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    1st Sub 0 Math2

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    MṜ ΛßßΛS

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    7.4 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations © 387 In Exerises 129-132, find the length ofeach curve. 137, Find the area ofthe region between the curve y = 2/(1 + 2°) 129, y = Fle" +e) oma = Otox = 1 and te interval ~2 = x = 2of the x-axis, 138, Find the area ofthe region betwoen the eurve y = 2!~*and the 130, y= In(e" — 1) — Infe* + 1) ftom = In2t0x iterval “I< x = Lofthe raxis, 131, y = In(e0ss) from x = Oto 139, The equation x? = 2" has three solutions: x = 2,x = 4, and 132. y = n(esex) from = 7/6103 = 7/4 ‘one other. Estimate the third solution as accurately as you can by 133, a, Show that f Inxde = xinx x + € raphing, by Find the average value ofn x over { € Hi 140, Could x possibly be the same as 2! for x > 09 Graph the ‘vo functions and explain what you see. 141. The linearization of 2* fa Find the linearization of f(x) ‘coefficients to two decimal places, 'b. Graph the linearization and function together for <3s5S3ad-1=x=1 142, ‘The linearization of logs x 134, Find th average value of f(x) = 1/ on [1,2 135, The linearization of e* at x ‘Derive the linse approximation e¥ = 1 + xatx = 0. b, Estimate to five decimal places the magnitude of the error involved in replacing e* by 1 + x on the interval [0, 0.2}. Grape and | + xtogether for -2 ~ x = 2.Use different colors, if available. On what intervals does the approximation appear to overestimate e*? Underestimstee*? ‘Find the linearization of fx) = logy xat x = 3. Then round 136. The yeometrie,loparith its coefficients to two decimal places. ee IED. Graph inarzation and funtion together i he window Show thatthe graph of "is concave up over every interval rape he dncerztbon and atx = 0, Then round its i, and arithmetic mean inequality chaos 143. Which is bigger, 2“ or e*? Calculators have taken some of Show, by reference tothe accompanying figure, ha if the mystery out of this once-challnging question. (Go ahead Oca = bite and check; you wil se that itis a surprisingly close call) You Ina cod can answe the question wilhoul a calculator, though emer — Ina) < z b — Ina), '&, Find an equation for the line through the origin tangent to the graph of y FS. 61by (3.31 Give an argument based onthe graphs of y ~ Inx and the tangent line to explain why ln < x/e forall positive x # «, sorroseas Show that In (2°) < x forall positive x # e. «e. Use the inequality in part (to conclude that 4. Conclude that 2° < e forall positive x # «. ath fe. Sowhich i bigger, 2 ore"? z 144, A decimal representation of ¢ Find to as many decimal laces as your calevator allows by solving the equation In = 1 This inequality says thatthe geometric mean of two positive . ‘numbers is less than their logarithmic mean, which in turn is using Newtons method in Section 4.6 less than their arithmetic mean, 7 4 | Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations Exponential functions increase or decrease very rapidly with changes in the indepen- dent variable. They describe growth or decay in many natural and industrial situations. ‘The variety of models based on these functions partly accounts for their importance. ‘We now investigate the basic proportionality assumption that leads to such exponential change. 388 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions Exponential Change In modeling many real-world situations, a quantity y increases or decreases at a rate pro- portional to its size ata given time ¢, Examples of such quantities include the amount of a decaying radioactive material, the size of a population, and the temperature difference be- tween a hot object and its surrounding medium, Such quantities are said to undergo exponential change. If'the amount present at time ¢ = 0/is called yp, then we can find y as a function of ¢ by solving the following initial value problem: ay Differential equation: ~ by (aay Initial condition: © y = yy when f= 0. (yy fy is positive and increasing, then k is positive, and we use Equation (1a) to say that the rate of growth is proportional to what has already been accumulated. If y is positive and decreasing, then k is negative, and we use Equation (1a) to say that the rate of decay is pro. pportional to the amount stil lef. We see right away that the constant function y = 0 is a solution of Equation (1a) if yw = 0. To find the nonzero solutions, we divide Equation (1a) by y Lo ya idy Bar far ennninmpsvee Infyl= ket C fujwide= telat +e. k veo Il =e exponen yf a eleel coh te ya tee tbl rutheny = ar ya del, Aisashorername for te" By allowing 4 10 take on the value 0 in addition to all possible values 4e°, we can include the solution y = 0 in the formula, We find the value of 4 for the initial value problem by solving for A when y = yo and 1=0: Yo = At? = A. The