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Application of Geo-Spatial Technique for Flood Inundation Mapping of Low

Lying Areas

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05906-8_7

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Application of Geo-Spatial Technique
for Flood Inundation Mapping of Low
Lying Areas

Dhruvesh P. Patel and Prashant K. Srivastava

Abstract Flooding is one of the severe disaster causes mass demolition of

properties and affected human lives. In hazardous flood of year 2006, 90–95 % of
Surat city, India, was under water and so that local planner as well as decision
makers need accurate information on the spatial distribution, magnitude, depth of
flooding and land use affected by such floods. Surat city is majorly partitioned into
seven different zones named north zone, east zone, central zone, south zone, south-
east zone, south-west zone, and west zone. Purpose of this study is to determine
inundation of water in low laying areas of west zone. By procedure of Geo-
reference along with Ground Control Point (GCP) and GPS points, 0.5 m interval
contour map for west zone is introduced. Digitization of contour through GIS
software and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of West Zone through ArcGIS
software is carried out. Probable submergence area for rescue work is also scru-
tinized. Graph of submergence area of West Zone according Town Planning
Scheme (TPS) versus water level and flood Inundation map are generated which
specify that West Zone and its TPS are low lying areas in Surat whose 20–25 km2
area will be submerge when water level exceeds 12 m height (MSL). The accuracy
and validation of DEM is calculated by comparison with actual observed data at
the time of flooding.

Keywords Digital elevation model  Flood  Inundation mapping  RS & GIS 

Vulnerability

D. P. Patel (&)
Department of Civil Engineering, Saffrony Institute of Technology,
S.P.B. Patel Engineering College, Linch, Mehsana, Gujarat 384435, India
e-mail: dhruvesh1301@gmail.com
P. K. Srivastava
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS81TR, UK

P. K. Srivastava et al. (eds.), Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental Research, 113

Society of Earth Scientists Series, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05906-8_7,
 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
114 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

1 Introduction

Flood is defined as extremely high flow of water from river, lake, pond, reservoir
or any other water body, wherein water inundates outside of the water body area.
Flood may also occurs when the sea level rises extremely or above the coastal
lands due to tidal sea and sea surges. The flooding of homes, industrial areas, and
amenities in recent years, along with an appreciation of the likely consequences
of climate change, has brought the issue of flooding to the attention of the media
and the general public (Wright et al. 2008). On the global scale, storms and
floods are the most destructive of natural disaster and cause the greatest number
of deaths and property loss (Casale and Margottini 1999; Sadrolashrafi et al.
2008). Flooding and flash flooding poses serious hazards to human populations in
many parts of the world. Surat, the study area, is one of the cities of state Gujarat,
India and has been frequently affected by flood in river Tapi. Due to augmented
industrialization in and around Surat, the population is reached up to 50.64 lakh
in year 2011 which was 28.76 lakh in year 2001. Surat has experienced three
major flood events in recent past in year 1994, 1998 and 2006 which caused
heavy loss of property and human lives. In year 2006, large amount of water
spilled from low rise river sections resulted into flood and 90–95 % Surat city
was under submerge up to 4–5 m (Patel and Dholakia 2010; Joshi et al. 2012;
Patel et al. 2012b). This unprecedented flood in Surat caused damages of over Rs.
21,000 crores approximately.
High resolution, high accuracy topographic data sets are becoming increasingly
available for flood prediction studies in a number of countries (Bates et al. 2003).
Remote Sensing, Geo graphical Information System and Global Positioning Sys-
tem has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in mapping flood extent (Horritt and
Bates 2001; Horritt et al. 2001) and hence for validating numerical inundation
models (Horritt and Bates 2002). Various methodologies or approaches have been
adopted by researchers in relevant flood research in the period 1997–2010 (Islam
and Sado 2000; Kresch et al. 2002; Pistocchi and Mazzoli 2002; Sutanta 2002;
Tralli et al. 2005; Wright et al. 2008; Andrysiak and Maidment 2000). Flood
inundation models commonly require four key data items: (1) topographic data to
construct the model grid; (2) bulk flow or stage data to provide model inflow and
outflow boundary conditions; (3) an estimate of the effective friction parameter for
each model cell; and (4) a source of validation data (Wright et al. 2008). The
elevation information in a digital format using image matrix in which the value of
each pixel is associated with a specific topographic height is called DEM, is a
computerized representation of the Earths relief in 3D (Patel and Dholakia 2010;
Patel et al. 2012a, b). Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN), regular grids, con-
tour lines and scattered data points (Sulebak 2000) are some methods usually used
for generating DEM.
Using DEM as an input, flood risk map, flood hazards map, geomorphologic
map, Vulnerability analysis, damage estimation and risk assessment, hydraulic
modeling, flood inundation and storm-tide flood-inundation maps can be generated
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 115

