and composites, but necessary precautions must be taken to
ensure the compatibility of hydrophobic polymers and hydrophilic starch. Genetic
engineering offers new possibilities to modify starch in planta in a manner
favorable for bioplastics applications, while the incorporation of antibacterial
and/or antioxidant agents into starch-based food packaging materials brings
additional advantages. In conclusion, starch is a promising material for bioplastic
production, with great potential for further improvements. This review
summarizes the recent advances in starch-based blends and composites and
highlights the potential strategies for overcoming the major drawbacks of using
starch in bioplastics applications.
A study entitled “Tensile Strength and Elongation Testing for Starch-
Based Bioplastics using Melt Intercalation Method” by Gabriel et al. (2021) was
conducted in Indonesia. Plastics were commonly used as packaging materials for
primary, secondary, and tertiary needs. However, the continuous use of plastic is
inadequate for the environment. The research that was developed to address the
use of conventional plastics is bioplastics. Bioplastics undergo faster degradation
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but have low mechanical strength and are hydrophilic. One of the main
ingredients of bioplastics is starch. This study aimed to examine the effect of
using starch-based materials on the quality parameters of bioplastic tensile
strength and elongation quality. The tensile strength and elongation values of
bioplastic from various treatments showed a relatively large range of results.
Glycerol was the most widely used plasticizer because Glycerol has the best
interaction ability compared to other plasticizers when combined with starches
with different characters, either by adding various types of fillers or without
adding fillers. The types of fillers that were commonly used were chitosan, clay,
and nO. The use of plasticizers and fillers gives an opposite contribution to the
bioplastic quality of tensile strength and Elongation.
A study entitled “Biodegradation Study of Potato Starch-Based Bioplastic”
by Kundu and Payal (2022) was conducted in China. Background Plastics are
indispensable for our society. The extensive use of petroleum-based plastic and
dumping of the same in soil and water bodies greatly affects our environment
and biodiversity. However, biodegradable plastics can reduce the volume of
waste in packaging materials. Therefore, biomass-derived polymers are
promising alternatives to the petroleum-based non-degradable polymers to
address environmental issues. Objective a large number of reports on the
synthesis and characterization of starch-based bioplastics are available in the
literature. However, a detailed biodegradation study of the starch-based
bioplastic is rarely reported. We have prepared potato starch-based bioplastic
with a combination of various plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol, and xylitol) through
hydrogel formation and carried out their biodegradation study. Method Present
study investigated the biodegradation of potato starch-based bioplastic in the
natural environment, in cultured bacteria, and with fungal α-amylase. Results
Starch-based plastic is completely degraded in the natural environment within
two months. Bacteria culture in solid media resulted in various types of bacterial
colonies. Among the various bacterial colonies, the white circular colony was the
major bacteria that degraded starch-based plastic. Furthermore, we screened the
starch-based plastic-degrading bacteria and isolated the pure culture through the
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streak plate method. Conclusion In the presence of cultured bacteria and with
fungal α-amylase, starch-based plastic is completely degraded within 96h and
48h respectively.
A study entitled “Production of bioplastic from potato peel waste and
investigation of its biodegradability” by Arikan et.al (2019). Bioplastics are
considered green materials alternatives to plastics and they are produced from
renewable resources such as corn and potatoes, or microorganisms under
certain conditions. In addition, most researchers are concerned with renewable
resources for non-food use, such as bioplastic production. For this reason,
researchers have been focusing on the utilization of the wastes as bioplastic
products. In this study, the bioplastic was produced from potato peel as the food
industry waste. Also, some properties of the produced bioplastic such as water
absorption capacity and biodegradability were analyzed. Furthermore, the water
absorption capacity and biodegradability of a commercial bioplastic were also
determined in order the compare with the one produced from potato peel waste
in different conditions. It was found that the produced potato peel bioplastic
(PPB) had higher water absorption capacity than commercial bioplastic (CB).
Therefore, PPB may not be used in the food service industry but can be used as
packing material. Biodegradability tests showed that PPB biodegraded at about
71% in moist soil and 100% in vermicompost within four weeks. On the other
hand, it was determined that CB was not degraded in the soil or the compost
in four weeks. Therefore, as a food industry waste, potato peel can be used in
biodegradable bioplastic production. In this way, petroleum-based plastic
pollution may be decreased both in Turkey and the world.
Local Studies
In the research entitled "Development of Cellulose-based Bioplastic from
Corn Stalks" by Admin (2020) conducted in the Philippines, the study focuses on
the potential of bioplastics made from cellulose obtained from corn stalks.
Plastics, due to their versatility and affordability, have become widely used,
contributing to the issue of plastic waste pollution. In response to this, the study
explores the feasibility of using bioplastics, which can be biodegradable and
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sourced from biological materials. The research successfully created a cellulose-

