Heliyon 10 (2024) e24678

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Heliyon
journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon

Research article

What determines the entrepreneurial intentions of employees? A

moderated mediation model of entrepreneurial motivation and
innovate work behavior
Dharm Dev Bhatta a, Yi Pi a, Muddassar Sarfraz b, *, Zain Ul Abidin Jaffri c,
Larisa Ivascu d, Ilknur Ozturk e
a
School of Foreign Language and International Business, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, PR China
b
School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
c
School of International Education, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, PR China
d
Faculty of Management in Production and Transportation, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300191, Timisoara, Romania
e
Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Innovation is a vital element of an organization’s success. Companies must implement efficient,
Entrepreneurial intention innovative plans and policies to consistently develop novel innovations. Based on the theory of
Innovative work behavior planned behavior, the current framework formulated the idea of entrepreneurial education,
Job motivation
entrepreneurial mindset, and technological knowledge with entrepreneurial intention in the
Technological knowledge
Entrepreneurial education
healthcare industry. Further, this concept comprises the mediating role of innovative work
behavior and the moderating effect of entrepreneurial motivation between constructs. The study
adopted a quantitative method and collected data from 529 employees working in healthcare
organizations (e.g., medical services, manufacturing medical equipment, and drugs/Pharma­
ceutical companies). The study’s findings revealed that entrepreneurial education, entrepre­
neurial mindset, and technological knowledge positively and significantly affect entrepreneurial
intention. The mediation results show that innovative work behavior significantly affects other
constructs, and entrepreneurial motivation has a significant moderating effect. The study high­
lighted the notable transformations in the healthcare industry by proposing the need for relevant
entrepreneurial education, traits, and characteristics in accelerating business activities. The study
found a link between entrepreneurial education, mindset, technological knowledge, and entre­
preneurial intention. This study is helpful for managers and practitioners in executing effective
strategies for innovation in healthcare companies.

1. Introduction

Over the years, entrepreneurship has been critical in advancing modern human civilization, with entrepreneurial activities
accelerating worldwide socio-economic development [1]. Recently, societies experiencing a contemporary period of entrepreneurship
have expanded entrepreneurial knowledge, dominating people’s lives, organizational structures, and the global environment. In
particular, this entrepreneurial culture has essentially enhanced the world’s socio-economic foundation, thus compelling societies to

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: muddassar.sarfraz@gmail.com (M. Sarfraz).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24678
Received 6 October 2023; Received in revised form 2 January 2024; Accepted 11 January 2024
Available online 13 January 2024
2405-8440/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
D.D. Bhatta et al. Heliyon 10 (2024) e24678

develop entrepreneurial qualities for progressing financially and universally.

Entrepreneurship is an effective way of addressing strategic challenges in various sectors and industries. In this perspective,
entrepreneurial education has emerged as the most significant development of this current era. Entrepreneurial education alludes to
improving the individual’s knowledge, skill set, and abilities [2]. This notion stretches beyond starting the business to amplifying the
individual’s learning experience, thereby developing essential attributes (e.g., skills, desire, innovation) to enhance entrepreneurial
performance and status. Through entrepreneurial education, a person can gain economic independence and a variety of goals,
increasing their entrepreneurial value. Accordingly, educational programs provide essential instruction for fostering entrepreneurs’
intentions [3]. This growing entrepreneurship calls upon the human capital to integrate entrepreneurial education to confront the
ambiguities and difficulties, thus escalating the entrepreneurs’ intention.
Entrepreneurial intention is a significant construct that refers to an individual’s belief in starting a new business venture [4].
Entrepreneurial intention alludes to the individuals’ conviction of achieving the business goal. It helps identify, evaluate, and inspect
strategic business opportunities [5]. This increasing trend encourages entrepreneurs to adopt modern entrepreneurship, thus opti­
mizing the business environment with an advanced skill set. Entrepreneurial intention is an indicator of achieving entrepreneurial
potential, thereby making this proceeding a profound factor affecting the healthcare industry.
Unsurprisingly, entrepreneurship in healthcare is not a new concept. Over the last few years, the global economic climate has made
firms realize the need for efficient entrepreneurship in the healthcare sector. As the global economic environment has changed, the
need for entrepreneurship in health informatics is a significant activity that improves entrepreneurial intention. Today, the healthcare
sector has transitioned from in-person interactions to healthcare informatics. This global outreach has compelled firms to maximize
their entrepreneurial ties toward gaining business growth [6]. Health information is critical in improving medical efficiency, thus
achieving entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurship education in healthcare is a profound construct that allows firms to foster their
entrepreneurial intention. Colichi et al. [7] show that today, healthcare companies have adopted innovative activities to increase
entrepreneurial intentions. Hence, in this regard, this study is a novel one that integrates creative approaches toward understanding
the essential activities of entrepreneurs in the turbulent healthcare environment. Management is responsible for innovative activities.
Therefore, service provider professionals (i.e., entrepreneurs) must understand the meaning of entrepreneurship. Overall, this study
forms the basis of new developments in healthcare for improving entrepreneurial motivation and innovative work behavior, which
influences individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions [8]. The study provides essential knowledge on entrepreneurship, thus broadening
its scope and nature. This study highlights the notable transformations in the health industry by proposing the need for relevant
entrepreneurial education, traits, and characteristics in accelerating business activities.
In particular, a central feature in promoting modern entrepreneurship is creating a potential perspective. Entrepreneurial mindset
refers to the feeling of self-capability that alleviates an individual’s ability to think creatively and rationally [9]. Entrepreneurial
knowledge allows the individual to establish an entrepreneurial mindset with entrepreneurial intention guiding the future career path.
The entrepreneurial mindset shaped by entrepreneurial education fosters the effect on individual work behavior. An entrepreneur with
high mindfulness will likely exhibit advanced knowledge, skills, and abilities, thus profoundly running business activities [10]. The
findings supporting the theoretical contribution of mindfulness state that developing the entrepreneurial mindset (e.g., knowledge)
stimulates the individual’s cognitive component, eventually leading to effective entrepreneurial behaviour [11].
Considerably, healthcare organizations demand technical knowledge to integrate diverse health information. This demand ap­
preciates including technological knowledge for facilitating healthcare operations. This modern entrepreneurial incorporation en­
courages entrepreneurs to embrace state–of–the–art- healthcare technologies, thus striving for excellence [12]. Entrepreneurship
achieves economic benefits by commercializing the organization’s technological knowledge [13]. The technological knowledge fo­
cuses on broadening entrepreneurial mindfulness (e.g., innovation), potentially making the individual pursue a strategic career by
demonstrating appropriate entrepreneurial behavior.
Subsequently, this concept of entrepreneurship has emerged as a fundamental way of gathering visionary people and potentially
implementing innovative business ideas. This significant notion has motivated entrepreneurs to take necessary actions, giving rise to
novel ventures. Entrepreneurs are the real agents driving the change, significantly leading the business to achieve unique advantages.
Education, experience, and knowledge motivate entrepreneurs to anchor necessary work behavior. As a result, this fundamental
perspective inspires today’s entrepreneurs to deploy resources that assist them in their actions and behavior [14].
Accordingly, early development in entrepreneurship has dominated every business field. In contrast, recent research shows that the
implementation of entrepreneurship in the healthcare industry concerning entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurs’ intentions, and
innovative work behavior are comparatively sluggish compared to other disciplines [15]. Prior studies have identified a gap in the
literature on entrepreneurial intention and innovative work behavior. In this context, a theoretical analysis shows that a limited
number of studies have been conducted in the healthcare sector [16]. However, today, the modern trend of entrepreneurship promotes
shifting the traditional business approaches to new entrepreneurship in healthcare. Hence, this research gap demands developing an
interactive framework, thereby realizing the need for relevant literature on entrepreneurship regarding the health division [17]. In
particular, this study accepts the model of entrepreneurial intention, which leads to innovative work behavior to understand this
concept better. The study aims to highlight the entrepreneurial construct, thus promoting entrepreneurial intention in healthcare
service provider professionals.
This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial education, mindfulness, and technological knowledge. In the
healthcare industry, a favourable work environment is vital to innovation. This study emphasizes the mediating role of innovative
work behaviors and the moderating role of motivation in this regard. Considerably, this study focuses on filling the research gap in the
healthcare sector. It is therefore necessary to fill the research gap by examining the factors that influence entrepreneurial intention in
healthcare organizations. This paper presents implications for future researchers, policymakers, health scholars, and practitioners.

