- *

2-0 mís';
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 fQYe-fuekZ.k dh fofHkUu ç.kkfy;k¡
2-3 dkO;kRed o`Ÿkfp=
2-4 o.kZukRed o`Ÿkfp=
2-5 voyksdukRed o`Ÿkfp=
2-6 çfrHkkxh o`Ÿkfp=
2-7 izfrorhZ@vkRekFkZd o`Ÿkfp=
2-8 fØ;kRed iz.kkyh
2-9 lkjka'k
2-10 'kCnkoyh
2-11 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
2-12 lanHkZ
2-13 cks/k iz'uksa ds mRrj

bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ckn vki fuEu dks le>us esa l{ke gks ik,axs %
fQYe fuekZ.k dh fuEufyf[kr fofHkUu ç.kkfy;k¡ dks le>us esa
dkO;kRed o`Ÿkfp=]
o.kZukRed o`Ÿkfp=]
voyksdukRed o`Ÿkfp=]
çfrHkkxh o`Ÿkfp=]
izfrorhZ@vkReekFkZd o`Ÿkfp=]
fØ;kRed o`Ÿkfp=A

bl bdkbZ esa ge fQYe fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaxs tks vkidks fQYe fuekZ.k
dh xgjkb;ksa dks le>us esa enn iznku djsxkA blesa fofHkUu fof/k 'kkfey gSa tSlsfd
dkO;kRed o`Ùkfp=] o.kZukRed o`Ùkfp=] voyksdukRed o`Ùkfp=] izfrHkkxh o`Ùkfp=]
izfrorhZ o`Ùkfp= ,oa fØ;kRed o`Ùkfp=@mijksDr fofHkUu fof/k;k¡ O;kid :i ls fQYe
fuekZ.k esa bLrseky dh tkrh gSA

*MkW- jhek HkkfV;k] fejkaMk gkml] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fyf[kr 35

 -

fQYe-fuekZ.k dh fofHkUu “kSfy;k¡ ,oa ç.kkfy;k¡ gksrh gSaA fcy fudksYl ds vuqlkj] ge
fQYe-fuekZ.k ds N% vyx-vyx iz.kkfy;ksa@”kSfy;ksa dks vfHkfu/kkZfjr dj ldrs gSaA
fQYe-fuekZ.k dh ;s ç.kkfy;k¡ gesa ;g le>us ds fy, ,d LoPNan <k¡pk çnku djrh gSa
fd fQYe dSls cuk;h tkrh gSA gj fQYe-fuekZrk ,oa funsZ'kd dh fQYe fuekZ.k djus
dh viuh vyx vkSj fof'k"V 'kSyh gksrh gSaA fHkUu-fHkUu çdkj dh fQYeksa esa ls izR;sd
fQYe ds ckjs esa dkyØec) rjhds ls ppkZ dh x;h gS ftu ij bl bdkbZ ds
fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa izdk”k Mkyk tk;sxkA budh ppkZ muds mn~Hko ds lanHkZ esa dh x;h
gSA çR;sd ç.kkyh dk fodkl nwljs ç.kkyh ls gqvk gS vkSj igys okyh iz.kkfy;ksa] rjhdksa
ds lkFk fQYe-fuekZrkvksa ds vlarks’k ds ifj.kkLo:i nwljh iz.kkyh uohu mHkj dj lkeus
vk;k gSA

bu iz.kkfy;ksa ij uk rks fodkloknh rjhds ls ppkZ dh x;h gSa vkSj u gh os ,d nwljs

ls csgrj gksus dh lwpd ;k ifjpk;d gSaA gkykafd fQYe-fuekZ.k dh ç.kkfy;k¡ gesa fQYe
fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ds mn~Hko ds bfrgkl ds ckjs esa crkrh gSa vglkl djkrh gSaA
;g vko';d ugÈ fd ,d fQYe-fuekZrk dks fQYe-fuekZ.k dh dsoy ,d gh “kSyh vkSj
ç.kkyh dk ikyu ,oa vuqlj.k djsA fQYe-fuekZ.k ds bu ç.kkfy;ksa dk mn~Hko Hkh
çkS|ksfxdh ds mn~Hko ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSaA os fQYe-fuekZ.k dh fofHkUu ç.kkfy;ksa dk
leUo; dj ç;ksx dj ldrs gSaA u gh ;g vko';d gS fd gky dh ds fQYeksa dks fQYe-
fuekZ.k dh vR;k/kqfud ç.kkyh dk gh ç;ksx djuk gksxkA dksbZ fQYe-fuekZrk vkt ds
le; esa Hkh fQYe-fuekZ.k dh ml ç.kkyh dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gS tks vR;k/kqfud u
gksA
fcy fudksyl fQYe-fuekZ.k dh Ng iz.kkfy;ksa dks vfHkfu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA vius mn~Hko
ds vuqlkj ;s iz.kkfy;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa %
dkO;kRed o`Ùkfp=
o.kZukRed o`Ùkfp=
voyksdukRed o`Ùkfp=
çfrHkkxh o`Ùkfp=
izfrorZd@vkRekFkZd o`Ùkfp=
fØ;kRed o`Ùkfp=
buesa ls gj ,d ç.kkyh ikjLifjd ls vuU; Jsf.k;ksa@fof”k’V Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa ekStwn
ugha jgrh gSaA dkO;kRed ç.kkyh esa izn'kZukRed vkSj fØ;kRed ç.kkyh dks “kkfey fd;k
tk ldrk gSA izfrorhZ@vkRekFkZ ç.kkyh esa çfrHkkxh vkSj voyksdukRed QqVst gks
ldrs gSaA voyksdukRed ç.kkyh orZeku rd lhfer jgrh FkhA fQYe-fuekZrk }kjk
çfrHkkxh vkSj js¶ysfDlo ç.kkfy;ksa dk mn~Hko bl vglkl ds lkFk gqvk gS fd fQYek;,
tk jgs yksxksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B lacèa kksa dks Nqikus vkSj mldk eq[kkSVk cukus dh dksÃ
vko';drk ugÈ gSA

