Hw #3 3.1 Exercise = 1=4, 10, 15, 17, 19, 24, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31,93 3.2 Exercise: =1,2,6 3.3 Exercises 1.5, 10, 14, 16, 19, 23, 29, 33, 35, 39Exercises answersto selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-4 Initial-Value and Boundary-Value Problems 13. y = cye"cos.x + cxe'sin.n y"~ 2)" + 2¥=0 In Problems I~, the given family of functions is the general @) yO)= Ly =O (b) (0) = 1.) = solution ofthe differential equation onthe indicated interval (©) 90) = ly (#2) (a) y(0) = 0.547) Find a member ofthe family that is solution of the initial-value 44 — , tent +3: vy’ Sy" + 8y= 24 problem, (@) X-D=OyD=4 (by OV= Hy) cet tee sok y= y= 0,910) = 0,90) = 1 iH plea eh ag pte © 0) =3.)=0 (@) v1) = 3,912) cet + exe ay ty = 0,9) Homogeneous Equations tee Z oe In Problems 15-22, determine whether the given set of aca a ne ee functions is linearly dependent ot linearly independent on. De) = 2, 9a) S ot the interval (—o0, 00). aly = 6) + es isatwo-parameter family of solutions i : eae Gryteyra tcruaroremmmesminimen Byioinn HOTA mw and ey cannot be found sothatamember of the family sa- 16 AUN) = 0, A) = 8 fu) = isfes the intial conditions (0) = 0, '(0) = 1. Explain why (a9) f(s) Ala) = 00 fils) this does not violate Theorem 3.1.1 18. fi) fs) = 1, ft) & Find two members of the family of solutions in Problem $ oe re Ha) that satisfy the initial conditions (0) = 0, y"(0) = 0. gy i eee : 2. Given that. xt) = ¢, c08 oF + c; sin wr is the general solution — 2) een ofr’ + aft = Oon he interval (-c0,00), show that asoh VAG = N+, AGO = fie) = fas) tO) =x, is BA) fix) =e tion satisfying the initial conditions (0) given by a In Problems 23-30, verify that the given functions form a 20) = syc08 ot + sina fundamental set of solutions ofthe differential equation on ke indicated interval. Form the general solution {8 Use the general solution of x" + w*x = 0 given in Problem 7 toshow thata solution satisfying the initial conditions (79) = Xp. 4"(G) = Xj isthe solution given in Problem 7 shifted by an amount fy yy! = 12y =0; ee, (00, 00) 4y = 0: cosh 2x, sinh 2x, (00.20) €* sin 2x, (~00, 00) ®, xe", (—00,00) = neosott-19 + snott-i0 x4, (00) In Problems 9 and 10, find an interval centered about.x = 0 for hich the given initial-value problem has a unique solution 4y = 06 x24? Ina (0,00) § (r—2y" + 3y= m0) =0,y'0)=1 By") y= 05 1as008., sin. (= 00) C99" + tansy =e. y0)= 1.0) =0 “1. (a) Usethe family in Problem | tofinda solution ofy"~ y : that satisfies the boundary conltions y(0) = 0, x{1) = 1 Nonhomogeneous Equations (b) The DE in part (a) ha the alernative general solution In Problems 31-34, verify that the given two-parameter family y= ejeoshe + ¢, sinh xon (~20, <0). Use this family oof functions isthe general solution ofthe nonhomogeneous a solution that satisfies the Boundary conditions in differential equation onthe indicated interval part (a g y'~ Ty! + 10y = 24ers (6) Show ta the ston in pasa an) are quant de oieney ta 12. Usethe family in Problem Sto find asolution of xy" — y" = 0 ss that satisfies the boundary conditions y(0) = I, y‘(1) = 6. BY tym scx y= eycosx + es sin + xsins + (C083) In(e0s.2), In Problems 13 and 14, the given two-parameter Family is a (een) solution of the indicated differential equation on the interval (50, 00), Determine whether a member of the family can be found that satisfies the boundary conditions "4 CHAPTER 3 Higher-Order Differential EquationsWe solve the last equation for w, use w = wand integrate again: By choosing ¢, = 1 and c ). we find from y = wx)y,(x) that a second solution of equation (3) is | e-* 4 ‘H makes a good review of differentiation to verify that the function ys(x) defined in (5) satisfies “equation (3) and that y, andy, are linearly independent on any interval on which (isnot zr. ‘A Second Solution by Formula (5) Biee-cetaeee ceed The function y; = 1 iva solution of ey" — Sy" + 4) = 0. Find the general solution on the aferval (0,0) Sea SOLUTION From the standard form of the equation we find from (5) ‘The general solution on the interval (0, oc) is given by y = ¢,y, + exyxs that ex Inx. have derived and illustrated how to use (5) because this formula appears again in the next tion and in Section 5.2. We use (5) simply to save time in obtaining a desired result, Your will tell you whether you should memorize (5) or whether you should know the principles of reduction of order. Exercises Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-4, Problems 1-16, the indicated function y,(x) isa solution 10. xy" + Quy — 6y = the given equation. Use reduction of order or formula (5), Wy" t+y'=0; instructed, to find a second solution y3(1), 12 dry" Hy =; ay! Ay 13, ey" — ay! + 2y 14. vy" = aay’ + Sy 18. (I — 2x" + 21 + wy’ — y= 0; 16. (1 = ey" +209" = 0; 4 y+ 9p y-y=0; In Problems 17-20, the