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This research allows professionals to improve healthcare services by significantly realizing the critical need for innovative work
behavior. The study provides the top management and middle healthcare administrators with the essential information for promoting
entrepreneurial intention. As a result, health professionals may be able to exercise the skills they need to perform their duties as
healthcare professionals. Therefore, this study serves as a practical guide for managers and entrepreneurs engaged in business
activities.

2. Theoretical background and hypotheses development

Over the years, numerous factors have widely enhanced entrepreneurs’ intention to perform business activities. Accordingly, this
section proposes a significant theoretical model for examining the direct and indirect relationship between the fundamental concepts.
Section 2 aims to develop practical support for framing the hypotheses in light of the previous academic literature.

2.1. Theory of planned behaviour

A Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) holds that an individual’s attitude is determined by their behavior or intention. Ajzen [18]
reveals that a person’s behavior is derived from multiple factors that improve their intentions. It is widely used to study individual
behavior using the TPB model. According to conventional wisdom, entrepreneurs are born and can succeed without an entrepreneurial
education. It is an underrated statement that entrepreneurial education plays a critical role in entrepreneurship. Seyoum et al. [19]
show that TPB prioritizes entrepreneurial education and enhances the individual’s knowledge, skills, and abilities [20]. Given this, the
prior study shows that entrepreneurial education, educational mindset, and technological knowledge are the key constructs that are
worth inspiring [21] in healthcare. These factors help entrepreneurs learn the behaviors needed to succeed in entrepreneurship. The
effect obtained from entrepreneurship education enhances the entrepreneurial mindset and capabilities that are particularly impor­
tance to gain business experience. Since these competencies are needed for innovation, this study enhances the firms’ knowledge about
these critical entrepreneurial constructs. In particular, this structure is well applied in the context of entrepreneurship. The concept of
entrepreneurship is well-interpreted in different studies under the TPB framework, but this is a unique study that helps individuals
understand the theoretical concepts of entrepreneurship in healthcare.

2.2. Entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention

Entrepreneurial education alludes to the learning activities that encourage the development of individual abilities and skills in
becoming a successful entrepreneur [22]. Entrepreneurial education nurtures the entrepreneurs’ qualities by enriching their future
paths. It assists in achieving goals, ultimately leading individuals to be successful entrepreneurs [23]. Indeed, it fosters the individual’s
learning process by making the entrepreneurs’ qualities accelerate their careers.
Entrepreneurial intention is a critical indicator of entrepreneurial knowledge. Entrepreneurial education is an essential factor
contributing toward enhancing an individual’s objective. Entrepreneurial education goal is to strengthen entrepreneurial intention.
Entrepreneurship learned through training enhances the individual’s personality, abilities, and skills. Given the articulation, the
research shows that entrepreneurial education directly influences business goals by developing necessary entrepreneurial traits in
individuals [24]. The educational training makes the entrepreneur recognize the business opportunities, thereby fostering the en­
trepreneur’s intention. In the illustration, the study reveals that entrepreneurial education improves entrepreneurial intention,
enhancing business activities [25].
Undoubtedly, entrepreneurial education improves the individual ability to conduct business activities. The entrepreneurial
competence acquired by entrepreneurial knowledge significantly influences entrepreneurial intention. Given the explanation, the
study states that, in the healthcare industry, entrepreneurial education affects the entrepreneurs’ self-beliefs and Entrepreneurial
intention [3]. Due to its expanding significance in healthcare, the management should ensure the development of entrepreneurial
education programs to promote creativity and innovation in the healthcare setting. Entrepreneurial education stimulates innovative
ideas and behavior in individuals that are necessary for entrepreneurship. As a result, many health institutes now offer innovative
entrepreneurial training programs to accelerate the rise in entrepreneurial intention among entrepreneurs. Indeed, entrepreneurship
significantly contributes to the literature by developing a favourable relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepre­
neurial intention. Therefore, based on the previous literature, we suggest the following hypothesis.
H1. There is a significant relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention.

2.3. Entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial intention

An entrepreneur’s mindset refers to an individual belief, notions, and knowledge that guides the entrepreneurial activity. The
entrepreneurial mindset assists the understanding process, thus enabling individuals to resolve business problems. This trait is
necessary for overcoming fundamental business challenges, thus helping the individual improve their skillset and abilities. The in­
dividual’s high openess creates value for the organization by driving the firm’s entrepreneurial activities [26]. Entrepreneurial mindset
makes it essential for entrepreneurs to exhibit exceptional entrepreneurial characteristics (i.e., mindfulness), thus stimulating business
activities. In support, the study examining the mindset of South Korean entrepreneurs showed that entrepreneurial traits (e.g.,
innovation, risk-taking, pro-activeness) develop a significant positive correlation with entrepreneurial intention [27].

