claccmute. [0. Insumentakion and _Conao| ____— | Electrical beasorements. Classicals: k icak i 1 ce atte fe amit roeatuicoments The | elechicad insimment is used Rox reasoning, elechical quantbhes ike cument vallage. Power ete: — Tnaisument \ |e | L I pretheaiead Clechical Electronic Anskaument Instaument _ Instrument 4 L » Absolute Seconday aadivect “gireet L [ 4 Prnalog- ty Qigital Angdrument rosknment b — pndicahng—————.nteqeahng Recording —— Instniments _Anettumen oneinampatsclassmate | tadicahi neg | The instrument which sndicatey the instantaneoo —Traue of the elechient quan being measured jai _the Hme_at which it 1s being measured jx given by pointer snoving over calibrated scale. Examples: Ammeter, Waktmeter, volimeters etc. Constactioo & working : An_indicahgg insimment i's filled with o pointes tohich indicates _an a scale, the value of th 7 hey - The Moving system of och an Janstmiment 1s usual adl hatdened steel having vig ends tapered and fughly polished ta foun pivots uohich rest ta hallow ground bearing: et _ in steel screws. Thi os_\ibrakoo - Seabrren + Setlecting Torque : Os Power. Cant ling Tor: We Aetlecion _tohich_1s_clependent upon Yee _mageitide — of the quant quantity being meqsured» The pointer altains —Damping Toerqve_ The damping. torque enable to greveat escillahsn of he nosing system and_makes Whe \abter ty weach 14 Anat posikon quickly Ammetey Ao: ammeles must have a very \ow xe jshance (ideally has zem tnlemal resistance) S © 2. Armmeler is almays —c anected in semer unith th elreuit because ii has low nema) resistance. Wa cure nt tp be moased in the otrusit should noi be grachcalls off cled da Vhe ammeter. An. ener connechor, (re sare current flow yhenugh abl \he components ust be ale tp measore Vhodt cue nt. and ammeter af Woe intemal _sesiskance of an ammeter 1s ven jot, Wea ay Tre rehole measured curse passer Momugh an amme les by Lous voltage domp ocevrs acMSs an ammeter ey low power \o oceuts in an ammeterclassmate Types of fimmeter: yependin aq the con Axuchyy principle Were | are mainly Al e Desnenent Tike aoa Cal Conn conse Cae] wT in Ele: namame tes ct ye Sanden E3818e} one -PeckKex type Ammetex PMMC Ammeter: Aniwivchon: Re instruments ushich_use the permanent magnet for creak between which the coil moves 1s known as the permanent magnet mmawing cat|_ar PMMc_instaymen. Ti operates on the priariple Hat the torque _{ exetted an the mnaving -eci| placed _in the _freid of ne permanent magnet. The Pm instrument ai the accurate results fox gwen DC __ Measurement. Construchon + ¢ Se e — eee ey sen agy’ i yo —! THe Balancing wes Flge Frm wren (ver cad eas)Ad _ be enesan classmate B= bd PF iqy ror \ a + > Peranonent fer 2 finer \ fF Pivot £ magnet ~ jewel cheangg CTosssechon vrees f PMMC ¢ig: f and Germanent magnet are the main The mowing —cail of He 2m instmment. pemmaneal magnet, poinley A_consists of moaning coil a Nhe MoMing eal 1s Yhe current caTyLog port of He instniment ushich 4 Aneelet m magnehe freid of Y met. Xi to Fleming's Lef{ Ihand amie, tolhea _a__cureeee_camying — Sees 1s Placed «n" behveen A onidarm magnehe — fypid, ii expenencen _a__ farce Ctorqve) TMhe detleckng torque is given by Ta = BINA = pINLd ——A) wohere a= fox _densxy yn Yhe. mir gap. T= _cenmend trough the ech)N= Nombet_ af tums of coil A= ciss.sechan areq of coil Lid = vethcad and honzonta| teneth of Hne sido G=onatd @® in PMMC nshument, the. ‘rantmlling torque because af the Springs. The pring mvides the Contmlting Lorque $y Yhe mowing teil which — expressed ae a 7 = ke ——O ohere Ie kant e = ioe Bis aie gq @) shows Yhak the deflechon Lorque! 