based bioplastic from corn stalks; however, it exhibited weaker mechanical
properties compared to commercial cellophane. This reduced strength is likely
attributed to impurities in the bioplastic sheet, and the study's manufacturing
methods were limited to a laboratory scale, specifically Miller's method. The
research further employs FT-IR analysis to compare the molecular composition
of cellulose-based bioplastics with conventional cellophane.
In a study entitled “A Comparative Study between Cassava, Potato, and
Purple Yam as a Potential Bioplastic” Austria et al. (2023), concluded that the
potato, along with the cassava, has the potential to be a bioplasitic. The goal of
the study was to identify the nation's top bioplastic made from three main crops
that have long-term potential for usage in the community. Bioplastic samples are
produced by extracting potatoes, purple yam, and cassava roots. They are then
put through the Soil Burial Test, which measures the biodegradability of the
bioplastics, and the ASTM-D638- 77, a mechanical testing procedure that
calculates an object's tensile strength. With its remarkable strength and rate of
degradability, the bioplastic derived from potato starch proved to be the most
effective option among those that met the requirements for bioplastics, according
to the results of the experimentation and observations. Therefore, it is advised
that additional popular plants and crops in the Philippines, including gabi, which
has the potential to be used as a thickening agent, be studied for use in the
production of bioplastics.
A study entitled “Utilization of Indigenous Plants as an Additive for the
Manufacture of Biodegradable Plastics” according to Cataquis (2019). One of the
main harmful pollutants endangering the environment is plastic. This study
investigates the biodegradability of some native plants as biodegradable plastic,
including the tubers of potatoes, cassava, and gabi. Investigating the impact of
glycerine (plasticizer) on the final product's density and tensile strength allowed
the layers to form and be seen. The translucent and glossy bioplastics were
derived from potatoes, taro, and cassava. The products are similar to Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC), a common plastic used in packaging, and Elastomers Silicone.
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The kind of starch utilized had a direct impact on both the flexibility and density.
While the bioplastic made from pure taro has the lowest percentage of water
absorbed, indicating that it is the most dielectric of the six samples, the bioplastic
made from pure cassava has the highest moisture content (70.800%), indicating
that it has high electrical properties. After being exposed to open air for one
week, the six samples' dimensions show no discernible changes. The findings
show that the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere had little effect on the
bioplastics' outward looks. After being buried in the soil for two weeks, the
samples disintegrated and lost some of their mass, which was probably
absorbed by the soil.
A study entitled “The Garden Battle: A Comparative Study on the
Tensile Properties between Corn-based and Cassava-based Bioplastics”
according to Damirson A. Co et al. Microbes like yeast and renewable biomass
sources like corn and sugarcane can be used to make bioplastics fully or
partially. Certain bioplastics can even be composted or biodegraded in the
correct conditions. When bioplastics made from renewable resources are
naturally recycled by biological processes, the environment is safeguarded and
the need for fossil fuels is decreased. Having said that, bioplastics are
biocompatible, biodegradable, and sustainable. Bioplastics are synthetic
polymers made from natural resources such as starches and vegetable oils
(Ashter 2016). Two biodegradable plastics—based on corn and cassava—will be
compared by the researchers. Corn and its byproducts are fermented to produce
polylactic acid (PLA), which is then used to make corn-based bioplastic.

Conceptual Framework
Sonawane's (2021) research examined the potential use of bioplastics
derived from potato starch as substitutes for traditional packaging materials.
Investigating the usage of bioplastics as a less hazardous and sustainable
substitute is the goal. The goal of the study endeavor is to determine the
bioplastic's flexibility by removing the starch from potatoes and adding glycerol. A
range of experiments, including solubility and drying time assessments, were
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performed to evaluate the bioplastic's characteristics. The study concludes that

bioplastics made from potato starch are environmentally safe, biodegradable,
and may help cut down on pollution. It highlights how crucial it is to use
bioplastics instead of traditional plastics wherever feasible. Through
comprehension of their approaches and outcomes, the researchers can modify
and enhance the procedures for manufacturing bioplastic derived from potato
starch. This study serves as a basis for the researchers' investigation by
providing information on the methods for preparation, combining, and processing
that are required for the project.
The study will employ the input, process, and output (IPO) paradigm, as
depicted in the diagram below.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Potato 1) Cleaning  Potato
Starch
Starch 2) Extraction
Bioplastic
3) Refining
4) Gelatinization
5) Shaping
6) Drying

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 presents the paradigm of the study as an IPO model. For a study
on potato starch bioplastic as an alternative to harmful commercial plastic, the
IPO model involves Potato Starch, sourced from potatoes, an eco-friendly
material that serves as the primary independent variable (input), cleaning,
extraction of starch, refining, gelatinization, shaping, drying (process), Potato
starch bioplastic (output). By analyzing solubility, tensile strength, and durability,
this aims to establish the viability of potato starch bioplastic as an alternative to
harmful commercial plastics.