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An entrepreneurial mindset helps entrepreneurs in bolstering their business activities. Indeed, being a successful entrepreneur
requires the individual to think out of the box to suggest and incorporate innovative business ideas. It fosters entrepreneurial
actions, commitment, and decisions by critically understanding business opportunities. Building a successful business venture
requires a creative mindset. The entrepreneurial mindset is a unique factor that establishes an innovative business environment,
ultimately enhancing entrepreneurial intention. The study shows a positive entrepreneurial mindset improves entrepreneurial
intentions [28].
An entrepreneurial mindset helps in melding down the big idea into a fully functioning business. An entrepreneurial mindset al­
ludes to the individual’s commitment to performing business operations. An entrepreneurial mindset explains the individual’s
inclination towards achieving the business objective [29]. Given the statement, the research reveals that an entrepreneurial mindset
advances the passion in individuals for starting a new venture, thus achieving the business goal [30]. The entrepreneurial mindset
inspires entrepreneurs to boost their odds of gaining entrepreneurial objectives. Fundamentally, this factor makes a remarkable dif­
ference in leveraging entrepreneurial activities and enhancing entrepreneurial intention [31]. Consequently, based on the prior
studies, the hypothesis formulated suggest.
H2. There is a significant relationship between entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial intention.

2.4. Technological knowledge and entrepreneurial intention

Over the years, the progressing digital trend involving advanced technologies has called upon the need for integrated technological
knowledge. Rapid technological advancement has profoundly altered business activities, potentially shaping entrepreneurial practices
through novel IT solutions. Essentially, this modern technological paradigm has vigorously modified entrepreneurial activities [32],
thus making this modernized invention enhance entrepreneurial intention.
Undoubtedly, information technology is the most popular industry that has significantly included entrepreneurship in accelerating
business activities. Recently, entrepreneurs have started using IT tools and knowledge to create value for businesses. Technological
knowledge equips entrepreneurs with innovative information about digital technologies (e.g., devices, software, applications). The
increased technological knowledge encourages entrepreneurs to adopt innovative digital approaches, thus driving entrepreneurial
intention. Technological knowledge in entrepreneurship demonstrates the entrepreneur’s ability to promote innovative start-ups,
subsequently making digital advancements in commercializing business activities [33]. In support, the research states that techno­
logical knowledge accelerates business operations [34], potentially propelling digital information to boost entrepreneurs’ intentions.
Integrating technical knowledge creates value for the entrepreneurs, thus leading the venture to explore strategic market oppor­
tunities [35]. Technology knowledge equipped with entrepreneurial competencies is crucial in improving entrepreneurial intention.
Therefore, the progress of advanced technologies in entrepreneurship has made technical knowledge the core component, influencing
entrepreneurial intention and abilities. Hence, the hypothesis concludes a profound relationship between technological knowledge
and entrepreneurial intention.
H3. There is a significant relationship between technological knowledge and entrepreneurial intention

2.5. The mediating role of innovative work behavior

2.5.1. Entrepreneurial education and innovative work behavior

Innovative work behaviour is a complex phenomenon that refers to the individual’s behaviour that emerges from creative ideas.
The technological advancements influencing organizations and societies have structured the need for innovation. Innovation affects
individuals’ work behavior, thus leading innovative work behavior to play a significant role in enhancing the competitive work
environment [36].
Innovation is the crucial driver of entrepreneurship. Besides the influence of innovation on work structure, the learning culture also
facilitates the implementation of novel ideas in the work setting. Entrepreneurial education harnesses the need for innovation, a vital
component of entrepreneurial progress. Entrepreneurial education enhances the entrepreneurs’ skill sets and abilities, thus leading to
knowledge to fortify the value system (i.e., innovation) [37]. At present, innovation-driven development demands entrepreneurial
education to assist entrepreneurial training activities. Entrepreneurial education influences the individual’s attitude and work
intention towards entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial education requires individuals to develop entrepreneurial capabilities. Thus,
building knowledge to implement skills improves the individual’s ability to exhibit innovative work behaviour [25]. Consequently, the
literature prepares the following hypothesis.
H4. There is a significant relationship between entrepreneurial education and innovative work behavior.

2.5.2. Entrepreneurial mindset and innovative work behavior

Entrepreneurial innovation fosters business growth by generating value through nurturing business processes, concepts, and ser­
vices. In entrepreneurship, the innovation process improves the work by encouraging the deployment of entrepreneurial skills and
abilities, thus maximizing the business output. Throughout the decades, the role of entrepreneurs’ mindset in entrepreneurship has
evolved substantially. The entrepreneurial mindset is a profound cognitive phenomenon that guides business activities [38]. An
entrepreneurial mindset helps conceptualize the business environment, thus supporting entrepreneurial pursuit. Indeed, in today’s
business environment, innovative work behaviour rigorously responds to market changes (e.g., demands and technologies).

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Individuals with a high mindset adopt techniques and tools to exhibit innovative work behavior. It encourages entrepreneurs to
employ innovation at work. Due to the expanding benefits of innovative work behavior, entrepreneurs have encouraged a logical
mindset for facilitating entrepreneurial activities [39].
In particular, this fundamental term refers to creating innovative ideas for promoting innovative work behavior. An entrepreneurial
mindset fosters the individual’s thought process by leveraging the business to adopt novel ideas for obtaining advanced outputs. In
today’s economy, opportunities are rapidly evolving, thus making the individual’s mindset a critical aspect in guiding the entrepre­
neurs’ behaviors. An entrepreneur is a person who identifies business opportunities. The new ideas initiated from the entrepreneurial
mindset enable individuals to exhibit innovative work behavior. The entrepreneurial mindset is a lens to identify the strategic
advantage. Entrepreneurial mindset assists entrepreneurs in decision-making, thus encouraging them to take necessary action to gain
business progress. Entrepreneurial behavior ensures venture development [40], subsequently making the entrepreneurial mindset
innovate, identify, and evaluate business opportunities [41]. An appropriate mindset indicates taking necessary actions to exhibit
innovative work behaviour. Hence, the hypothesis concludes.
H5. A significant relationship exists between an entrepreneurial mindset and innovative work behavior.

2.5.3. Technological knowledge and innovative work behavior

In today’s world of inevitable changes, complying with the increasing customer demand through innovation has become a pro­
found concern of entrepreneurs. Innovative work behavior generates customer value by encouraging employees to benefit from
advanced technological advancements and developments. Innovative work behavior ensures the implementation of new technologies
and ideas. Given the statement, the study indicates that high-tech learning reflected in the entrepreneurs’ knowledge stimulates
innovative work behavior [42].
Technological knowledge forms a significant entrepreneurial resource, increasing the readiness for innovative work behavior. In
the illustration, the study shows that technological motivators (e.g., knowledge, innovation) enhance work behaviour at the workplace
[43]. Recently, numerous studies have emphasized the significance of increased technical knowledge and its link to innovative work
behavior. Technology enhances entrepreneurship innovation, resulting in an increased level of innovative behavior among entre­
preneurs [44]. In organizations, using technical knowledge among employees leads to significant value creation. Indeed, technical
knowledge fosters the organizations’ creativity and innovation by inputting knowledge to ensure the innovative work behavior.
Accordingly, the hypothesis was developed in light of the prior literature.
H6. There is a significant relationship between technological knowledge and innovative work behavior.

