1(AI)

 Two different fluids, oil and water, interacting with each other.
 Emulsifying agents are present at the oil/water interface to stabilize emulsions.
These agents can originate from components within crude oil like asphaltenes,
resins, and waxes, be generated during production such as inorganic scales and
fines or be introduced into the system like production chemicals with
surfactant properties.
 Liquid diffusion between oil and water occurs due to turbulent flow or mixing
energy. Emulsion formation is primarily caused by mechanical agitation.
Mixing is minimal within the reservoir but increases at chokes, wellhead
valves, and areas with high pressure gradients, creating new interfaces
between water and oil.
1A(II) Flow assurance should be changed or verified during the progress from one phase to
another during field development and when specific changes occur including.
 Change in the produced fluid composition, i.e., change in GOR, water cut, etc.
 Change in reservoir producing formation.
 Change in operating conditions.
 Change in pipeline routing.
 Change in safety and environmental aspects.

B(I)
Moody's diagram is used to calculate the friction factor of commercial pipes. It is drawn
between friction factor and Reynolds number for various relative roughness. It is derived for
the circular pipe but applicable to other cross-sections as well provided that the diameter is
replaced by 4 times the hydraulic radius.
It is used in finding the friction factor which is then used to determine the turbulent flow.
B(II)
Two main methods are recommended for sampling from a separator.
 filling an evacuated container
 filling a piston-type container

C
An ideal deposit monitoring system/program should be capable of the following:
1. Determining whether deposits are present in the system.
2. Detecting deposits buildup in their early stages.
3. Determining the thickness of the deposit layer.
4. Detecting the location of solids buildup.
5. Identifying the type of deposit.

D
Here's a differentiation of the various types of analyzers based on their connection and
sampling methods:
1. Inline Systems:
Placement: Sensor is positioned within a process vessel or flowing stream of material.
 Real-time Monitoring: Monitors specific properties/composition continuously in real
time.

2. Online (On-line) Analyzers: Connection: Directly linked to the process.

Sampling Method: Conducts automatic sampling periodically through a side stream or
bypass.
Measurement: Measures specific properties/composition of the sampled material.

3. Offline and At-line Analyzers: Connection: Not directly connected to the process.
Sampling Method: Involves manual sampling of process fluids.
Measurement Process: Sample Preparation: Discontinuous or manual preparation of
sampled material
Measurement: Analyzes the prepared sample.
Evaluation: Evaluates specific properties/composition based on the analyzed sample.

Q5
A(I)
The goal of the fluid characterization process is to determine the equation of state
parameters that can reliably forecast properties of vapor, liquid, and undersaturated
fluid phases across a specified range of temperatures and pressures. This is crucial for
conducting multiphase flow assurance analysis effectively.

A(II)
Minor loss refers to the pressure reduction within a system due to various factors such
as system design, valves, bends, fluid compositions, and the presence of solids in the
flowing fluids. Examples of installations contributing to minor losses include valves
and bends in pipelines.

B
I: Coupons are installed in and exposed to the flowing streams. These parts are then pulled off
the system for further analysis and evaluation whilst Spools are like coupons but instead of
installing a small strip of metal, a short section of the whole pipeline is installed for a specific
period of time, and then the system is depressurized or bypassed, the spool is removed, and
the deposits are investigated.

II: Majority of onshore fluid samples are collected at the surface. Deepwater exploration fluid
samples are normally collected downhole to preserve the fluid phase state.

Containers for H 2 S collection should have internal lining which prevents H 2 S adsorption on steel.

Mercury similarly may adsorb on container walls making the fluid sample not representative if the
sampling container is not prepared.
API Recommended Practice 44 provides detailed recommendations on how to conduct the sampling
for typical hydrocarbon fluids.
 C
I: Pigs are devices used in pipeline for task like internal cleaning, fluid separation,
visualisation, and inspection.

II:
 Knowing pressure drop
 Knowing the productivity index
 Knowing the volumetric flow rate

D
 Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM)
 Chronoamperometry
 Rotating disc electrode (RDE)
 Conductometric method
 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

Q4 A(I)
System monitoring must be implemented to ensure the feasibility of the applied strategy.
The easiest method of monitoring is checking and observing the system parameters for major
changes.
Routine analysis of the produced fluids is conventionally used to monitor changes and flow
assurance issues.
Total suspended solids testing is strongly indicative of solids deposition problems.
Furthermore, physical sensors that are based on acoustic, electric, electromagnetic,
radiographic, or tomographic methods have also been successfully used as feasible tools in
monitoring system vulnerability to solids formation and assessing the applied mitigation
methods.

A(II)
 locations where different crudes are mixing.
 cold spots
  high corrosion rates
 high streaming potential for asphaltenes
 high pressure drops.
 Joule-Thomson throttling locations for wax.

B
I: Measures asphaltenes
II: measures asphaltenes
III: Measures paraffins
Iv: water quality

C
 Saturated (Ksp=IAP)
 Undersaturated (Ksp >IAP)

 Supersaturated (Ksp < IAP)

D(I)

 Particles nucleated in the bulk solution.

 Particles nucleated on another solid layer existed on the pipe wall.

 Particles directly nucleated on the pipe wall.

D(II)

Hydrate: use an inverted graduated transparent cylinder to measure the volume of gas from a
known volume of hydrate sample. Place a sample into the graduated cylinder filled with
water. Place the upside-down graduated cylinder containing sample into an upright glass
filled with water. If enough gas evolves from the sample to displace all water from the
cylinder, it is hydrate.