36
 -

1½ okD; dks iwjk dhft,A

d½ fQYe fuekZ.k dh ----------------------------------------------------- ç.kkfy;k¡ gksrh gSA
[k½ fQYe fuekZ.k dh ç.kkfy;ksa dks --------------------- }kjk vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
2½ fQYe-fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu ç.kkfy;ksa dk D;k egRo gS\
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fQYe fuekZ.k dh dkO;kRed “kSyh dh 'kq#vkr 1920 ds n”kd esa gqà FkhA bl rjg dh
ç.kkyh fQYekadu dh jSf[kd iz.kkyh ugÈ gksrh gSA fQYe-fuekZ.k dh ;g 'kSyh dgkuh
dgus dh ljy rF;kRedrk ls ijs pyh tkrh gSA vfHkusrkvksa dks iw.kZ ,oa l{ke ik=ksa
ds rkSj ij pquk (Cast) ugÈ fd;k tkrk gSaA dkO;kRed ç.kkyh gesa ;FkkFkZ ds oSdfYid
:i çnku djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;fn fdlh uk;d dks jksrk gqvk fn[kykuk
pkgrs gSa rks dkO;kRed ç.kkyh esa fQYe-fuekZrk dsoy ckfj'k ds ekè;e ls bldks fn[kyk
ldrk gSA ;fn vki fdlh dks nkSM+rs gq, fn[kkuk pkgrs gSa rks vki flQZ ?kqM+nkSM+ dks
fn[kk ldrs gSaA fdlh ns'k ds fy, [ksy dk egRo mtkxj djus vkSj ml ij izdk”k
Mkyus ds fy, vki fQYe dh i`’BHkwfe esa fdlh Hkh ns'kHkfä laxhr ds lkFk [ksy dks
fn[kyk ldrs gSA ;g gesa lh/ks vkSj ljy rjhds ls okLrfodrk ,oa ;FkkFkZ ds ckjs esa
crkus ds ctk; ;FkkFkZ dk oSdfYid :i çnku djrh gSA
os fdlh i| ,oa dfork dh rjg “kSyh esa vewrZ] fujkdkj vkSj LoPNan gksrs gSaA fdlh
fQYe dh dYiuk dhft, tgk¡ ij ikuh cg jgk gks ;k ikuh fxj jgk gks vkSj ml fQYe
dh 'kwfVax djus ds rjhds dks FkksM+k /;ku ls ns[ksaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] bl fofM;ks dks
;wV~;wc ij ns[ksaA https://youtu.be/dEBN8zly5N4.A fcy gSULVªk dk o`Rrkfp= ^Xykl*
Hkh ,slh gh ,d nwljh dkO;kRed o`Ùkfp= ¼MkD;wesaVªh½ https://youtu.be/aLS7-ZLCoI.
ij miyCèk gSA ;g Xykl Cyksvj vkSj muds dke dh lqUnjrk /;ku dsfUnzr djrh gSA
;fn fQYe eaas fdlh uxj dks fn[kk;k x;k gks rks fQYe ml uxj ds ckjs esa crkus ds
fy, yksdfç; Lekjd tSls bafM;k xsV] yksV~l-VsEiy] d+qrqc ehukj] dukWV Iysl] esVªks ;k
guqeku th dh fo'kky ewÆr Hkh fn[kkdj ml “kgj dk vglkl djk ldrh gSaA ftl {k.k
ik'oZ vki ml Lekjd ds vklikl mM+rs gq, dcwrjksa] VªSfQd tke vkSj Hkqês okys dks
ns[ksaxs vkidks Hkkjr dh jktèkkuh fnYyh dk vkHkkl gksxkA fQYe-fuekZrk vrhr dh
fu”kkfu;ksa ls [kÈph x;h bu txgksa dh rLohjksa dks fn[kkdj Hkh le; chrus dks Hkh fn[kk
ldrs gSA ns[ksa% Ýkafll FkksEIlu ds ,u-okbZ] ,u-okbZ ¼1957½A
dkO;kRed “kSyh ,oa ç.kkyh esa ,sfrgkfld QqVst] fLFkj lkaps] /kheh xfr ls] jax p<s gq,
fp= vkSj lkef;d 'kh"kZd dk vuqi;ksx fdlh txg dks igpkuus] fdlh iVdFkk vkSj
dgkuh dks le>us vkSj ewM cukus ds fy, laxhr dks lqUkus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA 37
 1½ fdlh fQYe-fuekZ.k ds dkO;kRed rjhdkas dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj y{k.k D;k gksrs gSa\
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2½ fQYe XyklMks (Glass do) dks ns[kus ds ckn dkO;kRed ç.kkyh ds lanHkZ esa fQYe
dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
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bl foèkk dh 'kq#okr 1920 ds n”kd esa gqà vkSj ;g vHkh Hkh cgqr yksdfç; gSA nwjn”kZu
ds lekpkj vkSj fj;fyVh 'kks esa bl foèkk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ç—fr] uSlfxZd vkSj
oSKkfud o`Ùkfp= ¼MkD;wesaVªh½ esa bl ç.kkyh dk O;kid :i ls vuqç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vkRedFkk,¡ vkSj thouh dks Hkh bl ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls fQYek;k tkrk gSA bl ç.kkyh
vkSj rjhds dks vDlj okSbl~ v‚Q+ x‚M desaVjh fo/kk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tgk¡ oäk
vkSj Lihdj lqukà rks nsrk gS ysfdu fn[kkà ugÈ nsrk( vki mu fQYeksa ds ckjs esa lksfp,
ftlesa ik”oZLoj (Voice over) gksrk gSaA mngkj.k ds fy,] e‚xZu ysfol dh ^gSIih* tks
https://youtu-be/5RFuzk&&qqc ij miyCèk gS(^ ekWxZu Ýhesu dh ^n vksfjÇtl v‚Q+
esu* tks https://youtu-be/bJ&utURBEdY ij miyCèk gS( vferkHk cPpu }kjk Çgnh esa
Mc dh x;h ^isaxqbu v yo LVksjh* tks https://youtu-be/pnPyRHG05e8 ij miyCèk
gSA

tSlk fd ge Åij fn;s x;s okWbl~ v‚Q+ x‚M desaVªht ds mnkgj.k ls ns[k ldrs gSa fd
o.kZukRed ç.kkyh esa O;olkf;d rkSj ij çf'kf{kr iq#"k Lojksa dk opZLo jgk gSA ^n
Lisfu'k vFkZ* ¼1937½ dh ,d Hkk’kk ;k vuqokn ds fy, vusZLV gsÇeXos dh desaVªh dh rjg
;s desaVªh de is'ksoj vkoktksa ds }kjk Hkh ik”oZ Loj gks ldrh gSaA ,d gh QqVst okys
nks laLdj.kksa ¼Hkk’kkvksa½ esa vyx-vyx vkoktsa gSa- Ýsap Hkk"kk esa thu jsuksbj vkSj vaxzsth
Hkk’kk ds fy, vkWjlu osYl vkSj vusZLV gsÇexos dh vkoktsa FkhA gsÇexos dh desaVjh
vfèkd fo'oluh;] rF;ijd vkSj Bksl vkokt esa FkhA