2.5.4. Innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention

Over the years, entrepreneurs have remained in the limelight for leading the entrepreneurial ability to showcase the best entre­
preneurial behavior. The Innovative work behavior intrigues the researchers seeking to understand the relationship between the
innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention. The intention to take action largely depends on individual behavior.
Entrepreneurial intention is the most effective phenomenon to pursue. The entrepreneurial intention to start a new business venture
requires boosting creativity to exhibit innovative work behavior. The behavioural approach requires the entrepreneurs to add sig­
nificant value to the venture formation, thereby establishing a positive link between innovative behavior and entrepreneurial
intention. Innovative work behavior is a strong indicator of entrepreneurial intention. According to the study, innovative work
behavior is positively correlated with entrepreneurial intent [45].
Furthermore, Entrepreneurs play a crucial role in influencing employees’ behaviors. Entrepreneurs’ behavioural tendencies in­
crease the individual’s passion for work, thus stimulating innovative work behaviors as positive consequences of entrepreneurial
intention. Entrepreneurs encourage their followers to perform activities showcasing proactive work behavior [46]. It has been shown
that entrepreneurial activity is positively influenced by the prospect of innovation in order to promote innovative work behavior [46].
H7. Entrepreneurial intention is significantly correlated with innovative work behavior.
An individual’s intentions are the most important determinants of their behaviour [47]. Entrepreneurial education enhances
entrepreneurial intention in entrepreneurship, leading individuals to display highly innovative work behavior. In the present entre­
preneurial scenario, innovative work behavior is the most influential cause affecting entrepreneurial intention [45]. Entrepreneurial
education enables the organizational members to realize the value of the innovative learning process, influencing work behavior.
Educational learning modifies the entrepreneurial dynamics, driving innovative work behavior to increase entrepreneurial intention.
Innovative work behavior ensures the implementation of entrepreneurial education in strengthening entrepreneurial intention. The
study supports that entrepreneurial education accelerates innovation, thus promoting meaningful actions [37]. In particular,
comprehensive entrepreneurial learning strengthens the individual ability to exhibit innovative work behavior, thus increasing the
entrepreneurs’ intention. Therefore, the literature suggests recognizing the need to understand the importance of entrepreneurial
education and innovative work behavior for improving entrepreneurial intention.
Furthermore, an entrepreneurial mindset empowers the individual to generate innovative ideas and actions for pursuing strategic
business opportunities. The entrepreneurial mindset allows individuals to modify actions by tapping into creative thoughts. The
mental perspective in entrepreneurship encourages individuals (e.g., followers, employees, entrepreneurs) to innovate by digging into
the entrepreneurial mindset [39]. In particular, the entrepreneurial mindset is critical in framing and influencing an individual’s
behavior. The individual’s high mindfulness (e.g., cognitive component) facilitates innovative work behavior [48], ultimately
improving entrepreneurial intention. Innovative work behavior, driven by mental knowledge, leads the individual to guide work

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behavior by promoting entrepreneurial actions. Indeed, entrepreneurial intention connects the cognitive aspect of entrepreneurship
with the behavioural perspective. In illustrating this notion, the study states that high entrepreneurial intention refers to the individual
willingness to showcase innovative work behavior [49]. Subsequently, the literature shows that innovative work behavior significantly
mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention, with entrepreneurial intention crucially
predicting work behavior.
Moreover, innovation is a prime element driving knowledge-based behaviors [50]. Technological knowledge applied in the
entrepreneurial setting guides the innovation process. This technical development in entrepreneurship helps implement the new
knowledge, thus enhancing individual work behavior. The changing dynamics from traditional technological tools to high-tech
learning have fundamentally supported innovative work behavior promotion techniques. In particular, the technological paradigm
has broadened the human mind with technical knowledge influencing entrepreneurial intention. Given the articulation, the study
states that entrepreneurs’ positive behavior reinforced by technological knowledge significantly stimulates entrepreneurial intention
[51]. Therefore, due to the increasing significance of technological knowledge in today’s world, entrepreneurs must understand the
benefit of new technologies for adjusting to changing work behaviors. Hence, based on the previous reviews, we have formulated the
hypothesis as follows.
H8. Innovative work behavior significantly mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial
intention.
H9. Innovative work behavior significantly mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial
intention.
H10. Innovative work behavior significantly mediates the relationship between technological knowledge and entrepreneurial
intention.

2.6. The moderating role of entrepreneurial motivation

Over the past decades, the importance of innovative work behavior in motivational research has gained remarkable attention in
entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial motivation drives individual behavior according to entrepreneurial motives. The entrepreneurial
intention (i.e., decisions) largely depends on the individual’s behavior, which is the potential outcome of intrinsic motivation.
Entrepreneurial motivation boosts innovative work behavior in start-ups, thus improving the entrepreneurs’ intentions. The research
indicates that entrepreneurial motivation significantly influences entrepreneurial intention [52].
Entrepreneurial motivation is a strategic tool for enhancing entrepreneurial intention. The conceptual model of entrepreneurial
intention illustrates the need to develop entrepreneurial motivation for achieving favourable outcomes (i.e., innovative work
behavior) [53]. Entrepreneurial motivators are intrinsic, stimulating innovative work behaviour to acquire the business goal. In

Fig. 1. Conceptual framework.

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entrepreneurship, the individual must achieve a high level of entrepreneurial motivation to foster the organization’s work behavior.
The increasing entrepreneurial motivation makes the work meaningful, thus significantly displaying innovative work behavior.
Entrepreneurial motivation correlated with innovative work behavior enhances entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial motivation
develops a strong link between entrepreneurial-induced action. Entrepreneurial motivation originated from individual cognition and is
strongly connected with entrepreneurial intention and work behavior. The favourable motivation configuration theoretically con­
tributes toward enhancing sustainable employment [54] and entrepreneurial behavioural development. In this perspective, the study
states that entrepreneurial motivation guides individual behavior, ultimately fostering the behavior into a favourable action [55].
Entrepreneurial motivation maximizes the individual willingness to take necessary actions [56]. In business, focusing on the role of
entrepreneurial motivation makes the individual understand entrepreneurial work behavior. In the entrepreneurial world, motivation
drives toward achieving business goals. Entrepreneurial motivation and innovative work behavior enable the rational motivation
model, suggesting developing entrepreneurial motives to shape work behavior, eventually fostering the entrepreneurial intention to
act [57]. Entrepreneurial motivation stimulates entrepreneurial activities, encouraging individuals to show innovative work behavior.
Indeed, entrepreneurial motivation influences work behavior, ultimately accelerating the positive impact on entrepreneurial intention.
H11. Entrepreneurial motivation significantly moderates the relationship between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial
intention.
Therefore, based on the previous literature, the hypothesises are proposed in Fig. 1.

