MUC LUC Néi dung Trang (Chung 1. TONG QUAN VE NHA MAY LOC DAU Chuong 2. CAC QUA TRINH XU'LY BAN DAU (Chuong 3. QUA TRINH CHUNG CAT DAU THO Chuong 4. QUA TRINH CRACKING NHIET ......cns0mennnennsisnn son 38 Chuong 5. QUA TRINH CRACKING XUC TAC .cscrscun (Chuwng 6. QUA TRINH HYDROCRACKING XUCTA\ (Chuong 7. QUA TRINH REFORMING XUC TAC .. (Chung 8, QUA TRINH ALKYL HOA .. “9 Chung 9. QUA TRINH ISOMER HOA 132 Chuong 10, CAC QUA TRINH XU LY BANG HYDRO. Chuong 11. CAC QUA TRINH LAM SACH .. Chuong 12. SY’ PHAT TRIEN CUA CONG NGHE LOC DAU ... eres sae BOCheong | TONG QUAN VE NHA MAY LOC DAU 1, Mye dich cita nha may loc dau. Nha may loc diu 1a noi the hign cde qué trinh ché bién dau thé thanh ede san pham diu m6. Co eau vé cde sin phim dau mé phai dap ing duge nu cau tiéu thy eda thi trudmg theo timg khu vare va sir phan chia san xudit trén pham vi thé giGi, Ngosi ra, nha may lg diu phai dim bio chit lugng cho cde san phim sin xuiit tir nhd may theo cae tiéu chudn chat lugng da qui dinh. Mye dich ctia nha may loc dau ¢6 thé phat hoa theo so dé sau: Tiéu chuan chat lug ere ier Ngoai ra, nha may ige dau con cung cp mot lugng nguyén ligu nit Ibn cho nganh cén; nghigp hoa dau nbu: dung méi, soi nhin tao, mhya, héa chat co ban, phan bon, ... Qui trinh ché bién cia nha may loc dau duge minh hea trong so do sau:2. Nhigm vy cla nha may 2.1 Tiép nan va van chuyén dau tha Cé the tigp nhan mot luong kim dau thé vé ca s6 long lan ching load, nhim th sur tie dng ciua sr bién dong rong Km vé ngudn nguyen ligu vai c6 thé efiu than nguyén liga pha hop voi ché d6 céng nghé ciia nha may nhim dap img dupe yéu cau vé co cau sin pham dau mo ca thi rugmg, Cé thé tigp nhdin bang cau cing hod during dng. 22 Ché bien di thd ‘Thine hign cde qui trinh ché bién dtiu thé thanh cc sin phim du mo-hay ehdt nén, 2.3 Kiém tra chit luomg ‘Thue hign vige kiém tra chit lung cle nguyén ligu va sin phim cua nha may nhiim theo déi cc qua trinh ché bién va dam chat lung cho cdc sin pham tao thanh, 3. Cac qua trinh ché bién trong nha may loc dw Tiiy vio nguyén ligu div tho vi mye dich cia mh meiy loc du mi. qui trink cong nghé che bbién nit khie nhow. Nhung nhin chung, qué trink ché bién tng the cla nha my Toe du 6 thé m0 tai nhurso 6 sam;e ce ce 666 6 Sedo ier dau tho ‘Tuy nhién, cic qua tinh ché bign trong cdc nha miy loc «iu InGn bao gdm cae bO phiin sa: 3.1 Que tinh phan téch Tao ma cde phiin doan eer sé nhim dap img myc dich sit dung cho céc qua trinh che bien tie theo (chumg cit, trich ly...) 3.2 Qui trinh chuyén hoa Nhim wo ra cite plsin tr méi od tinh chit pha hep véi sin phim sir dng (alkyl hoa, isomer hoa, reforming, cricking, 3.3 Qua trinh str Nhim loai bé céc tgp chat khong mong mudn cé mat tong thinh phan eac phan dan va san phim, nhim dap img yéu cau lim nguyén ligu cho qua trinh ché bién tigp theo hay dat chit Jung sin phi thusemg pharm.Sordisphiintich du thd 3.4-Cac qua trinh bio ve Bao gdm cfc