(Islam and Sado 2000; Kresch et al. 2002; Pistocchi and Mazzoli 2002; Sutanta
2002; Tralli et al. 2005; Wright et al. 2008; Andrysiak and Maidment 2000; Patel
and Dholakia 2010). Two-dimensional flood inundation models are widely used
tools for flood hazard mapping and an essential component of statutory flood risk
management guidelines in many countries (Neal et al. 2012). Noman et al. (2001,
2003), Agnihotri and Patel (2008), Patel et al. (2012a) also described the two
primary inputs to any automated floodplain delineation process in 3D, which are
creation of a water surface using Geo-referenced water level points and DEM. The
flood depth map is obtained by subtracting the DEM from the water surface.
Generation of DEM, flood inundation map and submerge area of West Zone
(Stage-area submerge curve) are prepared and also verified in this study.

2 Study Area and Datasets

2.1 Tapi Basin

Tapi is the second largest westward draining inter-state river after mighty Narmada,
having its source at Multai, Betul district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The Tapi basin is
the northern most basin of the Deccan plateau and is situated between North lati-
tudes 20–22N and East longitude 72–78E approximately (CWC 2000–2001).
Tapi basin is basically divided into three zones, viz. Upper Tapi Basin (UTB),
Middle Tapi Basin (MTB) and Lower Tapi Basin (LTB). The river has a total length
of 724 km, out of which the last lap of 214 km is in Gujarat state and it meets an
Arabian Sea in the Gulf of Cambay approximately at 19.2 km west of Surat city.
Tapi covers an area of, approximately, 51,504 km2 (79 %) in Maharashtra,
9,804 km2 (15 %) in Madhya Pradesh and 3,837 km2 (6 %) in Gujarat state.

2.2 Surat City

Surat is situated between latitude 21060 N–21150 N and longitude 72450 E–72540 E,
on the bank of river Tapi and having coastline of Arabian Sea on its west. Surat falls
in Survey of India map number 46C/15, 16. Tapi River and Surat city with zone
boundary is shown in Fig. 1. Surat city lies at a bend of the river Tapi, where its
course swerves suddenly from the south-east to south-west. From the right bank of
the river, ground rises slightly towards the north but the height above Mean Sea
Level (MSL) is 13 m. The topography is controlled by the river which is flat in
general but having gentle slope from north-east to south-west.
116 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Fig. 1 Location map of LTB, Ukai dam, Varekhadi watershed, Kakrapar weir, Ghala, Kathor,
Singanpur weir, Hope (Nehru) bridge, Surat city with administrative zone boundary

2.2.1 Geology and Soil Conditions

Study area can be divided into two geomorphic units namely, coastal and alluvial.
The coastal area represents marshy shoreline with an extensive tidal flat stretch
intercepted by estuaries. Alluvial deposited by Tapi has formed the alluvial area
which is covered by recent alluvium of quaternary age. The alluvial plain is
characterized by flood plain of the Tapi and Mindhola River where there is a thick
alluvial cover. The alluvial plain merges into a dry, barren, sandy coastal area. The
coastal area around the river is covered by mud. The alluvium consists of sand and
clay layers.

2.2.2 Ground Water Table

Pre and post monsoon water levels of different open wells in and around Surat
during year 1970–2006 indicated that an average rise in water level is about
1.85 m and average standard deviation of rise in water level is about 0.93 m. The
ground water level generally rises 2–5 m during monsoon period (June–October)
while during the rest of the year, it drops down to 5 m and even up to 10 m at some
locations.
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 117

2.2.3 Climate

The climate of Surat can be broadly divided into four seasons namely summer,
rainy, autumn and winter. Duration of summer season is of 3 months, from March
to May, rainy from June to September, autumn in October–November and winter
from December to February.

