T Complex numbers. Everywhere below F means ether Ror @ to be a fred of scalars or Wumbers with their stomalar x school" operatcons : ab, a:b, a 0, 1,0. For a complex number zexrlyeC We wurcte Ree=X, Tme= y- hecall that Z%=x-ty (rz) coded tne complex conju gate Oe. gore xargs lel", \zl= Je2"~ the modules of &. fe 2=X+ly, we atib thew z= (xa- yb) + i (xb) > 2 ae O'De [b, tL 240 thew se x L- — t+ ~+ iid. l2l [al Example. [ead — (+20 (340) B-u (oO = \ — bra . tae (2 a+i(i+e)= ot ig! oO—b- Involution in C. The involution ¥: C9 C, Ze* is a coal Linear mapping + (re+swW* = C45 0% y 2, eC, wrse R3 and p=jeee: z= 2%, Actually, x preserves the multip- lication (2W) = ew for atl 2, wee (Hw) . Exer 4 Te p@= Apt He + +a," ts a polynomial wcth fa Soe then pce)*= pce). Ip ze cs a root of pe) (that ts, pw) =0) then soe Exer a Solve y= in C. Ferst x=) tra root. Next at td xa _ (x-1) (x“ x41) (school dvision) we 1 VY fp WB)” (8—34— dots -h4,-d4° 8, -p-2 BJ }t, wy wet, tl =' a { Polo Decom posttton_ = ie we a com peex Polar Decomposition of a tove Ba xr ly HO. number | then &= tel (4+ ¢ 4)» . (4,)'> “Gays oc (> *a) , Ga . unit corde | iS a pow ye = st (° : = wos (0), Hae put es oes for sul? | ; ( norut of the unct — D a iw ‘ , \ oT oe i al , = > 1 ve . vote thak to cos(B)-¢ cstu(e= A \ 7 eB ee = cos(- o) +c Sw4. Thus z= |2l ef? cabled the jpobour decomposition of Z. Example Ci cos ee +l sin(4E ) = = -+4°8 & a Foot o x21 3 2 cue ¢ 6F-# le - i & it 42e 3 @ me SS € =(e*)* We have used the iey property | Horde’ Hw). jp z= bye? wie [vil eo” then Bw = faffu| ef —» Jawa = [allel - Tae pore F(X]. Ye paso or B®) = O%») o,(X). Wle say that w a root of pO). te Wx= Kol), 4 (uw) +o we Soy that w ta a root ap PIX) % alagrbrare mubtiphiety m (ml). The Juocw Recult of Sgebra : every PIE E(x] af degree admits precisely ww roots de ¢ upto off. multeplia ties ,-s- Ener Solve x24 tw, Ap. wes 4 in @ then tealtl= wi) . we oe tse ‘ Thr © = w= 15 se = 2Tn ? i ic : 1,2, wy, w*, 2” pentagow Rational Root Theorem Wa dp P(*) = a,X"+ aX a +4 € z[X], a) Ao#O, anal rae tsa rattconel Coot of P(X) wucth gs awd t ore relati - vely preme then s[% and tla Proof. p($)=0 ea aS" ASHE He aalz00 => s(a,s"4 a, ts" wt ot”) _-at4 S[aot™—> s[ao (Ss 4 copreme tot anol t") Simi far Og , tot” ++ a,,s") = h =a -as 2 +[Ou.—6— Exer 1) Solve x4 x axt. x+6=0 by RAT, the cuteger roots are among the factors of 6. So, possible roots! +1, 42,4326. Apter testing We have $1,-1,4,-34 ) XLX=0. We have Xt veX(D= =X (DUC) roots = fo. eee ey 3) PX) = K-XEXFL =O. By BRT, the twteger roots +1, So, pid = “ceed (te), roots = PP -P5: 4) P@=X- X=0= pix) = xX'(X* = eG) (= DODO DEE, roots = 1é e P eo -4 5) P= Xi ax 44 =O 9 Pod= Kt = (x-2) (we) (xD (XH). 