1 Sindy thon tothe _cument passing Homigh i ee is_Sinked uth the Soap ils te pointer notices the defle oe thon — te magnitude of ther denahon 1s chown on _ cate.Moving Tron CM) Ammetex - Cheap Tarmple in consirachon TRecavate ab fixed power supple “Requentg Sean be used fax both AC or WC There _are two types of moving treo instruments: Allrachan Type MI instsument © 6 Qeputsian Type MI__insiwwment ‘Atirachion Type MI instsument { PEE Chamber d CR : a—Air Damping Fig. Attrachos Type ME Lasirument Principle + When a soft {an piece is placed 1p ou. magnele held of arent camyigg coils it rs aAtracted towards. the centre of Coil. __Awouk ing Ashen _rnshnnent connected to the circuit, the of takonayy call. magnehe ficid i etup and soft tron piece is magnetized mskich is atbsacted tnwardy ‘tne _centes of the coil. Thos, the painter attached tn Vne spindle is doftecled over the catébrated scaly. Let Td be the rque u epeads sn the force achng On the Amn piece In Q_mnagnehe held. Force_achag an _tmn piece 1s_given bay EXMH wher, ——O) = Pole: streneth i w= magnebsc ied gmduced by coll. mx H —01)classmate =e a a ; FOH ur we know Wo NI to- 2@ Wot = Fat aince, TAX, Hence, nee [ast] And, Te. =ke — [Tex | for _ginod deftechon (-skeody ghele Ss cnaihen | Tes Ta 4 =F5 [ear] Hence, the deflechos lorgue Is direcky poopathona) to the square fF the current passing Hhragh the. ca]. TThe pointes 1 attached tm the raving 19 ___ tobich detects Over a gradualed scales alam The ar di ath th for_an aut oes taefee classmate, | Dat I the ¢ th e phenomenon — amplitude o4 the ascilahan deoregsey -The os anstument uses the att proichan damping while the snowing coil _ins\sument se the eddy cument damping skeen. Repulsive Type MI Instrument = a 2 Principles Repulsive type Force acts when two Sinnilory smagnetised {ron pieces ave placed together.” 4 ww it Dy Ley L4—-Poinkex _ i = ered {mo a Sr ~ Moving (sss a (¢ Counter weight YY Ze Nic chamber f\ ‘pointer is atloched +o \ne snowing 1709." WOKKINE Loken Yhe_insimiment is cannected te the _ civatt, We opevabng cunent our \hough Yhe coil. f\_magneha fioid i et up oa Whe axis of coil g The mmagnehe Geld magne tices both the yan Picco! Lenilatls (same patarihen) .classmate. =o | A coerce of repulsion acts hetmwen the hus uns — dQad__the moving lmao cnaver ausgy repels) Fem —— the pfxed imo Thos, the pointer aliached to the spindle deflects ower the calibrated cales 7 We detleckng Joxque _pmrduced by. fus0. yeni lat}—— snagneh ed ixnn bats i pmporlsonal be tne pele — wacneth of hoth bars ie-" Td K my 2 my XH max Tao NT we ENSe, no Ss uKT fase) Now, T= KO \ Tx a AY _equili bso cand", Vee a ; : \ Got Hence, the de H-echon Forrque [8 (eee current. pmpahanol to Hho square J Haao pea oe Se Difference Beturcen Moxina Corl and Me xen Insisument: Mowing na ~Defnitioa SN ee ee £ the ele e : eo Mais fred eae eh gen Nhe See Wethude af “Hae force depen S eh A Se reste fois dnstmiment is uohich Phe OU slater belween Bre Tragnehe held \ KAA of tne Permanent nag net Ene maving coil ransivument. Tt trosks On the panciple that the farce ackng corny the cail Place Ynetween the magneto Gerd of tho Permaneot Magnet. And because s¢_th1 Taagnebc Poids Ye coil anplaten. he Maw gg. TON _insimiment uses re ft tre Jece as —mtakng clement tohereas the eaaving eo\\ ynstrument uses the cail as Q \e ret The tar king poaciple of the MI anshument opend an magnehsm. ihere C } reas Us of .Mc snstniment t similat tp the nel tasking prnciple of do moter,classmate. 