Aala, Jenelyn O.

BSN 3B

Assignment 12 and 13

1. Discuss the theoretical bases of schizophrenia.

- The genetic predisposition theory suggests that the risk of inheriting schizophrenia is
influenced by family history, with a higher risk if both parents or an identical twin have the
disease. Three patient groups at "ultra-high risk" for schizophrenia have been identified,
with conversion rates ranging from 40% to 60%. The 22q1 deletion syndrome is the first
true etiologic subtype of schizophrenia, with a 25% risk of developing the disorder.
Genetic research has identified potential locations on chromosomes 13 and 8, with
ongoing exploration of genome scanning and DNA marker technology. Seven genes
have been confirmed to increase schizophrenia risk, with more likely to be identified in
the coming years. Additional information can be found in neuropsychiatric medicine
resources.

- The biochemical and neurostructural theory of schizophrenia involves the dopamine

hypothesis, suggesting that excessive dopamine levels disrupt normal cell
communication in the brain's mesolimbic pathway, leading to hallucinations and
delusions. The cause of this dopamine release is unknown, but neuroleptic medication is
thought to block it. Other neurotransmitters and chemicals like glycine, glutamate,
SNAP-25, and a-fodrin are also under investigation. Dysfunction of glutamate receptors,
which are widespread in the brain, may contribute to various neurological and psychiatric
disorders. Abnormalities in neurocircuitry, where defective circuits fail to filter information
properly, could result in both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as
hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive deficits.

- The organic or pathophysiologic theory suggests that schizophrenia may result from
brain dysfunction caused by stressors like viral infection, toxins, trauma, or abnormal
substances. It also proposes a metabolic disorder component, although more research is
needed to support this theory.

- The environmental or cultural theory argues that individuals with schizophrenia have a
faulty reaction to their environment, particularly those from low socioeconomic
backgrounds or single-parent homes. It suggests that social factors and lack of
opportunities contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

- The developmental theory posits that factors such as oxygen deprivation, exposure to
teratogenic agents during pregnancy, maternal malnutrition, or trauma during birth may
increase the risk of schizophrenia. Critical points in fetal brain development, particularly
during the 34th or 35th week of gestation, are highlighted. Additionally, schizophrenia
occurrence is more common in individuals born during winter and spring months.
 - The psychological or experiential theory emphasizes the role of stress, particularly in
triggering and exacerbating schizophrenia symptoms. Negative family responses to
emotional needs, poor mother-child relationships, disturbed family dynamics, impaired
sexual identity, and exposure to double-bind situations are identified as potential
stressors contributing to schizophrenia onset.

2. Each group member, develops a component of a teaching plan for the client
diagnosed with schizophrenia.

1. Assessment
- Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the client's understanding of schizophrenia,
including their knowledge about symptoms, treatment options, and potential challenges.
- Evaluate the client's current level of functioning and any specific areas where they
may need additional support or education.

2. Medication Management
- Educate the client about their prescribed medications, including the names, dosages,
and potential side effects.
- Emphasize the importance of medication adherence in managing symptoms and
preventing relapse.
- Demonstrate proper medication administration techniques and offer guidance on
organizing and scheduling medications.

3. Signs and Symptoms Management

- Teach coping strategies for managing common symptoms of schizophrenia, such as
hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
- Provide guidance on recognizing early warning signs of symptom exacerbation and
implementing appropriate interventions.
- Offer techniques for reality testing and cognitive restructuring to help the client
challenge and reframe distorted thoughts.

4. Interventions
- Develop a crisis intervention plan with the client, including strategies for de-escalating
crises and accessing emergency mental health services.
- Educate the client and their caregivers on signs of potential danger to self or others
and provide guidance on appropriate responses.
- Ensure the client has access to a crisis hotline or support network for immediate
assistance during times of crisis.

5. Family Teaching/ Education

- Offer educational resources and support services for the client's family members,
emphasizing the importance of their role in the client's care.
 - Provide guidance on effective communication strategies, boundary setting, and
self-care for family members coping with the challenges of supporting a loved one with
schizophrenia.

6. Evaluation
- Maintain thorough documentation of all education sessions, including topics covered,
client responses, and any observed progress or setbacks.
- Regularly evaluate the client's understanding and application of the information
provided, adjusting the teaching plan as needed to meet their evolving needs.
- Collaborate with interdisciplinary team members to ensure continuity of care and
holistic support for the client's recovery journey.

3. Discuss myths and facts about suicide. Which myths did you formerly believe? How
have your attitudes or beliefs about suicide changed after studying the material?

Myth 1: People who talk about suicide are just seeking attention.
Myth 2: Suicide only affects individuals with mental illness.
Myth 3: People who attempt suicide are weak.
Myth 4: Once someone has attempted suicide, they will never try again.

Myths that I formerly believe is that people who talk about suicide are just seeking attention.
While it's true that some individuals may express suicidal thoughts as a way to communicate
distress, dismissing these statements as mere attention-seeking can be dangerous. Many
people who talk about suicide are experiencing emotional pain and may be at risk of self-harm.
It's very important to take all suicide threats or expressions of suicidal ideation seriously and
respond with compassion and support.

References:

Basic Concepts of Psychiatric- Mental Health Nursing, page 323 and 547