4 LX- 220. We have 6) Solve x" : be tr iteae Crd ExO@ -2-@ = Oe:— F- (xX+ A) 2 1% = (xr )> . Ve_ i. 7 (uri + B), roots = {2 S) ve £ f they are not complex hum pecs why 2 congu gate Rectan gular Matrices — E we mew a \=1 ‘by mxn — matrix Ove” tafe Aq My Are Xe, = On Onn! Fay of Amy Amz tl Anon scolars fram IF For brevity , we wrote Ax [24], put A= 4 both ft and [& have the some sere and ay = bey for all thd - qhe set op all men - mates a denoted by Mure - If male we deah with n- Syuate tab “x A-| | amo put rs custead a Mom—8— Lénear Operations te May * AbEMS> = Nabe [ayt buley, MA = Bal, wv nek. Put gelel to be aero matcex en Noun - the set Munn auth bhese pace- operations +, ts oO yeetor <4 over F. So, the etandard property hold: (BAB) + C= f+(B+O, (a4) = RDE, pe Q= Ave Iultiplecatiow of Matrices 3 peek AE Mop bE Men Ax b= Cc a>. 7 ce 4 chegine C= [eul= = fied € mn ) Coy = & Me bej “4 ee! i cow of A by { cotumin of IS-9— Ee [12a] (8)= Cd (3x2) (ax) = 2x! 3}ua vl Pe RF fe Awe My then se My and phe Mu ecther, But AB+EA, gor exompee A= [28], B= Led] eM, 3 Ab=([80), BA = [48], Ab+IbA, So, NM, Loors Lecce a on algebra uth operations A+E JA, Hed. We quish replace F by My | and oevelope a wer colcu bus, Quantiza tiow Ma. ~ Fo a,b, Cy | AB Ge - - — - \ ath» Ab \ Ate, Ae “ O f=? ae (At 2 DAHA vREMD (recolh that | meonss ade tite= a, va) | |~—|O- Exer Prove thet | that us, AL=DA=A | 2 T= (58 | Ae Mn | weary ¥a,be F A eB 7 Guoaao lA ob A= 0 Ener Put ‘Then A‘= 0 though Ae 04 . {- - A+ Oe EX YE Xaot | K=[b9]+ 97, et EX, yasoe da adhd! ypeo IRE Ms | AR= Whe T. Ener Ae [° 2] cs , nat avert ple : Ana A W- = V'0=0, He =o fe ( contro olic tou « Theorem (MAT 260) fimatere AE Mn os taverttb le EE det(A) +0det : M,> f ty Of map[etng giver by w=1 & detfaJaa h=2 =? det he “) = M27 Fry Aas h=3 4 olet [fase os | = Asi 3, Qs, i a," a, | _ Ol, Qu Ay, | \°" Oy, a 3 O39 23 Q., O24 a, a. des ("" oA \ =o I: ay [ \" am b = Au) 2 Ae a An 9 “\ ™ Hyp 1 On Gyn, ys" Eo Enormple A=[o 4 =| Thow olet (H= 23 rile (Es]- [eles (gees? How to find BH Const matrex [Al ri and apply echelon ps inde yar 4) 88] ~ dar the epton lod rowaul | oO prt- E vo] > {Ofer [2 pels er Bo duselics. on oo Ssiy-1dt ~ Fogel hafaia - ut oes E aa ~ Yo ~ho *ho Wo -He He “Ys Us -b 3-13 fr, oo ij -1ile]/ 2 le? y 2d 004 A #10 -Iflo 3/10 A [te aft i | ys ys YS. tac tt #=[zpJe Mm oh det (H) = ad- be. I rol 6 Thee I = say -c a apt wae t=[5 9) ) por Az [aye My ve abso pat tr(W) = Ay tot Fun the Sum of fhe man olagonak ontries cabled—|3a- the trace of A. the trae tr) MOF is a Linear mapping (Hd) Theorem (Moat 260) . For alt A,B eM, wwe have det (Ab) = det(A) det lb) = = det (BA) and tr(Ab) = =tr (BA)- (Uvirs prove these Key propert'eS for n=v) Exam ple. AR I's o J? oot (#) =-12, a tr(M= 1-143 =3 T 2d : = o inal lek (H) , tr) Uwe: # eee | Fens Ke, eats Crh =(97 | | = -[ #9, (1. 