234i MI ts tess accurate cornpareld to Me, _____—— ! yr aware 2 || MI uses the air _¢richan damping while TG _oSes— Yor & the phenomenon Morn gb which the arnplilide ep Phe ascillahons: decreases. MI consumes More pourey _as compared ty MC. MIT _is vsed' for mneasonn oth De and Ac iwherra Mc_is osed Cox the DC measurement. => || TIn ME, the oprany for spain provides the cantn 1n§ torque to Voe instament-'tohereas, fa. MC. the =pnng provides oe comtanlting torque ip _the _maving coi] jnsiawmeat. Z > |Mhe deflechon- of MI- is pmperhonal fe the square cllof He catrent wohereay Yhe detiechon 4 Me 4 pmpaxhonad te the current. 3 || MT _-can_ bbe osed as an ammeter voltmeter umtime tex MC _can be vsed ay an ammetet solimeteO galwmanome tee Boyer elet ae=. Classmate ——, == Neltmeley un, A noltmetes must have a wea_high vesislonce nae NCe Cid. it has inhnite tnternad ‘resistance .’) ween why wwlimmeles ig connected in Parallel? Me wolkmetes co veh ag ex Shei temad renisbanco Abwars Tema a, high. Tf iA 4 con necled AN _seeves wo iy Wre _evccueh 4 t- Minimises Woe Curem osbieh Clow secavs \ of the a \\inele x “ashoths he! vending Mare voltmeter a vad arnects io_genatel at the SyeCit ae rot Ve Ap _oecoy: same voltage Qemss it. She Ncorg hia wesslance™ of Hye xvii eley 1S _carahined omby ne impedance of the element memss which jh 1s_connected, Hence, the averatt Amnpedhance of by system: 4 eqval ty the impedance, Yhadl Yhe cement ad. 7 Thos, ma- ohsinichon occors An Vne evreait because 4 the ltmeter and Lhe one} gwen Whe corcrod sreading. Types of Voltmeter: Sependrag oA Wne canstnohng PUinciple Where : J ore GA ly. toltryebey— PRormanent magnet mov ol CPMMec) Mowing Ima Con) vovreler Eve Xap dsynamic: \oinekex Reckber Type Novirneber Tadachoo Type \plimeter_Applicahons of PMMC: TA can be used as: O |_Ammeler + Luhen SMMC its used as an ammeber, a shont fresistow_is cannected across Yine senquing ails Th shor resistance unl) have suitable low ‘resistance so Prat only mall port of the main cutent flows - thang the oox\. Whe valve of Vhe shunt xesistor depends on the cument range of the device is going bo Measure. \loMnelex ‘ tulen OMMe is usecl as a voltmeler, a series mah vesiskance_¢ connected in seiner with the mMonring coil. QU Rse on x Ty Bm CH) Prame. NV “T._ holvanometes- = | @_|| Gra\vanometet SS Me 2 aS value of eurrent aleng with ris Atvechon and Sheneth- @ Chonmeles The _Chmmeter_is osed to measure the veustance of the eleckic circuit bes applying a voltage fp a renishance with The helps bolleApplicahons of MI instrument: S Kmmoler 2 Inet meat ways conneeled in series with the | Gircaiand carries the cunent tp he _™ | + IMro ctreent Mowia {nrwgh Yhe coil Produc | csired ellechng “erau, _— TA should have O18 eaistance as it 1s connected | An senor. : a Jaltmeles i nston ment Always connected in Parallel with he eyrceuy : The tuneot Moun Yoough the operahgg eal the. meter _omduce Sphinn orgie = TA should have Ingh resistance.ee Wattmeter A__wattmeter ts essentall an inherent combinaker