qué trinh xi mdi trudmg nim bio ddim an ton mdi trudmg Kim vige va mdi inrimg trutmg tyrnhién xung quanh nha my (bao gdm ciic qua tink xr ly i, ru thai, hua ...). ‘Thang quy di gitta che dang ning luemg | tin diu tha = | TOE (tons oil eguivalent) | tin than i= 0,66 TOE 1000 mv’ N.Gas =0,99 TOE 1000 Kw dign =0.222 TOENv may toe du ta brag‘Chong 2 CAC QUA TRINH XU LY BAN DAU. 1, On dinh dau neuyén khai Sau khi diye Khai thie tir cic giéng dp suit cao. trung binh vi thip dau chua én dink, nghia ld chwa téch cée hop phin nhg (ctan, propan, butan va mét phan pentan), vin chuyén kho vi khéng kinh t@ vi trong qué trinh van chuyén c6 thé thit thodt cic hydrocarbon nbe la céc nguyén ligu cé gi tr Khi tu hi 66 thé dupe sir dung kim nguyén ligu bé sung cho cic nha may ché bign diu, do 6 cin duge thu hdi mrigt dé. Diu sau khi Khai thie duge Logi Ahi nh’y giim dp suit, dime vio be chim dé ling va tich Khoi nude, su 46. duge dua didn dinh hda, nghfa la ich cde hydrocarbon he (etn, propan, butan va mot phim pentan). Dau én dinh duge dim di xin If nhigt = ‘hda, sau 46 dén oy céng nghé loai mudi bing dign (EDS). ‘Trong diu co chia khi hoa tan, nude va mudi. Him lugmg khi trong. du Khai tke tir 122 dén 4% Sir dao dng cha him lwong khi phy thuge vdo dang diu, digu kign én dinh hda, hinh thie vin chuyén, dang ban chia div trong nha may vi digu kign khi quyén... Trong qué trinh én dinh hoa hin duge nguyén ligu cho. céng nghigp héa dau; cic phin dogn diu én dinh tot khi- duge chumg cit khién cho ché d) cing nghf tong thip sé it dao dng hon, to diéu kign ngimg ty xang trong thiét bj lim Janh 16t hon; logi bo kha ning mat mt phin dogn xing nhg do cuén theo khi. Logi butan due coi li mire én dink hoa t5i uw cia diu. Tuy nbién trong mit sé tuimg hop cin phai logi mot phin phan dogn pentan (logi 40-80% him ligmg cita né-trong du), 2, Tach mudi - nirée, Néi trong: diu oO him homg mute va mudi cao ché dj cing ngh cia cle qua trinh bi pha hiy, Kim ting ap suit trong thict bi vi giim cng suit. Mudi cOn @} tie hai kin hom, Mudi dong trén bé mat cic thiét bj trac. d6i nhigt, kim gidm hé s truyén nbiét, din t6i ting chi phi nhién ligu, gidm dng sudt thiGt bi.NuGe tong div thuémg tao thinh dang nh trong kh pha bly. Nude trong diu —chira nhiéu mudi khoang khiée nhau vi mOt sé kim Jogi hda tan, Cac cation thing gip trong nue li Na’, Ca”, Mg” vi mot higng Fe" va K+ it hon. Cic anion thuong gip la CI’ vi HCO", cén SOp. va SOp. veri mot lugng it hon. Ngoai ra, trong diu cn cd mot sé oxit khéng phiin ly nhur ALOs, FeO; SiO Him lugng téng cia mudi khoiing (6 khong) ca nude 6 thé tir dudi 1% © dén 20 + 26%. Mét sé mudi khoding dé bi thiy phn. (xem trong phiin tip theo), do dd nude di kém theo di md li vin d2 duge quan tam. Mui trong diu tin tgi & dang hoa tan trong nurée hoge tinh thé 6 tinh chat khike hau, Clorua natri hau nur khong hoa tan, Clorua cami trong digu kign tuomg img 06 thé tly phiin dén 