100 010 JR -2k mom 0 Ol] g,- 3k, be 0 l 100 alo le 373 [Aor ( 00-| 210 tr = [4446 = t af! 23 ONl= [Bae-l4— prs[ees]tck. ~ Bees Pil (seer aW ercamiamel oe efof 3] 2 ©e Rua tntrecition F- valued funet cous | Mu- value, , a | punctions ata F (th &) mrom, Eo-AW ‘ Y Tak BH open éndorvok , 4 Aly -layl4I, fl steL M,~ at Lu eof function ArT Mn cs Sat fo pe combemnous ( ol pperentia ble, ~ (integra ble ) e so ore all aus (€) j vie pub Line AO) = [Gres ay (ais \ . ft 4 we) = [ayy , J ‘pldjdt = [i ag (elt | eM,-|s— Exam Lo. f (tb) = Sch a + — Catt) | 7 ter=k 4 oO sigprentiobt M, ~ fuectidte, i). Paw f ie= ate lo - sce) ° f Ate ve i) -/ 5 Proportics 4p A,B» Ma are - thew So are (Alt + ow yl=A Mit BY, ply ie)'= Me Boy MEP iy (Teall Ab Be h) (aM we prove Hs) 4 lenear dip ferontioh| LQuattonw idejperoutial CQUast (ou th My! yi ay , CE aw | Wethe es soba dla |(0) = ue Get VW=PYW) AEM, tS gq unique Soludtvor +0 witdle tts re. mp | yal? (Wo=D. Example Cowse ler viie= [I Ay. Vit) te Me. Put at ott Vit) = E - oe] | I eo at The. Vit= aaa ip ot ae ) at ot (le “als fae ae ye” ne 1 ert yer = =y'W. So, V(t) «3 9 solution. UY Pis a COhsterwt mattvc prow M,. the. Ylt/P a solxfio %S wolf for éss (yw-P)'= YP = (HYIP = = A (HHP) - : thom PH) = tH [yt] = peeve — ete 2 = Ca . | yetvet yee es e 3a solutcow quth Plo) = T id Sees -3t at vat as WaJt | ory -~-e+re fa ote ot yore ad \yiece the numbers -S aud &Y are ¢,t + / ot cx ( Wor rainy 1) Functional Caloubel Quan tezeol Calculus) cA WW), Stu x ' , Sta(o), AO), 8} CoS 0) je 0. (X), me feo Lo, rete £09) for xe F ¢" f(x ‘por | xe M,—1O- Equations A. cyclem od frre ody. eq's has He form Ay Xi + 2X $0 + Qin Te = &, Aq) X + Byg +--+ Bon Ta = é, (») Orn Xq + Arg Ly $+++ Amn Tr 4, with t-Unknowne Ty Ter, Ta, Ancol m~ equations TD Verna of. matrices we Can write down Oy Fig ++. Qn 7) 3y 4, Ag, A. +++ Gen xy} = 6, ou Any Omg -- Mnf | Lb AX = €, vem”, Cer” A: R°— FF" 2 AS is a Gra transormathon: A[A% tpg = AR +p AG)—4{— Pub wel A) a4 deh AL=BSP called tHe terrnel of A; and im( A) => AXEP™ ERY CP” called He mag of A (Hw) Prove Hot ber (A) ancl tm (4) ave. vector subspaces leg relation: dim(ker{ay) + drm mCAl) =n YY £=6 tle (6) is called a home. Umer system and Sol, = kor lA), Nok Het 2 €Soly WE € € mC). Fxg fur itt =a — i a Find Sob, =! Ax, t4,+24,5 0 2 We home x, =1 > 9 (44%) 1=0 340 So, Sel, = OU [th L | dtm lA) wee A PS RF 444 ra] i oo & 12—12- Proposilien uh g is a sclutror Lt Ava % Her Sob = Sol rg Proof LY wx, € Soh, He Alz +H) = AR+Ag= b+ 828 > %, tof € Sob, Converseby | YL € Soli, DLL ty, A[X-§) = AX-AG = $-£=0 U+~X, = 1 | AX, + 2,4+2%,={ — Q-1= Eya {n % tg = o> anh . m= | { % =-f As 1 fee-> x%,-0 > X=1-C Ma -1 ay [Sf] =[3)+ [L WH US A wetriy. AEM is th echely,. form. if te first #O