e_an_ammeles anda voltmeter ond therefore ,conssh of two coils Known as cument Coll_and __pressore coi] (voltage coil). The operating Eorqve (n wakimeter ts_preduced due ty tnterathen of . fluxes on account {current _{n_ cunent and pressore coils. We current coil generally inserted tn sere nv mea Mod the Ovessure coil in series with the high Mon-wduckwe vesistence R, is connected acmas the \ a). Cye ema Ye 9C wat wor megsurement Qa \S Aone bg the arrangement of “ Jae shunt Magnet Cc “f ced out Disc = ic : A eee \oiage() eat. Le a Fig, Laduckon Type csaktmeler = = | tn os. Ayper Yne _shonl _etechmmagnet has tyre Wicshs - Where, too aide Oimbs hold Vhe Nol kage cai andthe centsol_timb thelds the _coppes ngs: On Whe othes hand, tre series elecesmagnet has _ sno Limbs Bath_of the tino Qionbs hold Ye cement Coil “ye. Mt gto weight clrcalat Aaratnve disc is placed 10 feta Oo these tno lechomagnots . Ployes of kh elec magnets —Prnduce _tusa_eddycerevents —in the disc. The interachon between eddy cunents wath the fluses pmduce. defleck tastmment- There ave tuso ox three roppes wings. fitted an Hoe ortyal oimb af the ahunt electromagnet» Dve to ny axrangement , the Divx created by the ahont magnet lags 9o_degyee. behind the ciwuit volrage- The insimment (s. ommded with spiral spsings. fox contmlling yorque. and oth permanent magnet for domping torque Wlorking, Principle.” Let \i= circuit voltage T= circuit coment en B= an i oN and dgo~ flux created by the series elechmmagnet This eiuy ull be in phase wnth the I -_ dosh = flax created by the sihont electmmaqnet aA 2 m\tage, \I ba qo.Pi, € se —© Ese—e Tse : oe — = The flox dse of sene electnmagnes Cd emf Ese in the disc. This em? causes \h ; Tse in the disc. Lely eddycurrent Assume that the disc ig fully xesishve. Hence the od cur cd by rnduced emt Ese til) be \N phase with The ert. Or Ase also \ags Yae cunen) Thy Qo. : * angle bel” Gee and Tse = 9g ne for dsh, of shon} elechmmagnet snduces_emd Esh \n—the disc, “Ins emt causes. he edd nt Ssh An—the discs Let us assome that the disc \ fully sesishwwe+ Wence . th eddy _curvenrt Tsh_cavsed hy induced emf ¢ unl be ‘is phase iteith that Pris Sy Suh olay logs the flor dsh_ ba Qo" Mathematfeat Expressfon : eS The torqu Produced by the ‘interachan of | | Y cument ‘Tse and ox Josh_ 1s x Ty = Kise dsh eosd The torque Produced by the inberachon of cunent Tsh and lox dse ts Te = Kish se cos(1e0-8) The resultant defe ching torque is, Tad Vy =T2- 7 KIse sh cos8 — Mh bse cosCigs-o) _ | =_K Case dsh 6 +¥sh dso cos 8]Td = KCK VE CosO, tke VE cos = KV cos8 Ckitke/ Taduchen woktmeles \Wence , Ve detlechon torque 10 +o be meagored - is propostional +p the. ac power |_Hoving uniform aod long scale free “emmn the siray foi and muhial inductance an the coll Yas a good damping behaviour: Be) 96 Shernges ork ing Torque |_ Disadvantages‘ AC cower measurement not for DC @lLused. Lox @I_ Burkies and —accupy { igh Powers Consumplian 13 more a compared to Ayname meres kyo usattmebeds accurake aince the arder of opera hon to dA 1s less depends on the frequents and temnp*-Tniegrating Lostwment + The iosirumest which measure the consomphan of Lokal quant, of leeks enerey ete donng aq __ poviscular period of AS called ae eat I nskuiiidt tnbde idaean(eite “Etta neb: Svaaks ewer a specific perdod of Lime. No a indicakan of the sale _ox eee Soda re ore available Som \hem- — used’ integrahng wn A % ot cs kilowatthoor (Eh) ee NAR) melet ete Meter: Enerey metey ave integral Ww of _eleckyicab energy supplied tno \oad_¢ox __q__parbsculor perind of time, These ave also known as’ the KkilOuatthoor (kwh) meter. Types of x j f «There a cs 2 types of enerey miclets: O Electm\ync @newy Melee ® Ici - re Ee eee eae @ || Motos Energy meters Electmlylc Melers The ae on yee electaalsc achon.Clock meter Motor Meters « i TMhes axe nck ng as (f hey are amath leche motors. Tne matory meters can alse be forthor Aw ded sola t . @ Mexeury cnotox meters ®_Commutator motor _rnete @ Aadvelkon metor Lype encores meters. Armong “the al, the saduchon type melet are tne mast ¢ elers usithia_uoork by dame! he and. indushial_opplicahoa. < \ eters — The consimuchon of enerey mele consist_of matnly 4 Gg font partis! Me Dei in} e 22 Gruen statem on. u, Registering System O stem 5 Pri “4 Te \ectmenagnet is the Main component of Ye _dxivning sy Jeco. TA Is a leenpor net Jnich 1s. excited by the cument flow _khmugh Yeit coil, The care 4 \ne electmmaqnet is nade up of silicon steel Lamination + Me Ariungy oysteen consist af: hwo elechm magnet= eps a 2 i i To repora ng — - nec! Ti ASFA A t St es = ¢ M ppc “fe fy + WE Loos \ Shunt groking_——_— é ——T magnet yor _- a. Coil ! oe 7 eae - oS Thee |. | Magnet ‘ “Whe upper anc 1s catted he shont clechoma he lower pone is catied the serie stetergnil | TWh ssies electromagnet 1 excited -by the \wad cirsent How Loaugh the current carl. Whe coil! of the_shont_electmmagnet 1s directly connec mith the SupPly —Godk —sany the cutteent_pmps Kony 2. a) The entre dimb of he rhage! has the — copper band. These bands are eel ; ch et ia to | Lee Hoy pinduced by the shot magnet to re__@| Moning, Syst mi | supplied AmULage + | Whe moving sf ye oo Aiee mounted on the is_placed in the | The eddy coment ya Induced tn the Aisc because of th change of the eturvere, ig. osth > be Lhe mnagnebe flux: The ro tesachan, the detlechng torques] of the fox ond the iso iAduces— Q@raking System used for xeducing The permanent raagnet \ the ombtabon af the aluminum disc» The alu minibn Aisc induces Lhe eddy cument because of —th.ebr antahan: The eddy eumeot! cet Ho magnebec flo of the permanent magnet and hence producer Une braking. tarque + Tne braking tetqve agpases the movement of the Arse, thos xeduce their peed. The Permanent snagnet is -adjostable due to which the braking torque -is_al o ado Xe tba mthag the ynagnet ta ne other radial pasion. egy Arakon -Ccounhng mechanisra) The__main fonchan: of the xem mechaniam is to mecotd the nomber of ofthe aluminium Aise- Their solahon 1 parportional 4p Hne energy con umed yy he \oad in the kilowatt hour - -al et Qa The rotation of the disc 1s trang) the pointers of the different dial for recording the different iS obtained _by clip the numbex of scotabans of the diso_usnth Lavon Working of the Energy Meter’. ‘The energy meter has the aluminiom disc _ whose -rotaban dekermine the power consum- Iptian_of the load. i i cd the ais gap of the series and shunt electn— magnet The shoot magnet has the pressor coil, and the series magnet hhas_bhe current _ because of th upply Whe pressore coil creates the magnebe field — coil _pmduces it be: ae eof the cunent. The field induces hy the waliage coil is to by_a0 on the magnehc. field of the cucent us i a c. Ath: Vg clisine Fis: wnkewdinbram, “k-th! eddy wworent and the magnehe field. trich ‘exerts a farce on the disc el heclassmate. ' C= EREQUENCY Meter The Frequent melet operate an the_follacsing —_§ ouiaciple : 1. Mechanical Resanince -- = 2. Electrical Resonance sonances nine, MAGNE! coreIs_connecled in ross anit senslance acy the wepply whase {frequency 1s to be Measured, he reeds are Cpprnri about umm wide Od os ren thick: The reeds are not similar ty_each othey but differ either ta their dimension O1_tusight or cara different flags at their tops. this _is done to vary the natural Frag of ubrahon of ench other: The reeds ave axranged in Ascending order of | noturad Arequency the difference tn frequency ‘ ‘| usually 0-5 o ths Yhe_natoral_ x 4 oe List seed may be UtHZ of the eecand U1SH of Vhe wert 4% Wz and on The_sreeds_ore_¢ixed_ot hotkom ead and fred ak he top end The flag Ore poinked whibe —— to _atftord ooatimum canstrast Qpainsi_thcir__y black back gnond - tk lamame 7 x When “Whe Frequency meter %s connected arcs the Supply whose frequency —is_ts_be_measoned the hk ‘oil _of elechnmagnet camer 0 d A allemale al Vne Sup Ply frequenca . Th is_produces a force of ativachon an the yeeds. This coxee T f arthrachion is prpothonad to the. quae of Phe current, therefore, iA vavies | -at_tusice ne supply 1 Ercquencg « Mence, force exerted of the seeds - vavies every cycle. Al\ the veeds ui tend ty - vibrate, but bre yeed whose natura) frequency - 1s equa) tn the _tinice the fachveny st the upply till _be_{o_xesamance and “ul) vibrate _-ymost» Mechanical xesonance 1 abkained in Hh case of this reed. Th tuning in hese meters 1s p that as the excitahon “frequency changes sq Shay Len resonant frequency, the amplitude of \wbrolkan Aecre ecorn\ ealigib tohich 1 light} Day Luyen wesonant. anes Tus yes 49 44s So SOs SI sis sh (eee ¢ig Sta of frequventy meter thawing yesonance ai SoHZ: cae The plot of Creqvengy and sesonance ak so is shown below ” M h of| e iO | Made vibry Aqnptihe Foss ped z 49-5 Go. SoS. Hz, Frequency : Fig. Frequenty-vibrahion cenve.CFesrodynamic type Fregvency Meter) Electzical Resonance Frequen Electrical resonance frequenc operates on the Priacipl te. tehen induchve reac ta L) an, stactonce (xe) “f, t Qid to have o, curred. g_Meter: G-mele: astument of ladicakng tye. Thi tee ‘ of-elecivical resonance Pacibive nnn etal, elechical resonance Se — Normal frequency ! Higher _ ee Etxed/ Circuit magnetiz, je ah eal: Constsuction : Ti consists of a frred coil which is =a measured. The Fixed coil Cmagnebsing Mounted on a laminated iron core» acs. the supply _t2hose fregvengy 1s. to be 4 Conn. eal) is | The tonLconnected to7 th mar ing coi] in lalhen Et magne ti Ing coil_is “connected _aciws: upply-the—cunent flaws —thiugh Hae magnet 19g c neglect the ses! tanceof the coi] and iron losses in the core flox @ is pha cos) Hh uneot LT. Since Fluxt go is a0 Alkernahng floy, i¢ antl indice” emf. (@"_1q the moving — oil and cunent starts” flow. The phase of thi ~ coneent aa the. inductance. bk af the -rno'! 19 al et ed asthe The cperakon can be well explained . sith th help of phasor cragram + do _¢issh case the circuit of. the «moving coil o ‘omed to be induchve and thevefore currcot Tm log behind the emf ‘te’ by an angle &- The dette hng torque _ackag on the mowing —coi|_1s__thas To = Ty, cos (904) a:Clas. Date See Ss - ——| to_secand case, | capaci Gel is_assamed ta SUI vse re La third case the induchve xeactance is_supposed _ to be eval to_the Capacitive reactance that tm is in Phase asth © and th torque Upon fhe pivoted cart jc prepattianal te = Td = Tm cos 90’ ashich.