solution of the initial value problem is therefore y= ye", @ ‘Quantities changing in this way are said to undergo exponential growth if k > 0, and exponential decay if k < 0.’The number kis called the rate constant of the change. The derivation of Equation (2) shows also that the only functions that are their own derivatives are constant multiples of the exponential function. Before presenting several examples of exponential change, let's consider the process we used to derive it. Separable Differential Equations Exponential change is modeled by a differential equation of the form dy/dy = ky for some nonzero constant k: More generally, suppose we have a differential equation ofthe form 4 F=f, @ 7.4 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations 389 where J is a function of both the independent and dependent variables, A solution of the equation is a differentiable function y = p(x) defined on an interval of x-values (perhaps infinite) such that bye = fe»e0) ‘on that interval. That is, when y(x) and its derivative »’(x) are substituted into the differential equation, the resulting equation is true forall xin the solution interval. The general solution is ‘solution »() that contains all possible solutions and it always contains an arbitrary constant Equation (3) is separable if f can be expressed as a product of a function of x and a function of y. The differentia! equation then has the form ay isa hcioa ots FT MOA. Hise cto of ‘When we rewrite this equation inthe form dy _ gtx) ey OD its diferental form allows us to collec al y terms with dy and all x terms with di: Aly) dy = glx) de. Now we simply integrate both sides of this equation: Joo fea ® After completing the integrations we obtain the solution y defined implicitly as @ function of x ‘The justification that we can simply integrate both sides in Equation (4) is based on the Substitution Rule (Section 5.5) ay [uve ~ [ toon $ex - fal = [oon - / abo) de EXAMPLE 1 Solve the differential equation dy “ Fete y>-1 Solution Since 1 + y is never zero for y > —1, we can solve the equation by separating, the variables. “Trost dds as a quotient of a Fut ye dy = (1+ y)e% de differentials and maltipiy co ay = ay " [tpn few mots CCrepresents the combined constants of ntti ‘The last equation gives y as an implicit function of x . In +y)=e" + 390 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions EXAMPLE 2 Solve the equation ix + 1) 2 = a(y? + 1) Solution We change to differential form, separate the variables, and integrate Jas vos 1 pina + A)= xine + 1+. The last equation gives the solution yas an implicit function of . ‘The initial value problem ay a 310) = 90 involves a separable differential equation, and the solution y = ype" expresses exponen tial change, We now present several examples of such change, Unlimited Population Growth Strictly speaking, the number of individuals in a population (of people, plants, animals, or bacteria, for example) is a discontinuous function of time because it takes on discrete val- ues. However, when the number of individuals becomes large enough, the population can be approximated by a continuous function, Differentiability of the approximating function is another reasonable hypothesis in many settings, allowing for the use of calculus to ‘mode! and predict population sizes. If we assume that the proportion of reproducing individuals remains constant and as~ sume a constant fertility, then at any instant ¢ the birth rate is proportional to the number (0) of individuals present. Let's assume, too, that the death rate ofthe population is stable and proportional to y(). If, further, we neglect departures and arrivals, the growth rate ddy/dt isthe birth rate minus the death rate, which isthe difference of the two proportional- ities under our assumptions. In other words, dy/dt = ky so that y = ype, where yg is the size of the population at time = 0. As with all kinds of growth, there may be limitations imposed by the surrounding environment, but we will not go into these here. The propor- tionality dy/dt = ky models unlimited population growth. In the following example we assume this population model to look at how the number of individuals infected by a disease within a given population decreases as the disease is appropriately trated. EXAMPLE 3. One model for the way diseases die out when properly treated assumes that the rate dy/dt at which the number of infected people changes is proportional to the rnumber y. The number of people cured is proportional to the number y that are infected with the disease. Suppose that in the course of any given year the number of cases of a disease is reduced by 20%, If there are 10,000 cases today, how many years will i take to reduce the number to 1000? Solution We use the equation y= ype". There are three things to find: the value of yo, the value of k, and the time ¢ when y= 1000. ‘The value of yo. We