10% va tgo HCL Clorua maghé thay phan 90% wa qua trinh my dign raed é-nbigt 4} thip, Do dé mide 06 thé 1a nguyén nhan Jn mdn thiét bi. Thiry phn clorua maghe: MgCl +H,0 2% MgOHCI+ HCI Dig ra dindi tic dung cita made chira trong du va do murde két tinh clorua maghé. An min durdi tie dung tia sin phim thiy phin dign ra tong ving nhigt 6 cao (cae dng cika Io nung, thiét bj bay hoi, thp cit) va trong cite thiét bi nbigt 6 thap (thiet bi ngung tu.-va thiet bj lim anh). Trong ché bién diu do phan hiy hgp chat hru huynh tgo H2S fi nguyén nbn an min manh, dic bigt khi két hgp voi HCI. H2S khi co nude hoc duns nhigt db cao tie dung véi kim logi eta thidt bj tgo sulfur sit: Fe+HS —* — FeS+H; Mang FeS che phi b& mit kim loai, bio vé nd Kkhéng bj an mon tiép, nhumg khi-od cS HCL ming bio vg bj phd hiy do sulfur sit tham gia vio phan tingsau FeS+2HCl —» FeCh +145 Clonia sit chuyén thinh dung djch nud, cin hydro sulfur durge giai phéng fai tée dung wéi Byi va mudi giy in mdn éng dn, tich iy Ipi trong sin phim dau lim gidm chit mg cia ching. Trong qué tink Jogi mudi bén canh clorun cing ogi 50+ 70% cic hop chit vanadium va niken, phan km hop chit angtimon‘vi cde tap cht khiic 06 kha nding du dBe tie tae vn min thiét bj trong ede qui tinh ché bién tiep. Do nude t6n tai trong diu 6 dang nhii tuong bén vimg nén cic phuong phip logi nude tp trung vio vige pha nhii tong trong du. C6 3 phurong phip phi nhii: cor hge, hoa hye va dign, 2.1 Phucmg phip ec hoe Liing: Ling duge img dung cho nhii trong moi, khdng bén, c6 kha ning tich lop diu wa nude do ching c6 trong ligng rigng khae nhau. Nung néng lien ting nhanh qu tinh phi nha do sy héa tan ci mang bao vé nhii trong vito dau ting, gidm 46 nhét mdi trong va gidm sy chénh igch khdi lugng ring. Trong cae xi nghigp logi nude bing phuong phap ting durge thye hign trong thiét bj nung néng-loai nude dang hinh ty dimg e6 duémg kinh 1,5 + 2m vacchidu cao 45 m (hinh 7). Trong dé du duye ham néng dén 60°C béing dén dt khi kip chad ay thie bi, Trong nha iy ché bién dau muse duge loai tiép bing cdch gia mbit dén 120 = 160°C vi dé Hing @ tp suit 8 = 15 atm (dé nude khong sdi) mong 2 + 3 id. Sord6 thiét bi mung nong = Hing made 1 Nha tuomg. HW = Diu thé. IIL- Nude, én liguLoc: Loe dé tich mic rm khéi du dua trén tinh thm udt tye chon céic chit long khéc nhau ca cic vat ligu. Cat thach anh dé thim udt nude hon, ) thim init diu tt bon, BE lam khan diu bing phuimg phip loc sir dung bing thiy tink, min cua. Cie gt mude nh li ti bam vio cic canh nhon cia min cua hoge soi bing thiy tinh, liga k&t voi haw thinh gigt km dé hay xudng dud, Loc ng dung trong trudng hop khi nh tuomg da bj phi nhumg nhiing giot murde cm git trang thip lo limg va khong ling xudng dy. Higu qua cia thép Ipc cao. Thi dy trong thap loc vai 3 Lop bong thiry tinh di giam ham lugng mudi tir $82 xuing dén 20 mg. Nhuge digm co bin cits phuomg phip loc 14 ming loe nkanh bj mudi va