indicated function (x) isa solution of /" — 25y = 0; the associated homogeneous equation. Use the method of reduc oy" — 129" + ay tion of order to find a second solution y,(x) of the homogeneous Boy ty'-y=0: ‘equation and a particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous 8 ey — Tay’ + 16) =0; equation 32 Reduction of OrderTranslated, this means y= ce cos x + ¢\e “sin xis a solution of y" + 2y’ + 2y = 0. In the elassie text Differential Equations by Ralph Palmer Agnew® (used by the author as a student), the following statement is made: Iris not reasonable 10 expect students in this course 10 have computing skills and equipment necessary for efficient solving of equations such as ay ay « dy 17 2.179 + 1416 + 1.2952 + 3.1609 4307 Fy + 2.179 Ty + LAG SS + 12952 + (15) Although its debatable whether computing skills have improved in the intervening years, itis a certainty that technology has. If one has access to acomputer algebra system, equation (15) could be considered reasonable. After simplification and some relabeling of the output, Mathematica yields the (approximate) general solution y= Eye 7%" cos(0,618605x) + e3€ °7* sin(0.6186058) + ce 2% c05(0.759081x) + ye sin(0.75908 1), We note in passing that the DSolve and dsolve commands in Mathematica and Maple, like most aspects of any CAS, have their limitations, Finally, if we are faced with an initial-value problem consisting of, say, a fourth-order dif ‘erential equation, then to fit the general solution of the DE to the four initial conditions we ‘must solve a system of four linear equations in four unknowns (the ¢,, ¢, cy. ¢s in the general solution). Using a CAS to solve the system can save Tots of time. See Problems 35, 36, 69, and 70 in Exercises 3.3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960. ‘case you are wondering, the method of this section also works for homogencous linear s-order differential equations ay’ + by = 0 with constant coefficients. For example, to ive, say, 2y’ + 7y = 0, we substitute y = e"* into the DE to obtain the auxiliary equation + 7= 0. Using m = —3, the general solution of the DE is then y = ce”, Exercises Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-5. Ts Problems 1-14, find he general solution of the given a y-y=0 d-order differential equation th, yr Sy" +3y' +8y=0 pty i : 18, "+ 3y"—4y" = 12y=0 yf -y'- 6y=0 4 y'-3y'+2y=0 hiiedy +8 + ley=0 & y-10y' 4 25y=0 Gea iy -sy-2y-0 ay 4ay—y=0 a SB y"+9y=0 @ vty 0 LY-4y 45y=0 thar eary 0 y+ Oy +, 9 @y-H 44-0 sigma Fayre 2. yr oy" +1 Problems 15-28, find the general solution of the given Sgher-order differential equation, @yiever= y" ay" ~ Sy" =0 2 yy" +y 3.3 Homogeneous Linear Equations with Constant CoofficiontsProblems 29-36, solve the given initial-value problem, y+ l6y 0, (0) = 2,0) = -2 ym?) = 0, y'(a3) = Sy = 0, 91) = Oy"(1) = 2 3y = 0, 10) = Ly) =5 =0, (0) =y'(0) = 0 0, 0) = 5, ¥'0) = 10 + 12)" + 36" = 0, (0) = 0, yO) = 1, "0 = 10) = yO) = 0,50) In Problems 37~40, solve the given boundary-value problem. 31. y= L0y" + 25y = 0, 1) y+ 4y Ly =o 0, 10) =0, Way =0 0, (0) =0, y'(H2)=0 0, (0) = 1, ym) In Problems 41 and 42, solve the given problem first using the form of the general solution given in (10). Solve again, this time using the form given in (11). 0, 0) 110 In Problems 43-48, each figure represents the graph of 4 particular solution of one of the following differential, equations: (@) y"-3y' -4y= (by y+ 4y=0 (© y" 42" +y=0 (@) y"ty (©) y" +29 +2y=0 () y'-3y' +2y=0 Match a solution curve with one of the differential equations, Explain your reasoning. 4. y FIGURE 3.32 Graph for Problem 43 FIGURE 3.33 Graph for Problem 44 CHAPTER 3 Higher-Order Differential Equations 6. , 6. FIGURE 334 Groph for FIGURE 3.35 Graph for Prom problems oF « : I + FHGURE36 Grgh foe RQURE37 Grp or Problem? Problems In Problems 49-58 find a homogeneous linear differential equa tion with constant coefficients whose general solution is given. @ y= cet toe BL y= ce + oe y = ce™ + gre e\cos8x + eysin&e y = eycosh by + ep sinh bx cyetcose + cye*sine = ¢) + ee eos Sx + ce Hsin Se y=e tex + ee” er ee i = cieos + epsinx + cycos3x + eysin3x jiscussion Problems 58, Two roots of a cubic auxiliary equation with real coefficients are m, = ~} and m; = 3 + i, What is the corresponding ‘homogencous linear differential equation? Find the general solution of y* + 6y" + y" ~34y known that y; = e~** cos.ris one solution. 61, To solve y+ y = 0 we must find the roots of m* + 1 = 02 ‘This isa trivial problem using aCAS, but it can alsobe done by hand working with complex numbers. Observe that m* + 1 = (nf + 1)! — 2m? How does this help? Solve the differential equation, 62. Verify that y = sinh.x ~ 2c0s (x + 7/6) is a particular olution of y) — y = 0. Reconeile this particular solution with the general solution of the DE.