o.kZukRed Ikz.kkyh ¼,DliksftVjh eksM½ rdZlaxr vkSj U;k;fl) ij vf/kd fuHkZj djrk
gS vkSj blesa Loj dk opZLo jgrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa Nfo (Image) xkS.k vkSj v/khuLFk
38
gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa bl çdkj lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ;s dFku ds lkFk fujUrjrk -
,oa lkeatL; cuk, j[ksaA ik”oZ Loj ¼Vsyhfotu vkSj fQYe esa½ viuk opZLo cuk, j[krh
gSaA blesa rdZ vkSj çkfèkdkj dk Loj jgrk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, fdlh Hkh
y?kq o`Ÿkfp= (Documentry) ds ckjs esa lkspsa( URL https://youtu.be/mrsrz-izfxI.ij
ifjokj fu;kstu ij dks o`Ÿkfp= ¼MkD;wesaVªh½ ns[ksaA

o.kZukRed o`Rrkfp= lkekU;hdj.k vkSj O;kid Lrj ij lwpuk dss izlkj dh lqfoèkk çnku
djrh gaSA mnkgj.k ds fy, mijksä of.kZr ifjokj fu;kstu ij fQYe lkekU; Kku ij
fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj rkfdZd ,oa lqlaxr rjhdksa ls Hkkjr ds fofHkUu çkarksa esa ifjokj
fu;kstu ls lacafèkr lkekU; Kku vkSj le> dk leFkZu djrh gSA lekt'kkL=h ds rkSj
ij gesa ;g le>uk pkfg, fd lkekU; Kku] le> vkSj cqf) le; vkSj LFkku ls lhfer
gksrh gS( bl çdkj dk lkekU; Kku tksfd o.kZukRed ç.kkyh ij fuHkZj djrk gS og Hkh
le; vkSj LFkku }kjk lhfer gksrk gSA ;g le; ifjorZu ds le; lkFk-lkFk ;g viuk
egRo vkSj izklafxdrk [kks nsrk gSA

1½ o.kZukRed ç.kkyh ¼,DliksftVjh eksM½ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj y{k.k D;k gSa\

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2½ o‚bl v‚Q x‚M ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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bl ç.kkyh dk 1960 ds n”ke esa 16 feeh ds dSejkas vkSj eSXusfVd Vsi fjd‚MZj dh
miyCèkrk ls mn~Hko gqvkA voyksdukRed ç.kkyh us dkO;kRed ç.kkyh dks vewrZ cuk;k
vkSj o.kZukRed ç.kkyh dks cgqrvf/kd uhfrlaxr le>kA voyksdukRed ç.kkyh rF;ksa
ij fuHkZj gksrh gS vkSj vDlj blesa ik”oZ Loj vkSj laxhr dk ç;ksx ugÈ fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa ik= vkSj pfj= ,slk O;ogkj djrk gS tSls dksà fQYe-fuekZrk ogk¡ gS gh ughaA 16
feeh ds dSejkas vkSj gYds lkmaM fjd‚MZj tSls ukxjk us voyksdukRed ç.kkyh ds
fodkl esa enn dh D;ksafd bldk eryc ;g Hkh Fkk fd vc fQYe fuekZrk gLr{ksi fd,
39
 fcuk Lora= vkSj LoPNan :i esa ?kwe ldrk FkkA yksxksa dks muds LokHkkfod ,oa lkekU;
ifjos'k esa LoPNan :i esa voyksfdr gS ftlls os vuk;kl O;ogkj djrs jgs gSaA MsfoM
eSdMkWxy dh 1997 esa “kwV fd;k x;k U;w c‚;] nwu Ldwy Ø‚fudy] LoHkkfod :i ls
bldk ,d vU; mnkgj.k g‚fLiVy ¼1970½ gS ns[ksa http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2
_jZRlh5QTc.A

fQYe-fuekZrk fQYe vkSj nwjn”kZu fuekZ.k esa mi;ksx dh tkus okys o`Ÿkfp= fQYe fuekZ.k
dh “kSyh ^v ¶ykà vksu n oky* –f"Vdks.k dks ;g lksprs gq, viukrs gSa fd mudh
mifLFkfr ykbVosV dSejs vkSj mlds lkFk esy [kkrh ¼ÇlØksul½ lkmaM ds chp yxHkx
gLr{ksi ugÈ djsxhA ysfdu bl vçR;{k gLr{ksi ds dkj.k uSfrd ç'u mB [kM+s gks tkrs
gSaA fQYe fuekZrk dh ek= mifLFkfr gh lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysus okyksa ds O;ogkj dks
çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA voyksdukRed o`Ÿkfp= dks ftu yksxksa ij fQYek;k tk jgk gS]
mu yksxksa dh vuqefr ysuk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gksrk gSA vc ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd
vuqefr dk Lo:i ekSf[kd gksuh pkfg, ;k fyf[krA vuqefr Hkh ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj
fHkUu gks ldrh gS vkSj le;kuqlkj cnyrh jgrh gSA