2.2.4 Temperature and Rainfall

Summer season in study area is quite hot with temperature ranges from 37.78 to
44.44 C. The climate is pleasant during the monsoon while in autumn it is
temperate. Winter is not so cold but the temperature in January month ranges from
10 to 15.5 C. The average annual rainfall of the city is 1,143 mm.

2.2.5 Demography/Population in the Study Area

With the beginning of 20th century, Surat had started developing its sub-urban
areas namely Udhna, Athwa, Fulpada etc. along with the various corridors opened
up through various gates in the radial pattern. The city was originally established
on the south-eastern bank of the river Tapi with a castle at the eastern bank and a
custom house at the northern side of the castle. In the beginning, the activities were
concentrated within the inner wall which had been constructed in year 1664. At
that time, the area of the city within this inner wall was 178 hectors. The evolution
of the city from 1494 to 2004 AD is shown in Fig. 2.

2.3 Hydraulic Structures at LTB

The LTB contains hydraulic structures namely Ukai dam, Kakrapar weir and
Singanpur weir. Details of these structures are as under.

2.3.1 Ukai Dam

The Ukai dam is located about 30 km U/S of the Kakrapar weir and about 95 km
U/S of Surat city, originally approved by the planning commission of government
of India in 1969 and the construction of the dam was completed in 1973 (Fig. 3).
The Ukai reservoir at its FRL of 105.15 m (345 ft.) has a live storage capacity of
7,369 Mm3 with water spread of about 600 km2 and maximum length of about
112 km. The reservoir is expected to attain Maximum Water Level (MWL) of
106.99 m (351 ft.) while passing the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) of
59,747 m3/s (21.16 lakh cusecs). Ukai dam is a composite dam with a maximum
118 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Fig. 2 Evolution of Surat city from year 1494 to 2004 (Source SMC, vision 2020)

Fig. 3 Ukai Dam

height of about 80.7 m above its deepest foundation level. The total length of dam
is 4,927 m, out of which 4,058 m is earthen dam of zoned fill type. Masonry
gravity dam, including the 425 m long spillway and the power dam occupies the
remaining length. The spillway, located in the left bank of the river, is provided
with 22 no. of radial crest gates of 15.55 m 9 14.78 m (51 ft. 9 48.5 ft.) size.
The maximum discharge capacity of the spillway at its MWL is 46,270 m3/s
(16.34 lakh cusecs) while the corresponding discharging capacity of the spillway
at FRL is 37,860 m3/s (13.37 lakh cusecs). The power house, located at the toe of
the dam on the left side of the spillway, is equipped with four units of 75 MW each
and generally operates as a peaking station. The water released from the dam to
powerhouse is picked up at the Kakrapar weir in downstream for firming up the
irrigation in the Kakrapar canal system. For the purpose of flood protection and
moderation, a reservoir operation schedule is prepared by CWC, New Delhi, for
the monsoon period. The overall behavior of Ukai dam in last 34 years during the
flood in river Tapi, is shown in Fig. 4. The massive flood years are 1959, 1968,
1978, 1979, 1994, 1998 and 2006. Ukai reservoir provides protection against
heavy floods to an area of 827 km2 on the downstream (D/S). Later, by con-
structing the flood embankments on both the banks of the river Tapi, between
Kathor and Surat, it provides protection to an additional area of 230 km2. Thus, the
Ukai reservoir and the flood embankment, together provide protection to
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 119

Fig. 4 Behavior of Ukai Dam

1,057 km2 of land area, saving approximately 2 million inhabitants residing in

greater Surat region around river banks. Flood embankments are designed for
uniform river discharge of 24,069 m3/s (8.5 lakh cusecs). The Safe carrying
capacity of river at Surat is estimated to be 11,326 m3/s (4.0 lakh cusecs).