3. Methodology

The study’s objectives were examined based on positivism philosophy and deductive reasoning using general to specific arguments
to reach the results. A variety of enterprise sizes were specifically targeted for our study, including micros, small businesses, medium-
sized businesses, and large businesses. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurial intentions among employees
across a variety of organizational contexts, a diverse sampling approach was adopted. The study adopted a quantitative and convenient
sampling method to collect the data from the healthcare firms in the four big cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Rawalpindi, Lahore, and
Faisalabad). In this study, we selected medical service providers and pharmaceutical and medical equipment manufacturing com­
panies. The data was collected from middle and senior-level managers of the target firms. In total, 650 questionnaires were distributed
among the study participants, and 560 questionnaires were received. For data analysis, 529 questionnaires were used in this study. The
study used the 5-point Likert scale to measure the constructs’ items. The data analysis was conducted using the Smart PLS software,
specifically version 4.0.9.6. A structural equation model (SEM) was utilized to validate the model’s reliability and internal validity. As
a further step, PLS-SEM was used in order to test the hypotheses related to the study variables.
In this study, 529 useful questionnaires were collected from the study participants; 286 useful questionnaires were gathered from
the males (50.7 %) and 261 from the females (49.3 %). Hence, the study sample is dominated almost equally by male and female. An
age question was posed to the respondents. As a result, 136 (25.7 %) had 25 thru 35 years old, 269 (50.9 %) of them had 36 thru 45
years old, and 99 (23.4 %) of respondents had 46 thru 55 years old. In specifying their marital status, 391 (73.9 %) were married, while
138 (26.1 %) were single (see Table 1).

3.1. Measurement items

The study adopted the six items measurement scale of entrepreneurial intention from the study of Linan and Chen [47], and

Table 1
Participants’ demographic.
Frequency (N = 529) (%)

Gender
Male 268 50.7
Female 261 49.3
Age
25–35 136 25.7
36–45 269 50.9
46–55 99 23.4
Over 55 25
Marital Status
Single 138 26.1
Married 391 73.9
Job Position
Middle- Level Manager 312 58.98
Senior Level Manager 194 36.73
Director/other Senior Position 23 4.29
Type of Business
Medical Services Provider 167 31.56
Medical Equipment Manufacturing 140 26.48
Pharmaceutical Company 222 41.98

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innovative work behaviour was measured on the 15-item scale adopted from the studies of Janssen [58], Kleysen and Street [59], Scott
and Bruce [60]. Mukhtar et al. [61] six-item scale was used to measure the entrepreneurial mindset. Hosseini and Kamal [62] 11-item
scale was used to measure technological knowledge construct. Entrepreneurial motivation six-item scale was taken from the study of
Hermans [63] while entrepreneurial education was assessed on the 6- items scale adopted from the study of Smith [64].

4. Results

In Table 2, the reliability and validity of the constructs are presented. In order to achieve a reliable and valid result, the loading
value needs to be greater than 0.50 [65]. Loading values determine reliability and validity [66]. It was determined that the dataset has
satisfactory results ranging from 0.637 (for InWbeh_11) to 0.812 (for EntMds_2) in accordance with the threshold value. The Cron­
bach’s alpha and CR threshold should be > 0.70 [67]. As shown in this dataset, all Cronbach’s alpha values were greater than the
threshold, varying between 0.861 and 0.941, as suggested by Nunnally [68]. It is also recommended to have an average variance
extracted (AVE) value greater than 0.50.
Table 3 displays the inter-correlations between the variables ranging from 0.307 (entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial

Table 2
Reliability & validity analysis.
Construct Items Loading α CR AVE

Entrepreneurial Education EntEdu_1 0.723 0.861 0.860 0.507

EntEdu_2 0.732
EntEdu_3 0.664
EntEdu_4 0.730
EntEdu_5 0.723
EntEdu_6 0.698
Entrepreneurial Mind EntMds_1 0.651 0.865 0.864 0.516
EntMds_2 0.812
EntMds_3 0.763
EntMds_4 0.647
EntMds_5 0.697
EntMds_6 0.727
Technological Knowledge TchKnw_1 0.697 0.921 0.921 0.514
TchKnw_2 0.692
TchKnw_3 0.726
TchKnw_4 0.750
TchKnw_5 0.767
TchKnw_6 0.657
TchKnw_7 0.766
TchKnw_8 0.717
TchKnw_9 0.714
TchKnw_10 0.720
TchKnw_11 0.667
Innovative work behavior InWbeh_1 0.675 0.941 0.941 0.517
InWbeh_2 0.703
InWbeh_3 0.665
InWbeh_4 0.699
InWbeh_5 0.771
InWbeh_6 0.742
InWbeh_7 0.736
InWbeh_8 0.740
InWbeh_9 0.750
InWbeh_10 0.730
InWbeh_11 0.637
InWbeh_12 0.757
InWbeh_13 0.683
InWbeh_14 0.756
InWbeh_15 0.728
Entrepreneurial Motivation EntMot_1 0.794 0.874 0.874 0.536
EntMot_2 0.734
EntMot_3 0.684
EntMot_4 0.745
EntMot_5 0.683
EntMot_6 0.748
Entrepreneurial intention EntInt_1 0.786 0.889 0.889 0.572
EntInt_2 0.709
EntInt_3 0.771
EntInt_4 0.745
EntInt_5 0.775
EntInt_6 0.750