voyksdukRed fQYeksa ls okLrfod le; dk cks/k gksrk gSA ;s okLrford le; dh

le> ,oa vkHkkl dh Hkkouk Hkh nsrh gSaA fQYe-fuekZrk ml rjhds ls fQYekadu djrk
gS ftldks mls gksrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i% MsfoM eSdMkWxy dh fQYe U;w c‚;t% ekSu]
Bgjko vkSj [kkyh LFkkuksa dks ,sls fn[kkrh gS ekuksa ge ml vuqHko dks th jgs gksaA fQYe
fuekZrk dks vuq'kklfud rkSj ij vyx jguk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g fQYe-fuekZrk dks fcuk
fdlh ckèkk lgt :i yksxksa ds ml O;ogkj dks fjd‚MZ djus dk ekSdk nsrh gS tc yksx
ugha gksrs ;g fQYe-fuekZrkvksa ij ncko Mkyrh gS fd os fQYe esa gLr{ksi u djsaA fQYe
ij iwjk fu;a=.k çfrHkkfx;ksa ds ikl gksrk gSA fQYe ds laiknu esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
le;-lhek ¼Vkbe Ýse½ ;k rkyesy ugÈ gksrk] ysfdu ;g ltho vkSj okLrfod le;
dk izHkko NksM+rk gSA ;g ç.kkyh fQYe fuekZrk dks rRdkyhu iyksa rd lhfer djrh gS
vkSj ?kVukvksa ls Lo;a vuq”kkflr gksus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA ;g vçR;{k lacksèku] lquh
xà ckrsa] ledkyhu èofu vkSj vis{kkÑr yacs Vsd dk vuqç;ksx djrh gSA blesa
voyksdu dh Hkkouk fuEufyf[kr phtksa ls vkrh gSa%
çfrfufèk vkSj lkjxfHkZr {k.kksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, fQYe-fuekZrk dh {kerk]
o.kZukRed ç.kkyh ds ,d ik”oZ Loj ds foijhr voyksdu lacaèkh fQYekadu ds
le; ds Lojksa vkSj Nfo;ksa dks fjd‚MZ fd;k tkrk gS]
mu n`"Vkarksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa ls ftUgsas lkekU;hdj.k ugÈ cfYd ;FkkFkZ dh fo'ks"k
LykbM esa izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k gS]
ifj–'; esa dSejs dh mifLFkfr]
leUo;d Loj lkmaM dk ç;ksx]
cM+s Vsd ysukA
ekbdy czsy] jkscVZ Mwª] jkscVZ ¶ysgVÊ] fjpMZ yhdksd] thu jkmp ,aM Msftxk oVksZo dqN
fQYe fuekZrk gSa tks bl 'kSyh ds lkFk tqM+s gq, gSaA vk¶Vj ykbQ ¼1999½] csM c‚;t
¼1961½ vkSj fpYMªsu v‚Q+ fgjksf’kek ¼1952½ dqN ,slh fQYesa gaS tks bl 'kSyh esa cuk;h
x;h gSaA

40
 -
1½ fQYe-fuekZ.k dh voyksdukRed ç.kkyh ds y{k.k vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k gSa\
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2½ ;g o.kZukRed ç.kkyh ls fdl izdkj ls fHkUu gS\
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u`foKkuh vkSj lekt'kkL= us yksxksa ds thou dh leh{kk djus ds fy, çfrHkkxh

voyksdu ds ç;ksx dk leFkZu fd;k gSA çfrHkkxh voyksdu esa fQYe-fuekZrk fdlh
fLFkfr esa yacs le; rd {ks= esa jguk vkSj mu ik=ksa] pfj=ksa vkSj fo"k;ksa ds lkFk feydj
,d gks tkuk “kkfey gksrk gS] ftudk dk voyksdu ,oa leh{kk fd;k tkuk gSA 'kksèkdrkZ
ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os mu yksxksa fu’i{krk vkSj nwjh cuk;s j[kus esa l{ke gksaxs
ftudk voyksdu ,oa leh{kk dh tk jgh gSA voyksdukRed ç.kkyh esa geus ;g ns[kk
fd fQYe-fuekZrk dh mifLFkfr u ds cjkcj gksrh gS vkSj ;g le>k tkrk gS fd fQYe
fuekZrk fdlh Hkh rjg yksxksa ds chp okrkZyki dks çHkkfor ugÈ djrs gSaA gkykafd
çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa fQ+Ye fuekZrk dSejk ds lkeus jgdj ftu yksxksa dh leh{kk dj jgs
gksrs gSa muds lkFk feydj ,d gks tkrs gSaA fuekZrk fdlh Hkh çdkj Nqis ugÈ jgrs gSa
D;ksafd os dkO;kRed ç.kkyh esa fujkdkj jgrs gSa( o.kZukRed ç.kkyh esa ik”oZ Loj ds :i
esa fo|eku jgrs gSa vkSj voyksdukRed ç.kkyh esa *v ¶ykà v‚u n o‚y* okys –f"Vdks.k
dks viukdj mifLFkr jgrs gSaA ;g ç.kkyh 1960 ds n”ke esa yksdfç; gqÃ] tc
ledkyhu leUo;d lkmaM fjd‚ÉMx djuk laHko gks pqdk FkkA bl ç.kkyh dks vDlj
rc ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tc fQYe fuekZrk vius ik=ksa] pfj=ksa vkSj fo"k;-oLrq ls
lk{kkRdkj dj jgs gksrs gSaA ;g n'kZd dks fQYe-fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k ds lkFk 'kkfey gksus
dk ,glkl fnykrh gSA 2011 esa j‚l eSdysos dh fQYe ^n QksVksxzkfQd eseksjh* bl
ç.kkyh dk ,d thrk-tkxrk mnkgj.k gSA fQYe-fuekZrk dks vius csVs ds lkFk ckrsa
djrs gq, fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj fQYe esa ,d cgl djus okys rdZ”kyh fd”kksj ds :i
esa cM+s gks jgs cPps dh nqfo/kk vkSj mFky-iqFky dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl fQYe dk Vªsyj
;gk¡ https://youtu.be/HcAjO5G3kTc. ij miyC/k gSA thu j‚p dh Ø‚fudy v‚Q
lej] ,Mxj eksjhu dh iksVªsZV v‚Q tSlu] Msft+xk oVksZo dh ^n eSu foFk v ewoh dSejk*
dks dqN vU; mnkgj.kksa esa “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
41
 flusek vkSj flusek-osfjV ewoesUV~l ;k ;FkkFkZoknh fluek us bl fQYe fuekZ.k dh 'kSyh
dks viuk;k gSA bl fQYe fuekZ.k dh 'kSyh dk Js; thu j‚mp dks tkrk gS vkSj fQYe
Msft+xk oVkZso vkSj j‚cVZ ¶ysgVhZ ls izsfjr gSA bl fo/kk esa fQYe fuekZrk dSejs ds lkeus
mifLFkr gks ldrk gS o vius ik=ksa] pfj= vkSj fo"k; oLrq dks 'kSyhxr okrkZyki ds
lanHkZ esa çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA dSejs dh Hkwfedk dks lnSo Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA n'kZd
dks bl ckr dk ,glkl gks tkrk gS fd fQYe fuekZrk vkSj ik=ksa ds chp lacaèkksa ij ckr-
phr djus dk D;k eryc gksrk gSA gesa Hkh bl ckr dh le> gks tkrh gSa fd dkSu fdls
fu;a=.k dj jgk gSA