2.3.2 Kakrapar Weir

The scheme comprises of an Ogee shaped masonry pick up weir constructed across
the Tapi River near Kakrapar, Surat district, Gujarat. Kakarapar weir (Fig. 5) is
situated 30 km away from Ukai dam at D/S and is built for irrigation purpose in
nearby area. It is 621 m long with 14 m height and having catchment area about
62,801 km2. It leads a maximum discharge of 38,228 m3/s from its Ogee type of
spillway. The weir is having 442 km2 reservoir area, where the gross storage
capacity is 51.51 Mm3 and the effective storage capacity is 36.51 Mm3. Two canals
take off from right and left bank of weir by canal head regulating work. Right canal
is 219.74 km (including main canal, branches canal, minor and major distributaries)
long and having the discharge caring capacity 70.23 m3/s (main canal). It covers
the gross command area of 100,220 9 104 m2 and culturable command area of
58,745 9 104 m2. Same way, the left canal is 296.91 km (including main canal,
branches canal, minor and major distributaries) long and having the discharge
caring capacity 85.63 m3/s (main canal). It covers the gross command area
247,000 9 104 m2 and culturable command area 145,335 9 104 m2. This project
was commissioned in the year 1954 as stage-I of the Ukai project-3.
120 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Fig. 5 Kakrapar Weir

Fig. 6 Singanpur Weir

2.3.3 Singanpur Weir

Singanpur causeway (Fig. 6) cum weir was constructed in 1995 with cost of Rs. 31
crores on river Tapi near Singanpur–Rander village. The length of bridge is 580 m,
out of which, 98 m is gated portion and the remaining is ungated. The bridge has
16 span and length of each span is 6.20 m. Length of retaining walls is 80 and
100 m for left and upper side respectively. The design discharge of the weir was
estimated as 680 m3/s (24,000 cusecs) with designed HFL of 16 m in U/S and
14 m in D/S. The foundation of the bridge is open integrated and substructure with
reinforced cement concrete abutments and piers.
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 121

Fig. 7 Operation (inflow/outflow) of Ukai reservoir, 2006

2.4 Flood Event 2006

2006 flood had created disaster in Surat city and surrounding areas which falls in
semi-arid and arid agro-climate region. Flood event during 7–14th August in year
2006, resulted in mass devastation of lives and belongings damage worth INR
21,000 crores in Surat and Hazira twin city. For several weeks, whole society was
lifeless and many diseases were reported in city (Patel and Srivastava 2013).
Operation of Ukai reservoir during 5 days of August, 2006 is shown in Fig. 7. As
indicated in graph, the water level rise continuously from 102.108 m (335 ft.) to
105.344 m (345.62 ft.) as maximum, after 4 days. The Ukai reservoir was having
large catchment area and due to constant inflow, the large volume of water
accumulated in it. The graph shown indicates that on 7th August, compare to
inflow, water released from dam was very less, almost half. The dam operation
during 10 days of August 2006, combining inflow–outflow and reservoir level, is
shown by hydrograph. The inflow in the dam was continuously fluctuating for first
20 h from 05/08/2006 and then suddenly rose up to 16,423 m3/s (5.8 lakh cusecs),
whereas the outflow from the dam was below 5,663 m3/s (2 lakh cusecs) for that
period. Next 36 h, from 07/08/2006 afternoon, were very critical and during that
period the inflow touched to 33,980 m3/s (12 lakh cusecs) which is the maximum
in the recent flood history and to manage the situation, the water released from the
dam was about 25,768 m3/s (9.1 lakh cusecs) for 24 h (Table 1). The inflow was
then down to 12,742.42 m3/s (4.5 lakh cusecs) and out flow was maintained almost
same.
122 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Table 1 Flood Event, 2006

Date Time In-flow Out-flow Reservoir Level at
(m3/s) (m3/s) level (m) Nehru
Bridge (m)
5-8-2006 8.00 a.m. 2,434.03 670.08 102.19 6.50
8.00 p.m. 1,374.88 669.40 102.26 7.40
6-8-2006 8.00 a.m. 2,126.20 3,537.29 102.14 8.40
8.00 p.m. 9,350.56 7,214.47 102.56 9.14
7-8-2006 8.00 a.m. 24,172.10 11,581.56 103.46 9.88
8.00 p.m. 30,374.50 23,107.28 104.21 11.70
8-8-2006 8.00 a.m. 29,821.20 23,901.73 104.97 12.35
8.00 p.m. 27,225.40 25,768.01 105.32 12.85
9-8-2006 8.00 a.m. 24,238.90 24,069.02 105.34 12.90
8.00 p.m. 20,149.10 18,405.72 105.38 10.80