byi déng bit vit phat thay thé 2.2 Phuong phiip hoa hge cin pint (Fe Phi hay nha wong trong tnrimg hop nay duge thye hign bing cich sir dung cic chdt hoat dong bé mgt (CHDBM) 6 tic dung nhur chit phi nhi. Pha nit bing phueng phip hOa hoe duge img dung ring rai, Phong phip may ed age dim 1 mém déo vi dom gidn. Céc chit phi nha tie 1 cic chit phi nba higu qua cao, liu hrgng thip, sin eG, khéng fn mén thiét bi, khong lam thay déi tinh chit cia dau, khéng dic hode dé tich ra khoi nude, DE ting nhanh phi nha cin ham néng dau, So do cong nghé phi nha nhigt hea tinh bay trong ih 8. " So dé oing nghé pha nhii nhigt héa trong dtu. Bé trao ddi nbiét: - thiét bj nung ndng bing hoi: 3- bé Ling au nguyén ligu; Hl chat ph nbii: H+ nude mei ‘V- hor made; Vie muse tach ra,2.3 Phwmg php pha nhit trong du bing dign tretmg Sir dung dign tuimg dé lam ‘khan nue duge img dung ning xi nghiép va nba miy ché bién du tir déu nim 1990. Khi dua nhi tuomg div vio dign inning xoay chiéu cde hat nude tich dign am bit diu di chuyén bén trong gigt nude, two cho nd dang hinh tai 1é, i ine ci deg dign oye. Khi thay d6i cue cia dign eye, gigt made uring din hon vé hung nguye lai Tin sé déi hudmg ofa gigt diu bing véi tin sb thay ddi ota dign tring, Dudi tic dng cia lye kéo cio hat nude rigng Ie hucmg vé cy dug, ching va cham v6i nhau va tong dign truémg di mgnh tgo think cée dim mily dign méi, nho d6 cic gigt made hd sé lim lén, khién cho ching d2 king xuding trong thing dign trun. trong ede Sodd cum kim khun bing dign 1-Thiet bi gia nhigt bing bors 2- thiet bj trOn; 3-thidt bj am khan bing ign, Thor mugGes Hl- chit phai nbii; IV-dau khan vai da Foo mudi; V- nurde tach ra - Dau nguyen li‘So.} ogi mrde- mudi bing dign voi thi& bj loai nude nim ngang |- Thiét bj loai nude nam ngang; 2- Thiet bi gia nhigt bing hei; 3-B6 trao oi nhigt, J- Dau nguyén ligu; Il- chat pha nit; I11- nurcie mis LV- kid; V- nunc lang; VI- dau loai mrée. So dé céng nghé loai nude dign tong (EDW) din ma trong hinh, thiét bj cO cdng suat 6.000 tivngiy. Nho twng diu sau khi duge nung néng st ticp xtle ¥6i nue moi, Thém ebdt pha nbi vio hin hop miy, sau do nd duge chia vio hai thiét bj logi nude dign, Trong dé hii tung bj pha iy, mnie rit ra tir phia dudi dé vao kénh thodt nude, con diu Kiy ra tir phia ten va dua vio bé ing. Dau loai mudi va nude bom vio bé chita, sau d6 vito ng din, ‘Dé pha nhii khong ben qui trinh logi nude tién anh hai bile: I- ché bién nhigt-hoa; I - tr IY dign, Bé pha nhii ben vimg qué trinh loai nuriec tién hah 3 bac: I- nhigt h6as 11 va IN- dign, Trong qué trinh lim khan hai baie két hop nhigt hoa va dign mite loai nue dat 98% hodc cao hon. Ngiy nay thiét bj logi nude bing ign dang nim ngang, kim vige @ nbigt 46 160°C va 18 aim duge img dung rong rai. Trong hinh 10 gidi thigu ser dd loai nude bing dign dang nim ngang voi bin thiét bi, mot — thiét bi dé loai nutGe, ba thidt bj cén lgi dé loai mudi. So: d6 