fQYe fuekZrk fdlh n`'; (Seeue) dk l`tu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k Lo#i] 1961
ds n”kd esa ^Ø‚fudy v‚Q v lej* esa j‚mp ,d ?kVuk dk o.kZu djrs gSa tgk¡ Ýkal
ls fuokZflr gqbZ ,d ;gwnh us f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku ,d teZu dkUlUVªs'ku dSai esa
le; fcrk;k Fkk] ogk¡ mlus ,d gYds oguh; lkmaM fjd‚MZj dk mi;ksx djds vius
vuqHkoksa ds ckjs esa crk;kA dSejk nwj ls ml ij dsfUnzr (Focus) djrk gS vkSj j‚mp
viuk er bl izdkj izdV djrs gSa tSls dSejk ogk¡ mifLFkr gh ugha FkkA

fQYe-fuekZ.k dh nwljh 'kSfy;k¡ Hkh gks ldrh gS tgk¡ fQYe-fuekZrk dh vkokt eq[;
ifjizs{; dk dke dj ldrh gS tSlk fd 1970 esa fQYe l‚jks ,aM fifV esa ns[kk x;k FkkA
fQ+Ye-fuekZrk [kksth i=dkj Hkh gks ldrk gS ;k og Çpru'khy] mÙkjnk;h ,oa vuqfØ;k'khy
fof/k (Mode) esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA Çpru'khy fof/k esa fQYe-fuekZrk Mk;jh vkSj O;fäxr
iz”kalki= dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gSA çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa lk{kkRdkj dks Hkh 'kkfey dj
ldrs gSaA fQYe-fuekZrk dà lk{kkRdkj dk mi;ksx dj mUgsa dgkuh dk :Ik esa ,d lkFk
iz;ksx dj j[k ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds :i esa ukxfjd vfèkdkj vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl
ij cuh ^vkÃl vkWu n çkbt* uked ,d fQYe gS( fguk [oktk ds mu yksxksa ds lkFk
fd;s x;s lk{kkRdkj tks foHkktu ds nkSjku Hkkjr NksM+dj ikfdLrku x, Fks( ;s URL
https://youtu.be/yY40sosTtzk ij miyCèk gSaA

bl çdkj çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa ge mu fo"k;ksa dh fofo/k J`a[kyk dks lgstus esa l{ke gSa
tks gesa bfrgkl dk fHkUu vkHkkl ns ldrs gSa ;k 'kk;n lk{kkRdkjdrkZ Lo;a gesa bfrgkl
dh le> ;k muds mlds vkl-ikl ds ifjos'k ls lEcafèkr vuqHkoksa dk Kku nsus dk
iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA

1½ fQYe-fuekZ.k esa çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa\

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42
2½ Åij fn;s x;s Hkkx esa lwphc) fdUgh nks fQYeksa dks nsf[k, vkSj mudh rqyuk -
dhft,A
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fQYe-fuekZ.k dh ;g 'kSyh fQYe-fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k ij fo'ks"k è;ku vko';drk gSA ;g

“kSyh leh{kdksa dk è;ku bl ckr dh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gS fd dSls fdlh fof'k"V
çLrqrhdj.k dk fuekZ.k xBu fd;k tk,A çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa geus fQYe-fuekZrk vkSj
ik=ksa ds chp le>kSrs dh çfØ;k dks ns[kk gSA izfrorhZ ç.kkyh esa gekjk è;ku fQYe-
fuekZrk vkSj mlds n'kZd ds chp gksus okys laf/kØe (Negotiation) ij tkrk gSA fQYe-
fuekZrkvksa dh vius n'kZdksa ls ;gh vis{kk jgrh gS fd os fQYe dks ,d jpuk ds rkSj ij
ns[kus dks dgrs gSa] ,d ,sls laLdj.k ds :i esa ftls fQYe-fuekZrk us jfpr fd;k gksA
;g gekjk è;ku o`Ÿkfp= fQYe ls n'kZd dh èkkj.kkvksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dh vksj djrh gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] n'kZd dYiuk djrk gS vkSj eku ysrk gS fd o`Ÿkfp= esa esdvi vkSj
[khaprh ifj/kku dk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gh bldh dksbZ vko';drk gksrh gSA
ysfdu okLro esa ,slk ugha gksrk gSA fQYe-fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa budh cgqr egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA n'kZdksa ds :i esa ge ;s lkspus ij foo'k vkSj etcwj gks tkrs gSa fd
gekjs vklikl dh nqfu;k dks ge dSls ns[krs gSa vkSj gekjs vklikl dh nqfu;k ls gekjh
D;k vis{kk,¡ gSaA izfrorhZ 'kSyh gesa n'kZd ds :i esa gekjh vkRerqf"V] gesa ckgj j[krh
gSa vkSj gesa ,d jpuk ds :i esa fQYeksa ds ckjs esa lkspus ds fy, foo"k djrh gSA ;g
ml lR; ij loky mBkus ds fy, etcwj djrh gS tSlk ge ns[krs gSaA Msftxk osVksZo
dh fQYesa ^n eSu foFk n ewoh dSejk* ;g lans'k nsrh gS fd gesa dSejkeSu dks fn[kkdj
,d fQYe dk fuekZ.k dSls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ml fQYe ds fdlh fo'ks"k [kaM dh 'kwfVax
dks dSls djrs gSa] dSls fQYesa cuk;È tkrh gSaA oVksZo gesa ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd fQYe ds
laiknu ds nkSjku ,d fQYe fuekZrk dgkuh dk fuekZ.k dSls djrk gSA fQYe dh dgkuh
crkus ds fy, çf'kf{kr ik=ksa] vfHkusrkvksa vkSj pfj=ksa ij Hkjkslk dj ldrh gS tks ^lR;*
gSA

1970 ds n”kd dh ukjhoknh o`Ÿkfp= fQYe-fuekZ.k dh izfrorhZ ç.kkyh dk mnkgj.k gaS

tgk¡ n'kZdksa dks efgykvksa ds f[kykQ gks jgs vU;k; vkSj HksnHkkoksa ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ckjs
esa irk pyrk gSA os enkZauxh] iq#"kRo vkSj ukjhRo ds izHkkoh fopkj ij loky mBkdj
gekjs vkl-ikl dh nqfu;k ls lEcafèkr gekjh vo/kkj.kk] lksp vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks pqukSrh
nsrs gSaA