are free to count time beginning anywhere we want. If we count from today, then y ~ 10,000 when f = 0, so y ~ 10,000, Our equation is now y = 10,000e" 6) For radon-222 gs, ¢s measured in days and k = 0.18. Forradium-226, which used tobe painted on watch dials to make them glow at night (a dangerous practice), ris measured in years and 43 x 107 7.4 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations §— 391 ‘The vaiue of k. When value, or 8000, Hence, I year, the number of cases will be 80% of its present - a) 8000 = 10,000e! Bq (9) wit = 1 end ef = 08 y= 8000 In(e!) = nos Logs of bot sides k= In08 <0. Atany given time 4 y = 10,000e(%0% @ The value of t that makes y = 1000. We set y equal to 1000 in Equation (6) and solve for 1000 = 10,000e""™# elltO8 = 9,1 (in 0.8)" = In 0.1 Logs of both sides Indl « TERE © 10.32 years Iwill take a little more than 10 years to reduce the number of cases to 1000, . Radioactivity Some atoms are unstable and can spontaneously emit mass or radiation, This process is called radioactive decay, and an element whose atoms go spontaneously through this process is called radioactive, Sometimes when an atom emits some of is mass through this process of radioactivity, the remainder of the atom re-forms to make an atom of some new element, For example, radioaeti cearbon-14 decays into nitrogen; radium, through & number of intermediate radioactive steps, decays into lead. [Experiments have shown that at any given time the rate at which a radioactive element decays (as measured by the number of nuclei that change per unit time) is approximately proportional to the number of radioactive nuclei present, Thus, the decay of a radioactive element is deseribed by the equation dy/dt = ky, k > 0. It is conventional to use =k, with & > 0, to emphasize that y is decreasing. If yp is the number of radioactive nuclei present at time zero, the number still present at any’ later time ¢ will be vomeX, b> 0. ‘The half-life of a radioactive element is the time required for half of the radioactive nuclei present in a sample to decay. It is an interesting fact that the half-life is a constant that does not depend on the number of radioactive nuclei initially present in the sample, but only on the radioactive substance. To see why, let y» be the number of radioactive nuclei initially present in the sample. Then the number y present at any later time will be y = yoe™"*. We seek the value off at which the number of radioactive nuclei present equals half the original number: awd poe = 590 ww ol L kt = In = =In2—_-Recproea Roe for logarithms m2 E 392 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions =i Half-life t (7) For example, the half-life for radon-222 is half-life ~ #22 ~ 3.9 days, EXAMPLE 4 The decay of radioactive elements can sometimes be used to date events from the Earth’ past. Ina living organism, the ratio of radioactive carbon, carbon-14, 10 ordinary carbon stays fairly constant during the lifetime of the organism, being approxi- ‘mately equal to the ratio in the organism's atmosphere at the time, After the organism's death, however, no new carbon is ingested, and the proportion of carbon-14 in the organ- ism’s remains decreases as the carbon-14 decays, Scientists who do carbon-14 dating use a figure of 5700 years for its half-life Find the age ofa sample in which 10% of the radioactive nuclei originally present have decayed Solution We use the decay equation y = ype’. There are two things to find: the value of and the value of ¢ when y is 0.9y9 (90% of the radioactive nuclei are still present). That is, find ¢ when yoe™ ‘The value of k. We use the half-life Equation (7): In2__ In? faltlife ~ 3700 & (about 1.2 * 107 Lops ofboth sides 5700 n0.9 in2 * 866 years ‘The sample is about 866 years old. . Heat Transfer: Newton's Law of Cooling Hot soup left in atin cup cools to the temperature of the surrounding air. A hot silver bar immersed in a large tub of water cools to the temperature of the surrounding water. In sit- uations like these, the rate at which an object’ temperature is changing at any given time is roughly proportional to the difference between its temperature and the temperature of the surrounding medium. This observation is called Newton s Law of Cooling, although it ap- plies to warming as well If H is the temperature of the object at time ¢ and Hs is the constant surrounding tem- perature, then the differential equation is, aH Gt 1H — Hs) @ 7.4 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations — 393, It we substitute y for (H — Hs), then aa dH, a4 ngy hing 0 const = alt a = “k= 1) re) ty ae Now we know that the solution of dydt = —ky is y = yoe™, where »(0) = yo. Substi- tuting (H — Hs) for y, this says that H~ Hy = (Ha ~ Hse (9) where Ho is the temperature at ¢ = 0. This equation is the solution to Newton's Law of Cooling, EXAMPLE 5 A hard-boiled egg at 98°C is putin a sink of 18°C water. After 