c6 céng suit 7 trigu tan din.Loai mudi dupe thye hign bing céich thém nude va cht phd nh, Dau tr bin chia duwpe bom being may bom qua hé trao di nhigt vio céc thiét bi logi nude Lip diit néi tiép nhaw. Ding thai nap nuée nding va chét phd nbd vio diu, Logi mudi dign ra trong dién trimg dign thé 32 + 33. kW 6 mbigt d6 120 + 130°C va dp suit & + 10mg mudi, cho phép eum chimg cét dw lam vige 10.aim, Dau sau khi xir ly chim 5 ntuc trong it nbait hai nim, Trude dy wong cing nghigp ché bién di loc diu chi gdm cum chung cit Khi quyén (AR) vi céng suit khoang 3 trigu tin diwnim. Voi két qui ho’n thign cing nghé ché bin so cip mgt mit ngudi wm tién hinh tye ding hoa cic cum AR va AVR, mit khic dua yao img dung cum Jogi mudi bing dign (EDS), én dinh phan dogn xing... Cac cwm rigng 1 miy duge ket hop trong lién hop EDS-AVR. Két hop cic cum trong khu lign hyp ting sy thong mbit, giim nh’n cOng, gidm thiét bj chim. Dudi diy xé so 8 cing nghé ogi mdi, rurdc bing dign EDS. SerdB cng nghé cum logi mudi, made bing din cuepe tinh bay trong hint 1. Dau thé tir dng din dura truc tigp vio miy bom H-1 va bom qua hai dudmg song song vio trao ddi nhigt, trong d6 n6 dirge mung néng dn 140 + 150°C nis nhige tir cic dong sin phim ly ra hoje dong héi ti. Deng du thé thir nhit chay trong khéng gian cha éng tao déi nhigt T-2, trong dé nd duge nung ndng nhér nhiét cia déng twin hodn thir nhit cia thip K-2 (thip chimg cét khi quyén, hinh 13), sau 66 qua teao di nhigt T-17, trong dé no duge nung ning bir dng twin hod thir hai cia thép K-2, va di vio bé phiin thu gom 48 dua vio cum loai mudi mute bike ‘sau dé vio thict bj loai nude bing dign Al=A5. Dang du thé thir hai chay trong khéng gian cia 6ng trao d6i nhigt T-1, sau d6T-16, trong 46 n6 duge mung néng bing nbigt ctia mazut va di vo bd pin thu gom trade: Khi dum ‘yd cum logi mudi nude thirnhat. May bom Hl bom dung dich kiémsoda dé tring héa clorua vi trink ain mon thiét bj, Tir miy bom H-37 bom 1/3 luyng dung dich chit phi nhii vio dong cép eia my bom diu H-1 (23 chit phi nh bom vio thiét bj logi nude bic hai) hatBt a a3 pre li ne rams [BE an az cS a mS le J ‘Sapa ont ae hoe a Serdang ‘AT-AS. hit bli nats, mi i ng i B1-ES-- tht bj log a, mia mo mga a Be ek “Teh m A ai EE cis Hendy bo1B a Mag pt a ig le 8 le Lh 1 mae Hg done 8 be seg ple th mm sing 12 ft Bg ft ing owe fm i iy ey TE 9 at 0 ng meats ee hn rg eo 9 yo $C meg He ml gl iW a ng ng ag at cap gt tary ht oh te fl paw Ah me AY AS ly a i i ie eae oa mH a Tf ee a A en eH Bint my ng i 1% mae a: he A ym 63 Pa) at a me he ah ng ag eg a ee me bg Ns TT IR, ng eg ‘og db 2-207 an ly Kp a a a eg BR dove i hm in i I a Ti ry ey Eek ge GAY ethene coms EK ‘hg ch rth eh ony eh ig is We ioe we a i emi me na a i cag sacra sun pot yg nt Bch a i ig ch ig fi a hag dt vg ag stn a eh ag sae ‘uy snenkemgeai ame eccuangs (QUA TRINH CHUNG CAT DAU THO 1. 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