Definition of terms
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Bioplastic- Conceptually it is a moldable plastic material made up of

chemical compounds that are derived from or synthesized by microbes such as
bacteria or by genetically modified plants (Fridovich-Keil, 2023). Operationally, it
is the dependent variable in the study and will be the outcome of the study.
Bioplastic Production- Conceptually is the process that will be followed
to produce bioplastic (Bioplastic Production, n.d.b). Operationally is the process
of the conceptual framework which is IPO (input, process, output).
Commercial Plastic- Conceptually known as resins in North America and
are made of polymers (Dynisco, 2019). Operationally, the researchers
differentiated commercial plastics from bioplastics made from potato starch.
Potato Starch- Conceptually it is the extracted starch from potatoes. The
starch turns to a light powdery, flour-like consistency once it has dried out, and it
is a common ingredient that features in several recipes (Rowden, 2021).
Operationally, potato starch will be the main component in making bioplastic.
Solubility- Conceptually is the relative ability of a solute (solid, liquid, or
gas) to dissolve into a solvent and form a solution (LumenLearning, n.d).
Operationally, the product's solubility will be tested and it is a dependent variable.
Tensile Strength- Conceptually it is the maximum amount of tensile
stress a material can withstand before it fails or breaks. It is a measure of a
material’s ability to resist deformation under tension or stretching forces
(Corrosionpedia, 2023). Operationally, the tensile strength of the product will
determine its capacity when it comes to heavy-duty usage.
Durability- Conceptually, the quality of being able to last a long time
without becoming damaged (Durability, 2023). Operationally, the researchers
measured durability through a t-test which is the independent variable.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter included the data-gathering methods utilized in the study,

such as the research design, the research instrument, the data collection
procedure, the method used to analyze the data, and the ethical considerations
taken into consideration during the research.

Research Design
This study used a quantitative method because the questions posed were
answered by numerical data. A true experimental design was used in the study
because it was necessary to test the quality of potato starch bioplastic over
commercial plastic by comparing solubility, tensile strength, and durability.

Research Locale
This study will be conducted at Barangay Labal, Doña Soledad
Subdivision, General Santos City. Doña Soledad is known for being the biggest
subdivision in General Santos City, located at latitude (6.115214) and longitude
(125.140739). The gathering of materials that will be used in our study will be
gathered at the supermarkets and pharmacies here in General Santos City. The
presentation of this study will be located at Macario-Catalina Hall, Claro M. Recto
Street, General Santos City, 5th floor, St. Benedict Of Nursia Glass Room.

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Figure 2.
Map of the Research Locale

Data Gathering Procedure

The gathering of data is done through trials. The bioplastic will undergo
solubility, tensile strength, and durability measurements to test the quality by
comparing it to commercial plastic. The researchers will then identify the
significant difference of the independent variables.

Preparation of Preparation of Experimentation

Materials Samples

Conclusions Statistical analysis Data observation

and gathering

Presentation of 22
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Figure 3. Research Flow Chart

Research Material

The research materials that were utilized in this study were the
following: 2 medium-sized potatoes, distilled water (250 ml), ethanol (70%
concentration) or rubbing alcohol (100 ml), glycerin (50 ml), vinegar (30
ml), food processor, fine mesh strainer, a large mixing bowl, a heat
source, medium-sized pot, spatula, thermometer, filter paper, measuring
cups, spoons, weighing scale, 2 beakers, 2 clip binders, 2 small bowls, a
s-hook, laundry wire, timer, and

Preparation of Samples

The research materials were gathered by the researchers from

grocery stores for the vinegar, and potatoes, pharmacy for glycerin, and
the rest can already be found at home.