43
 1½ fQYe-fuekZ.k dh izfrorhZ ¼js¶ysfDlo½ ç.kkyh ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gS\
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2½ fQYe-fuekZ.k ds lkekU; le; ls igys ds fdlh Hkh rjhds ls rqyuk djrs gq, ,d
fucaèk fy[ksaA
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fQYe-fuekZ.k ds bl rjhds ls ;g loky mBrk gS fd tkudkjh] lwpuk vkSj Kku D;k

gksrk gS vkSj bldk l`tu fdl izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA fØ;kRed iz.kkyh bl ckr ij
tksj nsrh gS gekjs bnZ-fxnZ okyh nqfu;k dh tkudkjh vkSj le> gekjs O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa
ls fdl izdkj mith gSA ftl rjhds ls ge lalkj dks ns[krs gSa og gekjh vkRe-psruk]
gekjh fo’k;-oLrq ls mitk gqvk gksrk gSA Kku fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k ls tqM+k vFkZ Li"V :i
ls O;fä ds vuqHkoksa vkSj Le`fr ls mitk gqvk gSA fØ;kRed fof/k gesa ;g le>us esa
enn djrk gS fd gekjs vkl-ikl dh nqfu;k dk fuekZ.k gekjh Hkkoukvksa vkSj Lusg ds
ekè;e ls dSls fd;k tkrk gSA gekjs vuqHkoksa dh HkkoukRed tfVyrk fQYedkj dh lksp
vkSj mlds –f"Vdks.k dks çHkkfor djrh gSA ,d vkRedFkk ls Hkh o`Ùkfp=ksa dk fuekZ.k gks
ldrk gSA fQYedkj [kqn gh og ml fQYe dk ik= vkSj pfj= gksrk gS ftl fQYe dks
og cuk jgk gSA og v–'; ugÈ gksrk gSA fud czweQhYM dh fQYe fuekZ.k dh 'kSyh bl
rjg dh fQYe-fuekZ.k dk ,d thrk-tkxrk mnkgj.k gSA fud czweQhYM viuh fQYeksa
esa ,ysu oqukZsjksl bu ,ysu oqukZsjksl ds lkFk ^n lsfyax v‚Q+ v lhfj;y dhyj^ dks
'kkfey djrs gSaA fud czweQhYM dh fQYeksa esa ,d o`Ÿkfp= Hkh mruh gh izeq[k gksrh
ftruh v‚u-LØhu dks izLrqr djus okyh fQYe dh eq[; dgkuh gksrh gS tks NksVs iSekus
rks ij gksrh gS vkSj fu’diV ,oa lPph yxrh gS] ysfdu ges'kk euksjatd gksrh gSaA ;g
rdZ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd czweQ+hYM Hkksysiu vkSj eklwfe;r dks n`'; iVy mHkkj dj
gSa tks HksaVokrkZ ds ik= dk vDlj vius okLrfod bjknksa ls HkVdk nsrk gSA og ,d
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] n'kZdksa dh [kkfrj vfHku; djrk gS] vius ik=ksa] pfj=ksa vkSj fo"k;ksa ls
gV dj dke djrk gS oks iwjh rjg ls LokHkkfod ugÈ gks ldrk gS fd tks og dj jgk
gksrk gSA
44
 -
1½ fQYe-fuekZ.k dk izfrHkkxh iz.kkyh D;k gksrh gS\
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2½ ;g igys ;k lkekU; le; ls iwoZ ds rjhdksa ls dSls rqyuk djrk gS\
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bl Hkkx esa] vkius fQYe fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu rjhdksa ,oa ç.kkfy;ksa ds ckjs esa lh[kk gSaA
;s fofHkUu rjhds ,oa ç.kkfy;k¡ gSa% -
dkO;kRed o`Ÿkfp=
o.kZukRed o`Ÿkfp=
voyksdukRed o`Ÿkfp=
çfrHkkxh o`Ÿkfp=
js¶ysfDlo o`Ÿkfp=
fØ;kRed o`Ÿkfp=

;g o‚bl v‚Q x‚M dh voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA

;g fQYe-fuekZrk dks fcuk fdlh ckèkk lgt :i esa fjd‚MZ
djus dk ekSdk nsrh gS ftls yksx dSejs dk lkeuk djus esa fgpdrs gSa vkSj lgt ugha
gks ikrsA ;g fQYe-fuekZrkvksa ij ncko Mkyrh gS fd os fQYe esa gLr{ksi u djsaA
çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa fQ+Ye fuekZrk dSejk ds lkeus jgdj ftu
yksxksa dh leh{kk dj jgs gksrs gSa muds lkFk feydj ,d gks tkrs gSaA

;g Kku dh ml ifjHkk"kk dk vuqeksnu djrh gS tks O;fäxr

vuqHkoksa ij tksj nsrh gSA ¼dfork ,oa lkfgR; dh ijaijk esa½
45
 bl iz.kkyh esa ,sls laca/kksa] laxrksa vkSj izfrekuksa dh O;k[;k dh
tkrh gS ftuesa lkef;d rkyesy vkSj LFkkfud jl-cks/k “kkfey gksrs gSaA
;g lcls vkRe-tkx#d ç.kkyh gksrh gS- bldh js¶ysfDlfoVh
n'kZdksa dks bl ckr ls voxr djkrh gS fd vU; rjhds] iz.kkfy;k¡ vkSj foèkk,¡ MkD;wesaVªh
izSfDVl ds ekè;e ls ÞlR;ß ds fuekZ.k dk nkok dSls djrh gSaA

MacDougall, ‘Whose Story is it?’ In Visual Anthropology Review, Volume 7,

Issue 2, Pp. 2-10, September 1991

Nichols, Bill. ‘What types of Documentary are there?’ In Introduction to

Documentary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. Pp- 99 137
Watch The Six Modes of Documentary athttps://youtu.be/I7MhOghI4u8
Watch 6 Types of Documentary athttps://youtu.be/3Pp4ldOgKNI
Watch The Evolution of Documentary and Its Modes at https://youtu.be/
BmKU9_V0SXg