2.5 Data Collection

For this research work, Geo-coded Indian Remote Sensing (IRS-1D) satellite
image of the study area for April 2005 from BISAG, Gandhinagar is used.
Topographical sheets with the scale of 1:50,000 are collected from SOI, Ahme-
dabad. High resolution Google-earth images (http://earth.google.com) of the study
area are downloaded for thematic maps creation. Physical measurements for the
river hydraulic parameters after monsoon 2006 is collected from Surat Municipal
Corporation (SMC) while the contour maps for various zones of the city at 0.5 m
interval are generated using ArcGIS 9.2 software from the topographical sheets.
Trimble Geo explorer XT global positioning system is used to survey the West
Zone area of Surat City. In T.P. roads of West Zone and on left-right embankments
of River Tapi, field survey has been performed. The water level and river discharge
data from hourly to daily scales at Nehru Bridge are collected from CWC, SWDC
and Irrigation department. Zonal map of the city is collected from SMC.

3 Methodology

At an early stage, ERDAS 9.1 software, Geo-referenced by ArcGIS 9.2, is used to

combined image pieces of study area taken from Google-Earth. Counter map is
then Geo-referenced over downloaded images (Fig. 8) and after that spatial
adjustment is applied for precision. Digitized counters of 0.5 m interval through
GIS software (Fig. 9) and GPS point data are integrated (Fig. 10). Temporal and
spatial data are linked using GIS as well as customized Data Base Management
System (DBMS). Digitized counters are then converted into TIN model using 3D
analyst tool which is finally converted into DEM using spline interpolation method
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 123

Fig. 8 Geo-referenced contour maps over Google earth image

Fig. 9 Digitized contour overlying on Google earth image of Surat city

124 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Fig. 10 GPS points and digitized contour (GCP) of west zone area

(Fig. 11). To find submerge areas in West Zone surface analysis is done using
again 3D analyst tool. Arcscan is then applied for better visualization. For various
flood potential values, areas are delineated and findings are analyzed from the-
matic flood inundation map for West Zone. Graph of submergence area of West
zones according Town Planning Scheme (TPS) versus water level is then prepared.

4 Results and Discussion

As discussed earlier, DEM of the West Zone was generated by GPS points and
collected contour map of 0.5 m interval. By considering the safe river gauge level
of 7.55 m with reference to lowest bank height near Hope bridge and by applying
this limit to DEM of the study area, flood inundation map is generated and shown
in Fig. 12. The whole zone is segregated into 4 levels of submergence started with
V1 (0–4 m RL) for very high inundation covering 0.16 km2 area, V2 (4–8 m RL)
for high inundation covering 15.15 km2 area, V3 (8–12 m RL) for medium
inundation covering 8.13 km2 area and V4 (12 m and above) for low inundation
covering 0.03 km2 area. During the flood event 2006, observed river gauge level
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 125

Fig. 11 Mearge TIN-DEM of west zone

Fig. 12 Flood inundation and possible vulnerable areas of west zone Surat city
126 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Fig. 13 Surat city map according to town planning scheme (TPS)

near Hope Bridge was 12.50 m. Flood inundation map indicates that areas of West
Zone having reduced level above 12.50 m are safe and can survive under the same
flood conditions. By comparison of the observed and calculated water levels of
2006 flood at Hope (Nehru) Bridge, it is found that the maximum water surface
level in the west zone was at 4.91 m. This value is derived by subtracting lowest
bank Reduced Level (RL), having value 7.55 m from 12.50 m river gauge level at
Hope Bridge. For the forthcoming flood event, prediction of possible submergence
can be done with reference to river gauge level, if the other conditions will remain
same. By this comparison, graph of stage versus submerge areas for various TPS
schemes of West Zone is plotted in which slopes of curves represent the flood
inundation. In West Zone, foremost areas are Rander, Adajan, Jahagirabad-Pisad
and Jahagirpura. These four renowned areas falls under different town planning
scheme as intensify improvement of West Zone. Adajan was developed under TPS
No. 11, 11S, 12, 13, 14, 31 and 32, Rander was developed under TPS No. 14, 23,
29 and 30 (Fig. 13, Table 2) while Jahangirabad is in TPS No. 42, 43, 44 and 45.
Area of Adajan which falls under T.P. Scheme No.13 is having steep slope and it is
a low lying area of this zone. Its 2.0 km2 area was submerged when water level
increased from 6 to 9 m. Similarly, area falling under TPS No. 11 S was affected at
8 m water level. Rander–Adajan area which belongs to TPS No. 14 is also a low
level area and was affected by flood even at water level of 9–12 m and its
1.46 km2 (Fig. 14) area was in submerge. Jahangirabad–Pisad, falls under T.P.
Scheme No. 45, is developed at higher contour level and was affected when water
Table 2 Inundation area (m2) of west zone as per the water level in m
Level in TPS no
m
Rander T.P.S 11 T.P.S 11 T.P.S 12 T.P.S 13 T.P.S 14 T.P.S T.P.S 29 T.P.S 30 T.P.S 31 T.P.S T.P.S 42 T.P.S 43 T.P.S 44 T.P.S 45 T.P.S 45
S 23 32
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique

Rander Adajan Adajan Adajan Adajan Rander- Rander Rander Rander Adajan Adajan Jahangirabad Jahangirabad Jahangirabad Jahangirabad- Jahangirpura
Adajan Pisad
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,457 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 13,159 669 0 0 0 0 76,424 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 389,877 114,294 92,399 0 0 0 0 385,478 14,881 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 99,790 832,803 849,146 1,133,808 0 0 191,337 0 861,850 683,174 140,477 0 0 0 0
8 162,467 676,244 903,728 1,237,966 1,993,392 0 208,709 859,829 0 1,001,982 854,180 604,284 0 0 0 0
9 426,419 1,062,928 1,274,932 2,008,571 1,405 644,819 1,155,299 0 639,004 34,616 82,412 0 0
10 537,733 1,067,319 492,826 656,175 52,787 1,063,564 44,058 892,910 0 0
11 547,591 1,461,898 289,565 1,153,472 1,013,890 769,184 454,783
12 1,462,655 498,500 916,723 860,154
13 923,073 917,658 889,874
14 1,213,437
127
128 D. P. Patel and P. K. Srivastava

Fig. 14 Stage-area submerge curve of west zone and its TPS of Surat

level reached to 11 m. As per analysis, its about 0.92 km2 area was in submerge.
Jahngirpura follows the same characteristics as of Jahngirabad and is also a high
rise area. At 13 m water level, its about 0.88 km2 area was under water. According
to the graph, Rader, Adajan are low laying areas in West Zone and for water level
of 12.50 m, they were fully submerged. Comparison of this graph with the actual
flood event 2006 shows that 90–95 % areas of the West Zone were submerged
under water, which ultimately justify the obtained flood inundation map. It should
be noted that the major parts of Adajan area, a part in the West Zone, was under
water with water depth about 2–4 m.

5 Validation

For validation, Rander area is considered as case. Calculated data of inundation

using software and actual observed field data are compared. As described in result,
rander area was started to get affected from 4 m level and gone into submerge as
level augmented. At LIC office, Rander branch, observed level was 3.65 m
(12 ft.). DEM results shows that the reduced level of Rander was 8.5 m and
observed gauge height at Nehru Bridge was 12.50 m and the difference between
these heights is 4.0 m. For cross verification, the photographs of LIC office,
Rander branch are used which indicates that the water height was about 12 ft.
Noted reduced level of river section near Nehru bridge is 7.59 m. Thus, it is clear
that the prediction for possible submergence of West Zone by DEM is nearby to
actual observed field data.
Application of Geo-Spatial Technique 129

6 Conclusion

GIS provides supplementary data in Hydrology for analysis while Digital Eleva-
tion Model (DEM) can be effectively used for simulation to get a complete model
of the area. The analysis shows that West Zone is highly flood prone zone.
Consequence of flood inundation was that 90–95 % area of West Zone, Surat, was
under water. A steep slope in Stage-area submerge curve represents high potential
of inundation while gentle slope represents a low potential. As West Zone is
having low RL, it has more chances to get flooded severally. As per TPS, Rander
and Adajan are low rise areas and will go under submerge at initial level of
flooding. Certainly, application of Geo-spatial techniques such as RS, GIS and
GPS would be the most efficient for flood inundation mapping.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Bhaskaracharya
Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land
Use Planning, National Resources Information System, Survey of India, Central Water Com-
mission, Irrigation Department, Surat Municipal Corporation and Technical Bulletin-Report on
Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Surat District for providing necessary data, facilities and support
during the study period.

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