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intention) and 0.649 (entrepreneurial motivation and innovative work behavior). These values were lower than the threshold of 0.85
[69]. As illustrated in Table 3, the AVE analysis showed that each latent construct measurement was completely discriminatory [70].
According to Table 4, all latent constructs had HTMT values less than 0.90., ranging between 0.307 (HTMT among entrepreneurial
motivation and entrepreneurial intention) and 0.648 (HTMT among entrepreneurial motivation and innovative work behavior).
Table 5 demonstrates that all of the latent constructs’ VIF values were less than 3.3., ranging between 1.528 (VIF between
entrepreneurial mind and innovative work behavior) and 2.750 (VIF between interaction term of Motivation * Innovative work
behavior and Entrepreneurial intention). Therefore, the model can be considered free of common method bias and collinearity [71].
The measurement model is illustrated in Fig. 2. Items were illustrated in rectangle shapes while latent constructs were shown in
circle shapes. A construct’s factor loadings are represented by the values on its paths between items and constructs. Cronbach Alpha is
represented by the values within the latent construct.
Table 6 presents the direct and indirect relationships between variables that measured the significance level by p-value should be
less than 0.05. However, hypotheses from H1 to H7 are supported in this study. H1 proposed that entrepreneurial education has a
significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. In the study’s results, β = 0.183, t = 2.544 should be higher than 1.96, and the
p-value is less than 0.05, indicating that H1 is accepted according to the threshold values. In this study, H2 proposed that an entre­
preneurial mindset positively relates to entrepreneurial intention. The results discovered that β = 0.156, sowing a positive association,
and t = 2.363 is higher than 1.96. while the p-value is less than 0.05, indicating that H2 is accepted. According to the study, H3
proposes that technological knowledge has a significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. The findings β = 0.182, t-value =
2.448 is higher than 1.96, and the significant level meets the threshold criteria is less than 0.05, so H3 is accepted. Further, H4
proposed entrepreneurial education is significantly associated with innovative work behavior. The findings indicated that β = 0.229, t
= 4.271 higher than 1.96 and p-value less than 0.05; H4 is supported.
Moreover, H5 proposed that an entrepreneurial mindset significantly relates to innovative work behavior. The H5 is accepted with
β = 0.269, t = 5.486, while the p-value is less than 0.05; hence, H5 is accepted. The study proposed the H6 that Technological
knowledge has a significant relation with innovative work behavior. The results confirmed that β = 0.255 t = 5.195, which shows the t-
value is higher than 1.96 and the p-value is less than 0.05. The study has found the desired results with acceptance of H6. Furthermore,
The H7 proposed that innovative work behavior has a significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. The results affirmed that
β = 0.584 t = 7.115 and the P-value is less than 0.05, so H7 is supported.
Table 7 shows that all hypothesized mediation effects paths with p-values less than 0.05 were statistically significant. Therefore, all
hypotheses H8 through H10 were supported. In Hypothesis H8, the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepre­
neurial intention is mediated by innovative work behaviors.
As shown in Table 7, the result of Bootstrapping indicated that the indirect effect of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial
intention through innovative work behavior was positive and statistically significant at 0.001 level; β = 0.134, T-value = 3.823, p <
0.001. As Table 6 indicates that entrepreneurial education has a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention and that innovative
work behavior partially mediates this relationship. Therefore, hypothesis H8 was confirmed.
According to hypothesis H9, innovative work behavior mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial mindset and entre­
preneurial intention. Based on the results of Bootstrapping, it was found that entrepreneurial mindset had an indirect positive and
statistically significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions through innovative work behaviors at 0.001 level; β = 0.157, T-value =
4.490, p < 0.001. The results of this study indicate that innovative work behavior partially mediates the relationship between
entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial intention. In light of this, hypothesis H9 was supported.
According to hypothesis H10, technological knowledge is associated with entrepreneurial intention through innovative work
behavior. Based on the results of Bootstrapping, it appears that the indirect effect of technological knowledge on entrepreneurial
intention was positive and statistically significant at 0.001 level; β = 0.149, t-value = 4.452, p < 0.001. The significant relationship
between technological knowledge and entrepreneurial intention was partially mediated by innovative work behavior. Thus, hy­
pothesis H10 was supported.
Fig. 3 illustrates the results of the path analysis in the graphed structural model. The path values between variables show the
standardized coefficient of the direct effects.
H11: Motivation plays a moderating role between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention.
As shown in Table 8, the interaction term of Motivation * innovative work behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intention was
significant at level 0.05; β = 0.140, T-value = 3.431, p < 0.01. Bootstrapping results indicates that the effect of Innovative work
behavior on Entrepreneurial intention is positively significant and strong in the high level of Motivation (+1 Std Dev, β = 0.781; Error
= 0.068, 95 % confidence interval CI is 0.647 and 0.915), positively significant and moderate in the medium level of Motivation

Table 3
Fornel Larcker- Discriminant validity analysis.
Constructs 1 2 3 4 5 6

Entrepreneurial Education 0.712

Entrepreneurial intention 0.540 0.756
Entrepreneurial Mind 0.523 0.520 0.719
Entrepreneurial Motivation 0.363 0.307 0.347 0.732
Innovative work behavior 0.509 0.636 0.518 0.649 0.719
Technological Knowledge 0.550 0.546 0.512 0.343 0.518 0.717

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Table 4
Discriminant validity analysis (HTMT).
Constructs 1 2 3 4 5 6

Entrepreneurial Education
Entrepreneurial intention 0.539
Entrepreneurial Mind 0.521 0.518
Entrepreneurial Motivation 0.364 0.307 0.346
Innovative work behavior 0.507 0.635 0.516 0.648
Technological Knowledge 0.548 0.545 0.512 0.343 0.516

Table 5
Variance influence factor (VIF).
Constructs EntEdu EntInt EntMds EntMot InWbeh Moderating Effect InWbeh * EntMot TchKnw

Entrepreneurial Education 1.705 1.616

Entrepreneurial intention
Entrepreneurial Mind 1.662 1.528
Entrepreneurial Motivation 2.441
Innovative work behavior 2.602
Moderating Effect InWbeh * EntMot 2.75
Technological Knowledge 1.697 1.591

Fig. 2. Measurement model.

(Mean, β = 0.699; Error = 0.048, 95 % confidence interval CI is 0.605 and 0.793) and positively significant and weak in the low level of
Motivation (− 1 Std Dev, β = 0.617; Error = 0.045, 95 % confidence interval CI is 0.529 and 0.706). The 95 % Boot CI Bias Corrected
did not straddle a 0 in between, indicating there would be a significant effect from Innovative work behavior on Entrepreneurial
intention in all three high, medium, and low levels of Motivation as moderating variables.
It showed that motivation moderates the relationship between Innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention. In other
words, the stronger motivation would strengthen the positive relationship between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial
intention. All these results provide support for H11. Figure 4 demonstrates the moderating effect of motivation on the relationship

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Table 6
Direct hypotheses results.
Direct β SE T-Value P-Value

Hypothesis

H1 EntEdu → EntInt 0.183 0.072 2.544 *

H2 EntMds → EntInt 0.156 0.066 2.363 *
H3 TchKnw → EntInt 0.182 0.074 2.448 *
H4 EntEdu → InWbeh 0.229 0.054 4.271 ***
H5 EntMds → InWbeh 0.269 0.049 5.486 ***
H6 TchKnw → InWbeh 0.255 0.049 5.195 ***
H7 InWbeh → EntInt 0.584 0.082 7.115 ***

Table 7
Mediation hypotheses effect.
Mediation Hypothesis β SE T-Value P-Value

H8 EntEdu → InWbeh → EntInt 0.134 0.035 3.823 ***

H9 EntMds → InWbeh → EntInt 0.157 0.035 4.490 ***
H10 TchKnw → InWbeh → EntInt 0.149 0.033 4.452 ***

*Indicates significant paths: ***p < 0.001.