{ eM Td = 0 4 fe S| —=—|__ | =t y inelrmment fora ming to actual operahan of _ fixed —-facquengy th Induchve seachonce af the moving col 1s nat con tant .thé induchve | weactance Cepend.s upon th _posikoo af the pivoted inductance, henc induckve qohen the moa Lng coil coil an th core. Thi nreachance 1s Maric a__pasiken lose to the imagnehz occe pie ot at _othex end. Leeland miarmomwb The value of capacitor 'C~ ig eo selecleo| that ot_po' kon. the no x“ coil occupies a _canwent Inthe centre whes the frequency —i. at it normal value: : becomes _gxtale than Ye = Ar xf Xe x WE j Thos the cki ts become Largely induc hve and therefore th is @ targue produced: This —tergque tmes to pull the moving coil. tp an equilikium 1_posikon where Xr =X. posihoa io tf the frequ ory decree helocw noxmal, Xe hecame g more than 1L_Ond: heneo there is torque panduced. This torque moves the: coil to 0 posihan where 1f _ Xi teady to become larger and thus again beramey Xt=Xe Therefore moving coil deflects _towards the magne ung coil| Torque Equalon 2 = supply cument of the pired coil Le =Anduced_tunent of the roving coil phase angle bet? 11 and emf Induced iA png WIN > coil is equal Ay qo’, ga Phase angle bet” induced em) and indoced coment \s_equal +> & Cet soy) —— a + er a: —— — of br v E +ffom phasor disgrat, Yhe actual phase difference hel” one To uslt be (qo-0). £ Torqve All be, T XT\to cos (46 -~) when X=0 , 7 =0. This means there must not be any phase difference het the induced _cumcat_ And induced emf 19 the moving CAL. Thot_can only be possible shen Yi =Xer Yro=anfl Xe also depends upon the anguiar Poston of the — moving cai] on the extended cor qd the fixed _— g | Coil. aclassmate. GEO o. tohen we just! sinileh on the supply the fixed oml eta Lit. This olirachon 1 Sar jn the Aorqve hag he moving q As a wesull, XL changes. Then atter certain angular rotation of the mowng coil) Xt = Xe- At thol point of time, there ult, be no Sorque_ackng on the roving system of mek Jneretore, the pointer of the instament becomes stationayy at yhat point. Lf somehow the supply frequengy changess he Nalve of XL also changes. Therefore the wesonance of the circuit gets disturbed. Therefore again the Aeflechng torqve appears on the moving system and Aries 40 xwotate it forther. Hence, again Yu change: And after a cetterin sotabon again. wesonance occurs. So, bere again, Xhe torqve became zerw. Therefor, the pointer verts on Y new poston . tn nis wo we have seen how the poston ef Yhe on the giad of elechycal wesdnance type frequency meles changes as th ehanging the pple frequents.od fypm_the ‘xelahonship, = P —_|_Coostuchoa' Ccarent cart T4 consists of two fixed calls cannected in senses — je FC, and £02, which carry the lood curent. The magnehbe fielo of the cm) is clirectty propos hona 7 : s } to the curen flows though the cor, _____ The meter also has ro tdenhea! movae pis C peessore coils) Mci_and Meo, which dre “fe poled on the spindle. Tae—moviree—cort Pe 4S high isHye The maving cal Me 1 Connectcol _canth pure resistsy Rin semen While the moving coi) MCo 4 cannectcol uth pure inductor L jin seyren- Hence, bhi ment though MC; is 19 phase asth the