Nichols, Bill. ‘What types of Documentary are there?’ In Introduction to

Documentary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. Pp. 99- 137

1½ d½ fQYe fuekZ.k dh N% ç.kkfy;k¡ gksrh gSaA

[k½ fQYe fuekZ.k ds bu rjhdksa dks fcy fudksyl us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA
2½ fQYe fuekZ.k dh ç.kkfy;k¡ gesa fQYe fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ds mn~Hko ds
bfrgkl ds ckjs esa crkrh gSa vkSj muds ,sfrgkfld gksus dk vglkl djkrh gSaA ;g
vko';d ugÈ fd ,d fQYe fuekZrk dks fQYe fuekZ.k dh dsoy ,d gh “kSyh vkSj
ç.kkyh dk ikyu ,oa vuqlj.k djsA fQYe fuekZ.k ds bu rjhdksa vkSj ç.kkfy;ksa dk
mn~Hko Hkh çkS|ksfxdh ds mn~Hko ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSaA os fQYe-fuekZ.k dh fofHkUu
ç.kkfy;ksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+dj vuqç;ksx dj ldrs gSaA u gh ;g vko';d gS fd
gky dh ds fQYeksa dks fQYe fuekZ.k dh vR;k/kqfud ç.kkyh dk gh ç;ksx djuk
gksxkA dksbZ fQYe-fuekZrk vkt ds le; esa fQYe-fuekZ.k dh ml ç.kkyh dk Hkh
vuqç;ksx dj ldrk gS tks vR;k/kqfud u gksA

1½ d½ /kkjkokfgd laiknu dk vuqç;ksx ugha djrk gS] cgqr fof'k"V fLFkfr vkSj
txg dh le> dks NksM+rk gS tks fujarjrk cukrk gSA
[k½ bl iz.kkyh esa ,sls laca/kksa] laxrksa vkSj izfrekuksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gS ftuesa
46
lkef;d rkyesy vkSj LFkkfud jl-cks/k “kkfey gksrs gSaA
 x½ lkekftd ik= vkSj pfj= 'kk;n gh dHkh iwjh rjg ls pfj=oku curs gSaA -

?k½ tkudkjh] lwpuk vkSj Kku ds lhèkk-lkns gLrkarj.k ds fy, Kku ds oSdfYid
:iksa dh laHkkouk dk irk pyukA
2½ Xykl ¼dk¡p½ cukus ds çfØ;k dks fn[kkus ds fy, fQYe ^Xykl* esa fofHkUu çdkj
ds laxhr dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ogk¡ fdlh Hkh 'kCn dks bLrseky ugÈ fd;k
x;k gSA dSejk Hkh 'kk;n gh dHkh ik=ksa] pfj=ksa vkSj vfHkusrkvksa ij dsafær gksrk gSA
;g gkFkksa ij vkSj Xykl cukus dh çfØ;k ij vfèkd Qksdl djrk gSA tc QSDVªh
esa 'kwfVax dh tkrh gS vkSj dkj[kkus esa ogk¡ ls 'kkWV fy;k tkrk gS tgk¡ Xykl
¼dk¡p½ dks e'khuksa }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS] rks ge ns[krs gSa fd ml txg laxhr vyx
gksrk gS vkSj dSejs dh iksth'ku Hkh cnyrh gSA

1½ d½ fQD'ku fQYe dh nhokuk djus okyh euksjatu xq.koÙkkvksa ds lkFk ls

vlarq"Vrk mHkjh vkSj n`f"Vxkspj gqbZA
[k½ oksbl v‚Q+ x‚M desaVªh] dkO;kRed –f"Vdks.k ls gesa ,sfrgkfld nqfu;k ds
ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gS vkSj ml nqfu;k dks u;s fljs ls] uà –f"V ls ns[kus
dh dksf”k”k dh x;h gS] Hkys gh fopkj jksekafVd ;k f'k{kkizn ,oa mins'kkRed
gksA
x½ fcuk 'kh"kZd ;k vkokt+ ds] lhèks n'kZd dks lacksfèkr djrh gSA
?k½ ,sfrgkfld nqfu;k ds ckjs esa rdZ djrh gSA
³½ blesa n'kZdksa dh rjQ desaVªh dh tkrh gS( ekSf[kd desaVªh esa best vkSj fp=ksa
dk mnkgj.k fdlh leL;k ds lekèkku esa yxHkx ukVdh; Hkkxhnkjh dh
Hkkouk vkSj le> iSnk djrs gSaA
p½ xSj ledkyhd èofu gksrh gSA
N½ fQYe dh ,fMfVax vkerkSj ij LFkkfud@lkef;d@ykSfdd dh vis{kk “kksj-
”kjkcs dh 'kCnkMacjiw.kZ fujarjrk dks LFkkfir@cuk, j[krh gSA
2½ okWbl~ v‚Q+ xksM desaVjh eksM+ ftlesa Lihdj ;k oäk dks lquk rks tkrk gS ysfdu
fn[kkà ugÈ nsrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] e‚xZu yqÃl dh ^gSIih*] eksxZu ÝheSu dh ^n
vksfjftu v‚Q eSu* vkSj isafXou dh ^, yo LVksjh* dks Çgnh esa vferkHk cPpu us
viuh vkokt+ nh FkhA tSlk fd ge Åij fn, x, okWbl~ v‚Q+ x‚M desaVªh ds
mnkgj.kksa ls ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd o.kZukRed ç.kkyh esa O;olkf;d :i ls çf'kf{kr
iq#"k vkokt+ksa dk opZL; FkkA okLro vkokt+ ds ,d ekeys esa n Lisfu'k vFkZ ¼1937½
dh ,d Hkk’kk ;k vuqokn ds fy, vusZLV gsÇeXos dh desaVªh dh rjg ;s desaVªh de
is'ksoj vkoktksa }kjk Hkh okWbl-vksolZ gks ldrh gSaA

1½ bldh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj y{k.kksa dks ,d mnkgj.k }kjk n”kkZ;k x;k gS% jkstejkZ dh
Çtnxh dk fp=.kA
2½ vDlj çR;{k flusek ;k flusek osjkbV ds :i esa oÆ.kr fd;k tkrk gSA