erly in Ong row Gppeace to He. Tight of the inst #0 entry of he preceding, row, Lf, th additron, tHe fink #0 entry tn a given rew ls tk only Fo en in Tits column , tlen Ais tr reLuced echels, form,—13— Ec ,on4 r4 4 4 4 -lo xampbls a) 5 o |, CO10C OO COO 0° O- COCO 1-24 ©0003 14 Oo 00 O-R2, eckhy.. wectrices but not reduced one!le rere ss oot F6& 90 +0 nu Ow p= reduced echelon reectriees Whaler reduced echelon system Can easily Pe solved Just reovity from betlon to th top Ex. ¢ x14 %3 bts=4 1o141014 Ly Xz, FAX H+X%=Vlo 1 1:0 aij=A o1 3 xy + 3% = 3 o © reducod eclefoy mon V X56, % ore 2 %5=C,,%=4,%=C, m= 1—Cy-G, B=2—0,-aG—-G , % = 3~3C,~14 1-C-€s -1 ° a1 : 7 a fRRr GG) [8 1] |-t} fa Cs =C, Of, oO +6, 4 40! 536) -3] Jol Jo|"|3| C 4 oO | 0 C | z 4 © | Lo] lo | nn cet ee =~ Solan Sef, tf Theowom Let a -2 he Mxn- ~ System of b prec of. eg's. a Fk Seguence of Chemendery rhe, “) whey duo O75 51a) mubhpline any eg by a #0 members (3) addny Up one %. to note one; Ae System can & reclucceal to Qa now jclon Rt F whow mete A hm reducoe echelon form Moreover, Say = = = Sab Bi - dpm ax, +34, =4 4 9 5 | Xp Fly -QR=-T QM -—% — Xz =H & -| -1 A: R> = R? ACH).15 — + 4-2 Dd : 5 le =| cl 4| |o & -# Ho} R,+3R. 1-2 3/7 4-2 BS | FR HAR o -+{ 2) ~[e -1 4 & ~ o -4/-4 oo 1] 4 R-Rs 1 0 O]}k “|-3| R+Rs ~/e 4.0 “ oo1}4 Remork Note tet etl(A)#OSD FA! and At=2% hos a unique soliton, ¥ =A'E 3 and Sob, = ker(A)=1 8), n(Al=s ry -Q 2 R +R 4 . Ry dd, 1 “URL O -——_F 5 ON 9—16- gy (HTM B= 4 Qa ~i a Qt bX $a! w]e 1 Fy Kj — X, + AGH=! (ims Lae e 4 & -1\ 4 2 a 14 14/4 |RaR~)o -3 3 3/5] 4 -$ Q]t RAR oO -3 3]-3 4A 2 -N/ kd 4 a ~t 1 &] Ry Ay oi -t}4 le 4-1/4 ~ R-eLo 4 -1}4 oo 0] eo 30k 4.0 410 H+ Xz, =O ~|o 4 7! ‘| % -G =" r oOo o ©|/ 0 r,=0 |S x ,Hl+O > %=-C 3 ~ ree . Ly oO] Sata=| 140 ={¢ 4 j 4 F c 1 oO. Sol t (oe). a SobAA 3) Ky, + Ax, —X,=1 TER He same ae eos modrix A Put tle. XM, —%2 FAX, =1 right hand side changed 4 4 1 Q-t}1 2 1 1/1 )ReaWi~ | o -3 2 4 “ A ~1 ALT IRR, oO -3 BY CIR AR AQ Ht D 0 © Of] f|—s O24 + OX, 40%, =1 So, Sebi = © Mer $I, —%y =O As IR’ Re —%X + Q™%y Aly FAY =O a | ~fac3s 4 -t Rt3R, oe 2-2 2 alageny Ls 4-3 | ~ 2 oO -B 8144 40-4 q> [EG ay Lo 7 a] Hy, —4%X3 +4Ly =O t=Cy, ty C, are free \ — 34, $3%= 0 Ly > 4-40, 4 “4 X=!ae 3c, /-¢]3] +¢,/-3| + Sol Cc 4 ° Co ° {—18- Thee rags of Ey Trdependence ‘) fee leet mB 8) Tadapendinee he in: » Trcaperdeae m CPCT, PY), rh, Q vector ‘space V over IF. Te nem examples are. FY C”(r) and the vechy- spa CCE, r) of off KF valued esmooll funchons on an open Mernvel TGR. Nole tat C™Cr)=C°CEP) (n= D Recalt te veedoe space operalrons ™ c ‘Gry (2+ 3)W= ter (a Fu) =9 20, q:T5 FP gle are n-Coltemns Lu [| gl [?: jee Lhgh Dye =9,= 0 Olerwise , ey are cablrel Lneacly clependind—-40- ~ Mp Nyt $ Om Vin = Oy hu Nm ZO. Nom =(+ ve +(De\v,4, fs a _ Combination ae oe) a Break) = [4] me [ 5] VR Test for Mndopendonce . -v, + pM, = 6 5 PE 2 Da pe 0=> Md ye [te [o| se [2] dV, + py + bY = 6 In cape, nl » +2b=0. A 4 -1 “4 4 H17 RAR Oa lL © alice ~[o o-l 3) ~ le rl , + ab=o 0B fee Spc p-3b=o oK= 3 -AV FB +%, = 6 a B=8%-3H u " " alep) ees 6 Aependend. i; - , ; a oO { or VER? Test for dopendonce gl tl DEP 4 EP ERE E DY, T= Bon “A 0 BY 43 24 Rag} Q 4 i 3 |r|o-5 -5 -5|~ RARL-2 O 4 2 Oo 6 5S 6lry 43 2 4)R BRET A A/G TL O ~1 A]RARS et tt)». (64 //\]o4 1 1/RR o o-10o fo CY 0010 {oo 4 ME MM=O DY Is tree ~ le 104 cot Oo det =O = Mey 2 =O w= 0 Put \y=4 The gl PRO ae B on BM zg , Z@ > B9 Ze Zo QW Spon h 2% 5” ,ePy a Spon 4% 1 a x a" HW. Prove Hap 212, 2,2 are Preccby nhopendlowt veetors,-Ad-— a Ly mn T Pick om Coletmns x. Is | bey ek FI mF" Then + means that ry Lim |T r 72 om : = $ Xn Lm 7 XR = 3B. Ey, So, Axo, x ane Cmeceby thdeperele,A- ree XY %¥-3 s>X%=6 ou vor (X) =4 8) ( x ee. r is a Ly transformatyo,) Lp nem thee XE, ancl W=det (x) is cabled tle Wronskian of 1%". 24 This LX" 25 are Crrearly ndopendonf. Hh ter(Y=A BYES eer(X)=4B), Om (X= eaAax'ten, 2 wHo. ( n= dimfer(x)) + dim( n(x) ) Ewmbey t= [2], 2P=] 1 \ om ct we |B 4) 3-8 438640 = Mebpendend—Q3- tC} os aot yl ~2 2) = [2 | , ZO_ [ ; i z= [| ° ° 4 ® Vas The welo i si}= @ly=t4o 0 0-11 ndaptadld. TT Todyendour mr VECCD). So, 1 Pion Fn J © CCT) ane thdop erobnf. provided ft 4 Oh = oe! “ m=O Exanphs 1) {eb @ ty € CCD), T=R Test Por depend Pat eb 4 petta © Tle = + 404 io a nen [4 el[pe8 a =e-lto—> Aspro => trop enclact. &) { cor), smit), et4 © COR) YL Neealt) + p-smit) + et=0 ten, t=o05 X1+ F=0 1-4 pba pe 0 > A=p=6=0 [aw D400 =0% Mndopendad,—24- 3) 4 cos ly, sml), sm(4+a)h © ECR. They Ore Cracrby Aopen dont: sml3) coy lk) + Ces(s) s/t) = Sm Li+s) > oo 4) fat, WS oct), T= (-4, 4). AL 26D +r pH=O thee ny ee => SRR oO “7 3 B~° tndopencland. 5) 43t, iy CCL), T= (4,2) at= Siti Tr dle can? of V= CCT) (a C%) Ore Can define tle Wronskiar eitle-. HA ASR SCOUT) then we put fu. YO? FW = ny. us Jer ond WW dl Fly) H%D ~~ £% W:T—-F is a ction—95~— Lemmat Lf Wlte)#0 for some tel ten {Bir &) ore Crear independ. Proof Suppose Mf 4-49, 8 =O Then MA + MK I=o 4 asign-t=> PW 3=8, eT => PU) T=6 mF But dt(Flly)= Wh) #0. . 328 Evangle (Bub ca Lyc cc °(D), T=R | 4Fek 2 ~latu at- Sale at” (Prow it!) But Wit)=2 46 => Indopendond, Fle. reverse Sfale ment of Lemma 715 nol dre: T=(-4, 2), fa tt £= 4); \ Fapte=o => -pso (k=-1) , peo Ut) I=p=0 Aff Y ore Chearby Mdopendong. But Wht) = |* tl!) <0 if 420: Qt Qt wilh = ston —4% |= =9Fia Be 6 if leo—26- Wi Trdependoace om V= CCI, £) {tty PUY CCT, PY) ave Otay Wdeperclont provided ,2°U s + mel) = BYy => ,5--= m= 0. Nele tat NG ah) © CITB") ts @ cobumn Bly) = [ e with xl) e CCI), teT Een on 0] 0 F] el Smt) FU } V=C°CR,C) uy DR + RO 4 9 = 8 th. [ ecalty pe pts bL=0 VEER Nsmll) tpe +6=0 Leo A=0-+ firbO=0> f= 0 once \= p=0- o=> Prdlpenclint. the ule S115), 2! Uo) J2lb)5 CF are. Bra) cleperdong sector for every eT 3) wib=[e |. RL) = lel T= (+14) 84 pAM= 6S {re anne ' Nepeo SM =O> At R= f=i1— j\etpao => =p 0 > wndependlonr.