5 min, the egg's temperature is 38°C. Assuming that the water has not warmed appreciably, how much longer will i take the egg to reach 20°C? Solution We find how long it would take the egg to coo! from 98°C to 20°C and subtract, the 5 min that have already elapsed. Using Equation (9) with Hs ~ 18 and Ho = 98, the ccgg's temperature ¢ min after itis putin the sink is = 18 + (98 ~ 18)e* = 18 + 806. To find k, we use the information that H = 38 when = 5 38 = 18 + 800~* Sk = In Ling = a2ind (abot 028) The egg’s temperature at time # is H = 18 + 80e~®2"4, Now find the time £ when H= 20 20 = 18 + 80e2!4H S002 — > =n =(02In4)t = Ing = -In40 = ino ~d2ind * ‘The ege's temperature will reach 20°C about 13 min after itis put in the water to cool Since it took 5 min to reach 38°C, it wll take about 8 min more to reach 20°C. . 394 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions Exercises 7.4 Verifying Solutions In Exercises 1-4, show that cach fuetion y sccompenying differential equation, (x) is 2 solution of the Initial Value Problems In Exercises 5-8, show that each function iss solution of the given value problem. Differential Solution candidate “tan (2e") (2% Separable Differential Equations Solve the differential equation in Exercises 9-22 o a’ oar. awe =, syr0 w 8-25, yoo Des Y ape udee 2. Sawe ® Vs rm davies a Vine ® Loi go DL eyvins 18 Vee 220 16 (een Z =e 1” 1 18, 19. ad at? 2 20. ay 2B a sety — 6 Lawyer --6 1d ee Laer Booster ntom ser saver ma Ser tertertt ‘Applications and Examples Ei The answers to most of the following exercises are in terms of loga- rithms and exponentials. A calculator can be helpful, enabling you to express the answers in decimal form. 23, Human evolution continues The analysis of tooth shrinkage by C. Loring Brace and colleagues at the University of Michi- gan’s Museum of Anthropology indicates that human tooth size is continuing to decrease and thatthe evolutionary process did not come to a halt some 30,000 years ago as many scientists contend, In northers Europeans, for example, tooth size reduction now has arate of 1% per 1000 years. 1. If rrepresents time in years and y represents tooth size, use the condition that y = 0.999 when f = 1000 to find the value of inthe equation y ~ ype". Then use this value off to answer the following questions, ', Inabout how many years will human teeth be 90% of thie present size? ‘e. What will be our descendants’ tooth size 20,000 years from now (as percentage of our present tooth size)? 24. Atmospheric pressure The earth's stmospherie pressure p is often modeled by assuming that the rate dp/dh at which p changes withthe altude h above sea level is proportional top. Suppose that she pressure at sea level is 1013 milibars (about 14.7 pounds per square inch) and that the pressure at an altitude ‘of 20 km is 90 milibars ‘Solve the intial value problem Differential equation: dp/dh Initial condition ip (ka constant) p= po when h=0 to express pin terms of Determine the values ofp and & from the given alitude-pressure data, 'b, What isthe atmospheric pressure at h = 50 km’? ‘e. Atwhat altitude does the pressure equal 900 millibars? 25, Firstorder chemical reactions In some chemical reaction, the rate at which the amount of @ substance changes with time is proportional to the amount present. For the change of 8-ghicono lactone into glaconie acid, for example, o FZ -06 when fis measured in hours. If there ae 100 grams of 3-glueon0 lactone present wien ¢ = 0, how many grams will be left ater the first hour? 26, The inversion af sugar The processing of aw sugat has 2 sp cals "imenion” tht chenps the supa lel ste Once the proces has begun, the rte of change ofthe amount of fiw sugars proportional othe amount of vga vetning- If TO00 xg fraw ugar eds OD few sugar rng the fest 1 hoa how mosh a spew min afer sot 8 oor? 27, Working underwater The intensity 0) of lit fet beneath the surface of te ceean satisfies the diferent equation a a As diver, you kno fom experi that ving to 18 in the Carbbean Sea ct the intensity in al. You cannot work without tcf ph when the ns ll bow one sot of hes fie vain baat hw doop een You opto work witli vik? kt 28, Voltage in a discharging capacitor Suppose that eletrivty is, raining from a capacitor at arate that is proportional tothe vlt- age Vacross its terminals and tha, iis measured in seconds, i oe) Solve this equation for Fusing Vo to denote the value of ¥ when = 0, How long will it tke the vollage to drop to 10% of its original value? Cholera bacteria Suppose that the bacteria in a colony can grow unchecked, by the law of exponential change. The colony starts with I bacterium and doubles every half-hour. How many bacteria wil the colony contain atthe end of 24 hours? (Under vorable laboratory condition, the numberof cholera bacteria can double every 30 min, In an infected person, many bacteria ae

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