Fig. 3. Graphical representation of the structural model.

between Innovative work behavior as an independent and entrepreneurial intention as a dependent variable.
Fig. 4 shows the interaction plot unveiled that the three lines showed a positive association between innovative work behavior and
entrepreneurial intention. The three lines weren’t parallel, suggesting that the current study’s moderating effect was present. Though,
the relationship was steepest and thus greatest for the high level of motivation (green line) compared to the medium (red line) and low
(blue line) level of motivation. The relationship for a medium level of motivation (red line) was also steeper than the relationship for a

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Table 8
Moderation analysis.
Moderating Effect β SE T-Value P- Value

H11 Moderating Effect InWbeh * EntMot → EntInt 0.14 0.041 3.431 **

Conditional Effect rowhead
Moderation Level Effects Boot SE LLCI ULCI
+1 Std Dev 0.781*** 0.068 0.647 0.915
Mean 0.699*** 0.048 0.605 0.793
− 1 Std Dev 0.617*** 0.045 0.529 0.706

**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.00.

Fig. 4. Demonstration of the interaction effect.

low level of motivation (blue line). The results confirmed H11 on the positive moderating role of motivation played for the positive
relationship between Innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention. This indicates that with the increase in the level of
motivation as a moderator, the impact of Innovative work behavior as an independent variable on entrepreneurial intention as a
dependent variable will increase.
Table 9 shows the value of R2, which is the proportion of the dependent variable’s variance that its predictors can explain. The R2
value for entrepreneurial intention and innovative work behavior as two dependent variables in the research model was 0.547 and
0.384, respectively. This shows, for example, 57.4 % of variations in the entrepreneurial intention are explained by its four predictors
(i.e., entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial mindset, technological knowledge, and innovative work behavior). The study results
showed that study R2 values meet the basic cut-off criteria (0.30) suggested by Zhang et al. [72].
The value of Q2 represents cross-validated redundancy. In this study, the value of Q2 for entrepreneurial intention and innovative
work behavior was 0.290 and 0.186, respectively. These values are greater than 0, meaning the current study model has good rele­
vance [73].

Table 9
Quality criteria.
Latent variables R2Adj Q2 F2

EntInt 0.547 0.290

InWbeh 0.384 0.186
EntEdu→EntInt (H1) Small 0.044
EntEdu→InWbeh (H4) Small 0.053
EntMds→EntInt (H2) Small 0.033
EntMot→EntInt (no effect size) 0.005
InWbeh→EntInt (H7) Medium 0.293
Mod Effect InWbeh * EntMot→EntInt (H11) Small 0.048
TchKnw→EntInt (H3) Small 0.044
EntMds→InWbeh (H5) Small 0.077
TchKnw→InWbeh (H6) Small 0.067

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D.D. Bhatta et al. Heliyon 10 (2024) e24678

Carte and Russell [74] stated that there would be no effect size if the F2 value is below 0.02. The size effect will be small for the F2
value, which ranges from 0.02 to 0.15, but if the F2 value is within 0.15–0.35, then the size effect will be medium. Therefore, there is no
effect size from motivation on entrepreneurial intention (F2 = 0.005). The effects of entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial
mindset, and technological knowledge on entrepreneurial intention and innovative work behavior (i.e., F2 = 0.044, 0.033, 0.044,
0.053, 0.077 and 0.067 for H1 thru H6, respectively), as well as the effect of interaction term of Motivation * Innovative work behavior
(i.e., F2 = 0.048 for H11), had small effect size. In contrast, the effect size of Innovative work behavior on Entrepreneurial intention
was considered as a medium because of having F2 equal to 0.293.
Fig. 5 displays the outcomes of the path analysis in the graph’s structural model. The values of F2 are shown on the paths between
constructs. The adjusted R2 values are presented inside the dependent latent construct.

5. Discussion

The study aims to ascertain the effects of entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial mindset, and technological knowledge on
innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention. This study discusses the factors influencing entrepreneurial intention under
the theory of planned behavior. It shows that to understand the entrepreneur’s intentions, one needs to have adequate entrepreneurial
education. Entrepreneurship education fosters individual entrepreneurial intentions [19]. It enhances the individual’s capabilities,
knowledge, and skill sets, which allows entrepreneurs to put their ideas into practice [20]. Entrepreneurial education accelerates the
entrepreneurs’ learning, thus inspiring them to form entrepreneurial intentions. With this, under the assessment of the theory of
planned behavior, our study also found a correlation between the entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial intention. It is
imperative to understand that unsuccessful entrepreneurship is the result of a weak entrepreneurial mindset [75]. Therefore, the
entrepreneurial mindset should be supported with technological knowledge and cognitive phenomenon, particularly to develop the
foundation of entrepreneurial intention [76].
As congruent to the prior findings, our study shows that the entrepreneurial mindset alters one’s perception of starting a business, a
key concept of the perceived planned behavior [77]. Also, our study showed a positive relationship between technological knowledge
and entrepreneurial intention. The technological knowledge driving the entrepreneurial intention is a comprehensive capability of the
enterprises that promote their behavior [78]. With the greater need for entrepreneurial knowledge [21], innovative work behavior and
entrepreneurial intentions have made healthcare firms innovative regularly by inspiring entrepreneurs to build entrepreneurial

Fig. 5. Graphical representation of R2 & F.2.

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D.D. Bhatta et al. Heliyon 10 (2024) e24678

intentions [53].
Based on the results of the study, H1 is accepted, and entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention are significant
corelated. The study is consistent with entrepreneurial education enhancing the entrepreneurs’ skill sets and abilities, thus leading to
knowledge to fortify the value system (i.e., innovation) [37]. H2 is accepted in this study, and there is a significant relationship be­
tween entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial intentions; the results are aligned with previous literature that entrepreneurial
mindset helps in melding down the big idea into a fully functioning business and explains the individual’s inclination towards
achieving the business objective [39]. Hypothesis H3 is accepted with a significant relationship between technological knowledge and
entrepreneurial intention, and results aligned with the integration of technical knowledge create value for the entrepreneurs, thus
leading the venture to explore strategic market opportunities [35]. Hypothesis H4 supports a significant relationship between
entrepreneurial education and innovative work behavior that the study matched with building knowledge to implement skills.
Entrepreneurial education improves individuals’ ability to exhibit innovative work behavior [25].
Further, hypothesis H5 supports the idea that there is a significant relationship between an entrepreneurial mindset and innovative
work behavior. Individuals with a high mindset adopt techniques and tools needed to exhibit innovative work behavior. It encourages
entrepreneurs to employ innovation at work [39]. Hypothesis H6 states a significant relationship between technological knowledge
and innovative work behavior. The study supported the idea that high-tech learning reflected in the entrepreneurs’ knowledge
stimulates innovative work behavior [79].
Moreover, hypothesis H7 accepted that there is a significant relationship between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial
intention and aligned with a previous study that innovative work behavior is a strong indicator of entrepreneurial intention and a
positive relationship between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention [45]. Hypothesis H8 shows the relationship
between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention mediated by innovative work behavior. It is supported by the fact
that entrepreneurial education accelerates innovation, thus promoting meaningful actions [45]. Hypothesis H9 shows the relationship
between an entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial intention mediated by innovative work behavior. Based on the results of this
study, an entrepreneurial mindset appears to be critical in influencing an individual’s behavior. The individual’s high mindfulness (e.
g., cognitive component) facilitates innovative work behavior and ultimately improves entrepreneurial intention [37]. Hypothesis H10
shows the relationship between technological knowledge and entrepreneurial intention mediated by innovative work behavior. The
results supported by entrepreneurs’ positive behavior reinforced by technological knowledge stimulate entrepreneurial intention [51].
Hypothesis 11 shows that relationship between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention moderated by entrepreneurial
motivation and supported by the previous study that entrepreneurial motivation and innovative work behavior together enable the
rational model of motivation suggests developing entrepreneurial motives to shape the work behavior, eventually fostering the
entrepreneurial intention to act [57].