47
 3½ ykbVosV iksVsZcy ÇlØksul fjd‚ÉMx midj.k vkSj o.kZukRed M‚D;wesaVªh dh
xq.koÙkk ds uSfrd vlarks"k ds dkj.k mHkjkA
4½ ;g fQYe-fuekZrk dks fcuk fdlh ckèkk lgt :i esa fjd‚MZ djus dk ekSdk nsrh
gS ftls yksx dSejs dk lkeuk djus esa fgpdrs gSa vkSj lgt ugha gks ikrsA
5½ ;g fQYe-fuekZrkvksa ij ncko Mkyrh gS fd os fQYe esa gLr{ksi u djsaA
6½ fQYe fuekZrk fdlh Hkh vU; foèkk ls vfèkd ?kVukvksa ij fu;a=.k dk gokyk nsrk
gSA
7½ fQYe ds laiknu esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh le;-lhek ¼Vkbe Ýse½ ;k rkyesy ugÈ
gksrk] ysfdu ;g ltho vkSj okLrfod le; dk izHkko NksM+rk gSA
8½ ;g ç.kkyh fQYe fuekZrk dks ekStwnk iyksa rd lhfer djrh gS vkSj ?kVukvksa ls
Lo;a vuq”kkflr gksus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
9½ ;g vçR;{k lacksèku] lquh xà ckrsa] ledkyhu èofu vkSj vis{kkÑr yacs Vsd dk
vuqç;ksx djrh gSA
10½ blesa voyksdu dh Hkkouk fuEufyf[kr phtksa ls vkrh gSa %
çfrfufèk vkSj lkjxfHkZr {k.kksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, fQYe fuekZrk dh
{kerk]
o.kZukRed ç.kkyh ds ,d o‚bl-vksoj vUrj vkSj fo’kerk esa voyksdu lacaèkh
fQYekadu ds le; ml lkmaM vkSj best ls ftUgsa fjd‚MZ fd;k x;k gS]
mu n`"Vkarksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa ls ftUgsas lkekU;hdj.k ugÈ cfYd ;FkkFkZ dh
fo'ks"k LykbM esa izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k gS]
ifj–'; esa dSejs dh mifLFkfrA
2½ viuh çxfr dh tk¡p-3 ç'u 1 vkSj viuh çxfr dh tk¡p-4 ç'u 1 ds lanHkZ esa

1½ çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa fQ+Ye fuekZrk dSejk ds lkeus jgdj ftu yksxksa dh leh{kk dj
jgs gksrs gSa muds lkFk feydj ,d gks tkrs gSaA fuekZrk fdlh Hkh çdkj Nqis ugÈ
jgrs gSa D;ksafd os dkO;kRed ç.kkyh esa fujkdkj jgrs gSa( o.kZukRed ç.kkyh esa
o‚bl vksoj ds :i esa fo|eku jgrs gSa vkSj voyksdukRed ç.kkyh esa *v ¶ykÃ
v‚u n o‚y* okys –f"Vdks.k dks viukdj mifLFkr jgrs gSaA ;g ç.kkyh 1960 ds
n”ke esa yksdfç; gqà tc ledkyhu lkmaM fjd‚ÉMx djuk laHko gks pqdk FkkA
bl ç.kkyh dks vDlj rc ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tc fQYe fuekZrk vius ik=ksa]
pfj=ksa vkSj fo"k;-oLrq ls lk{kkRdkj dj jgs gksrs gSaA ;g n'kZd dks fQYe fuekZ.k
dh çfØ;k ds lkFk 'kkfey gksus dk ,glkl fnykrh gSA
2½ bl “kSyh esa fQYe fuekZrk dSejs ds lkeus mifLFkr jgdj Hkh vius ik=ksa] pfj=
vkSj fo"k;-oLrq dks 'kSyhxr okrkZyki ds lanHkZ esa çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA dSejs dh
Hkwfedk dks lnSo Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA n'kZd dks bl ckr dk ,glkl gks tkrk
gS fd fQYe fuekZrk vkSj ik=] pfj= ds chp lacaèkkaa ij ckr-phr djus dk D;k
eryc gksrk gSA gesa Hkh bl ckr dh le> gks tkrh gSa fd dkSu fdls fu;a=.k dj
jgk gSA fQYe fuekZrk fdlh lhu dk l`tu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA çfrHkkxh ç.kkyh esa
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 lk{kkRdkj dks Hkh 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA fQYe-fuekZrk dà lk{kkRdkj dk mi;ksx -
dj mUgsa dgkuh dk :Ik esa ,d lkFk j[k ldrk gSA
3½ Nk=ksa dks lwphc) fQYeksa dks ns[kuk pkfg, vkSj mu fQYeksa dh MkD;wesaVªh ds
fofHkUu ç.kkfy;ksa ls rqyuk djuh pkfg,A

1½ çfrfufèkRo dh ijaijkvksa dks Lo;a cukus dh bPNk ls vfèkd Li"V vkSj okLrfodrk
dh èkkj.kk dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, fQYeesÇdx dk fj¶ysfDVo eksM+ iSnk gqvk tks
vU; rhu eksM+ksa us lkekU; :i ls vçekf.kr :i ls O;ä fd;kA
2½ ;g lcls vkRe-tkx#d foèkk gS - bldh ltxrk n'kZdksa dks bl ckr ls voxr
djkrh gS fd M‚D;wesaVªh çSfDVl ds ekè;e ls ÞlR;Þ ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vU; eksM+
dSls nkok djrs gSaA
3½ ;g vU; iz.kkyh ds dà midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS] ysfdu mUgsa fdukjs ij lsV
djrk gS rkfd n'kZd fMokbl ds lkFk-lkFk çHkko esa Hkh 'kkfey gksA
4½ ;g fQYe fuekZrkvksa ds ?kksj vHkko dks nwj djrk gS
5½ rduhdh :i ls O;ogk;Z gks tkrk gS tks iksVsZcy ÇlØksul èofu midj.k ds
mn~Hko ds lkFk gksrk gS] tks ckrphr dks vkSj vfèkd O;kogkfjd cukrk gSA
6½ vU; ç.kkfy;ksa ds lkFk rqyuk djus ds fy, igys ds Hkkxksa dks ns[ksaA

1½ izfrorhZ o`Ÿkfp= dh rjg] ;g Kku vkSj tkudkjh ds ckjs esa loky mBkrk gS
2½ ;g ml Kku vkSj tkudkjh dh ifjHkk"kk dk leFkZu djrh gS tks O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa
ij tksj nsrh gSA ¼dfork] lkfgR; dh ijaijk esa½
3½ ;g çnÆ'kr djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gS fd ,sls O;fäxr Kku dks dSls le>sa] tks
gesa lekt dh lkekU; çfØ;kvksa dks vfèkd le>us esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA
4½ nqfu;k ds O;fäijd Kku@le> vkSj vfèkd lkekU; le>] ;kuh ,sfrgkfld
yksxksa ds chp fyad çkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu o`Ùkfp= eksM+ ds rRoksa dks ÞfeDlÞ
dj ldrh gSA
2½ vU; ç.kkfy;ksa ds lkFk rqyuk ds fy, igys ds vuqHkkxksa dks ns[ksaA

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