Process in Making the Potato Starch Bioplastic

To begin, gather all necessary materials. Then, measure out 10

grams of the dried potato starch that was obtained in the previous step.
Adjust the amount according to the desired quantity of bioplastic. Heat 100
mL of ethanol or rubbing alcohol in a medium-sized pot on low heat,
aiming for a temperature of around 60-70°C (140-158°F). Slowly add the
dried potato starch to the pot while stirring continuously to prevent
clumping. Stir for approximately 10-15 minutes until the mixture becomes
a smooth paste. Continuously stirring, gradually add 50 mL of glycerol to

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the mixture for another 5 minutes. Improve the flexibility and strength of
the resulting bioplastic by adding 30 mL of vinegar and stirring thoroughly
to ensure even distribution. Remove the pot from the heat and allow the
mixture to cool for a few minutes until it is safe to handle. Take a small
portion of the mixture and knead it in your hands to make it more
malleable. Shape the mixture into the desired bioplastic object, such as a
flat sheet, container, or cutlery. Place the molded bioplastic on a flat
surface and let it air dry for 24-48 hours until it becomes firm and rigid.

Process for Testing the Bioplastic

To examine the solubility of potato starch bioplastic and commercial

plastic, we would conduct a controlled experiment. Initially, we would
acquire two beakers, labeling each one accordingly to avoid any
confusion. Both beakers would then be filled with a predetermined quantity
of water, ensuring that there is enough to immerse the plastic samples
completely. We would then delicately place a 15x15cm piece of potato
starch bioplastic in one beaker and a comparable-sized piece of
commercial plastic in the other. It is crucial to note that the size and shape
of the plastic samples should be consistent to obtain accurate outcomes.
After submerging the plastic samples in the water, we would carefully
monitor and document any changes that take place within a specific
timeframe. By utilizing our recorded observations, we would compare and
contrast the behavior of the two plastics, discerning whether one dissolved
or degraded more than the other, or if both remained relatively
unchanged.

After the bioplastic made from potato starch has fully dried, an
experiment is used to examine and compare the two kinds of plastic. Both
plastics underwent an alternate tensile strength test using a weighing
scale, two clip binders, an S-shaped hook, and laundry wire. Secondly,
attach a binder to both the upper and lower halves of the plastics to

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provide support for hanging. In addition to the plastics hanging on the s-

hook, the s-hook itself should be suspended from the laundry wire. Third,
add weight gradually until both plastics reach their breaking points,
starting at 0.5 kg. Repeat this three times.

To test the durability of potato starch bioplastic and commercial

plastic at home, gather two small containers, such as bowls. We will one
container with water and leave the other empty. Cut a 15x15cm size
sample from each plastic-type and place them in their designated
containers. Cover the containers with a lid or plastic wrap to prevent
evaporation. Place both containers in a location with consistent
temperature and sunlight exposure. Observe the samples periodically for
visual changes, such as discoloration, warping, or cracking. We will
compare the results after a set period to determine which plastic type
shows more durability.

Research Instrument

The researchers will gather information using the semantic differential

scale instrument. A collection of semantic values that characterize an attribute
makes up a semantic differential scale, often referred to as a Likert scale. On the
scale, each level of that attribute is represented by a distinct value. The value at
the extreme of each direction on the scale is called an anchor. Next, points
between the anchors which make up the meaning difference between the two
anchors divide the scale, usually into equal parts (Stephanie, 2022). The
semantic differential scale will be used to collect data within the scope of this
study. The researchers will use a 1–5 scale to assess the solubility, tensile
strength, and durability of the 15x15 cm bioplastic made from potato starch. In
terms of solubility, 1 indicates fragile and 5 indicates soluble. The same applies
to the two parameters, tensile strength, and durability.

Statistical Treatment

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Statistical Treatment is the process of transforming raw data into

something that can be analyzed and utilized to inform decisions. It also refers to
the process of using statistical methods to analyze and interpret a dataset. The
data requirements of this quantitative will be statistically analyzed. The T-test will
be the statistical method we use. The use of the T-test treatment allowed the
researchers to gather the means of the commercial and biodegradable plastics.
The data will be gathered through the significant difference in the quality of
potato starch bioplastic and commercial plastic in terms of a.) Solubility, b.)
Tensile Strength, and c.) Durability.

Ethical Considerations

This study is an experimental design and does not require participants as

it is focused more on the product itself. However, there are still ethical
considerations to consider ensuring the rights of the authors, their related
literature or studies, safety of the people, and having accurate results.

Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, and other aspects of research.

Validity. All statistical data analysis and formulas utilized were checked by
a statistician for accurate and valid results.

Intellectual Property. Respect intellectual property rights and give proper

credit to previous works that have contributed to your study.

Ethical use of resources. Minimize waste and environmental impact by

making efficient use of resources, including materials, equipment, and funding.

Honesty. All reported data, results, methods, procedures, and publication

status are not fabricated, falsified, or misinterpreted.

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