5.1. Theoretical implications

Entrepreneurship is an effective way of commercializing individual intention. In recent years, by seeking entrepreneurial educa­
tion, mindset, and knowledge, businesses have fostered entrepreneurial intentions. Business skills and knowledge influence one
mindset. The results showed that different entrepreneurial construct inspires individual entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore,
adopting the model of these factors is vital for seeking positive change in healthcare. These entrepreneurial sensations open numerous
opportunities for new entrepreneurs. As a result, future researchers should take an interest in entrepreneurship construct to get fruitful
entrepreneurial outcomes. It is advised that they should understand the broad potential of the entrepreneurial market.
The current study encourages worldwide scholars, professionals, researchers, and academic writers to cultivate their responsibility
in developing research that strengthens a strong sense of entrepreneurship in individuals. Future researchers should shape their
findings in favour of these constructs. By proposing a theoretical perspective, they can expand the knowledge of entrepreneurship in
both developed and underdeveloped markets. That will help entrepreneurs to gain new skills and values for starting and managing
their businesses. Altogether, the researcher’s efforts will be highly appreciated in understanding the role of different factors influ­
encing entrepreneurial intentions.

5.2. Study practical implications

The entrepreneurial trend in the healthcare field has been under discussion. The study highlights the notable transformations in the
healthcare industry by proposing the need for relevant entrepreneurial education, traits, and characteristics in accelerating business
activities. This study is helpful for managers and practitioners in executing effective strategies for innovation in healthcare companies.
The study has explored the drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in depth through the mediated moderated model. The study findings
have enriched the previous literature by showing the positive relationship among the variables.
Hence, in this regard, the study presents practical implications for managers and practitioners. Individuals (i.e., entrepreneurs,
organizations, policymakers, practitioners, and governments) should be aware of the inspiring role of entrepreneurial education,
entrepreneurial mindset, and technological knowledge in entrepreneurial intention. Firms are advised to encourage their employees to
form an entrepreneurial mindset. The firms must provide employees with the necessary skills and resources to develop an entrepre­
neurial mindset. They should support and encourage the employees to be innovative and entrepreneurial. Sometimes, entrepreneurs
may lack the diverse practical skillset needed for innovation. The entrepreneurial role of employees must be included at all operational
levels to increase innovative and creative work behaviors. The changes in promoting innovative work behavior demand that firms raise
entrepreneurial education. That makes the development of skills and knowledge essential. It is to understand that entrepreneurs gain

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D.D. Bhatta et al. Heliyon 10 (2024) e24678

characteristics, abilities, and technological skills through training and education. An entrepreneur may conduct training programs to
assess the employees’ self-capacity. These programs can include the vocational skills and knowledge vital to leverage a new venture.
That will help the firms to foster entrepreneurial activities. However, as entrepreneurial awareness, motivation, and knowledge offer
numerous advantages to businesses, it is suggested that governments should support and commercialize the entrepreneur’s business
ideas. They should provide them incentives, thus raising their entrepreneurial intentions.

5.3. Study contributions

First, this study contributes to a literature review of organizational dynamics in the entrepreneurial activities of healthcare em­
ployees. Secondly, the study also revealed innovative organizational dynamics in creating a favourable entrepreneurial environment.
In addition, it clarifies how the leader’s entrepreneurial motivation influences the employee’s innovativeness and encourages them to
pursue entrepreneurial endeavors in the healthcare sector. In addition, it promotes innovative, proactive behavior and initiatives of
employees. Policymakers in both developed and developing countries, especially Pakistan, may benefit from the study results in
developing strategies for entrepreneurs.

6. Conclusion

According to the study, entrepreneurial education is associated with entrepreneurial mindset, technology knowledge, and entre­
preneurial intentions in a positive and significant way. Further, innovative work behavior significantly mediates between entrepre­
neurial education, entrepreneurial mindset, technological knowledge, and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial motivation has a
moderating effect between innovative work behavior and entrepreneurial intention among senior-level employees working in different
firms in the healthcare sector.

6.1. Limitations and future research directions

The study has several implications but also some limitations. Firstly, the sample size is limited to one geographical area (i.e.,
Pakistan). Therefore, future studies can be performed in other countries such as Romania, China, etc. With this, the current study lacks
generalized outcomes. The study only focuses on a single industry, which is healthcare. So, future studies are expected to cover
different sectors, such as manufacturing, construction, food, and beverages, to widen the scope of the study. Also, the study explores
limited variables as moderators. Therefore, to overcome this deficiency, future researchers can include other variables, such as
entrepreneurial self-efficacy, performance entrepreneurial actions, etc. That will help the researchers to understand the entrepre­
neurial phenomenon better. Indeed, future researchers are advised to incorporate all these suggestions to get an in-depth analysis of
the topic.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding statement

This research is funded by 14th Five-Year Plan (2021) of Guangxi Education Science and 2020 Ministry of Education Humanities
and Social Sciences Research under grant numbers 2021ZJY1691, 2021ZJY1699 and 20XJC880006.

Ethics declarations

All participants gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. All procedures performed were by
the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standard. All the
procedures were approved by the ethical committee of the university.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Dharm Dev Bhatta: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Funding acquisition. Yi Pi: Writing – review & editing, Resources,
Funding acquisition, Data curation. Muddassar Sarfraz: Writing – original draft, Supervision, Project administration, Formal analysis,
Conceptualization. Zain Ul Abidin Jaffri: Software, Methodology. Larisa Ivascu: Writing – review & editing, Software, Investigation,
Data curation. Ilknur Ozturk: Writing – review & editing, Software.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

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D.D. Bhatta et al. Heliyon 10 (2024) e24678

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24678.

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