—-Qy- Jb mor tle we home n Columns 2, (4) Lin lb) amo= | : |. ito=| Poccrile Xai (4) Lyall) and X(t) = [219.2] € MA, wth ity determinant WL =A Kt) cabled te Wronskiaw of 4 xP uy, LOLS. Lemma Jf Wlle)#0 for some ty ET Hen Li! Ru), , RW ove Cveark Mncleporcle.4. veetoss Mm CCI, F’) Proof Pick DO, 24.4 ORO) = OY for sore 1, WEF Thee ki) 4=8y bor Minoo ee m r Bet Rod > ily. oe udiplond Remark. As we hove ceen above. X= [ee], Ap = Lt | 4eT= (412) ore Uraorgy irdliporlag But w= |e, i}= tet veer So, He revere of Lemna Q Is no: freEvgonvabus andl Evgenveetors het AEM,CR, Th defies a Gmar benstorma tion A: FE’ 7" Rr Ax So, A(Ad+tpRI= Ax te AG | ker, VEG CE” Roca bat tor(A=f2 cP" AZ=B), tm(A)=LAL LER and dam (ver(A)) + dtm ( tm(A)) =n. mat (A) mg =H hth F’ F" . Up AD =X% for some $#6 ont Nec Her we Sag Hat A Ts an eigen ~ - yabue of A ond Pisa rebotect edyon veeshy tHe set of all cigenveles of A ts denoted by ol), Ths slay o€ and if bs calleel a spectre of A. Nole- Het AD =90F & A-ADF=8B.-Q- Thes Ke selheS Ms ker (A- AD) #13) ES Add = det (A-3T)= 0, whee ay —-X Ae. An Qe, An— X ++ On A (x) = = CHK" He ae + ¢,) ny Mag Ou X Is calla He Clarac teste polynomink LA. Nokice lat Cy = a, br (A) > c, =AUA) Lhe trace of A, Frame A= [Sap Fed sta) ond \, =! a) = | ns - (X-3)(X+2) +4 =X X-L = (X+) lx-a) gi =f , & Yq | 4G -1] 4% -L=0 Denk => Avi=[ 4 ah[s 2): . Hber(AH) = 4 42-%=05 = Span i [4 J) AG)=-f %—3— nero tel, SIE TI Vy = erlaray= { 2-250) =e [1 A(h)=2 f % Vi Pt P=C% R=]! ‘| Ro R*, P(A=H, J-02 is He madix of now coord ede system, which 7s invert bd The watrix No PAP 1s called te Jordan face of A. We home, -1 -1] 73 -l -l[- sa UG ale JG EY -[3]8=[2 Slemmte 4—Yy- Th tle gered case. of A eT we have ACK) = CO" (X->)". OH) By the ram lees Algebra. So, d(A=4 4, Py, my = aly (Aj) cabled tle absebrate rurltpbieis of Ay => AFA), is) 5 zl =< n= des (A(X). Put Vay = ker (A- 2) calles! tHe Chen space. of dj. Nofe. Hat My. < Pr" fs a subspace, whore mly= din(Y) is cabliol le geo- medic ral Lobrci of- 4y. They ore J seometticably hh opendlong- : wnat) : Fevyry er rxt-atye i A voy result of MATAEO; ) O mead taeges) ma) =1 =e] (2) So, A is Aiagonabica ble , jeasaraq 2 S].[2 Slo VgsverlAtaja{ sata oy= aint A-g=]7! | 2 S3 | -2,418 %=0 \=a> Ie Slrlo so Vg = ver (A- 2)=}- 2 +8%=2o0h= nee Finally, Pela 8], Dp ‘AP=I=] 2 2 Q 4 =O 3) A= rail Fd 2a), P, ol G+ 8 ‘ Crt, O 4 44 oO 4 \ 6 AO) = |" “x ‘|= Xe Xf f=] teXh -X-1 4 ste 1+X 4 -X 14X 14+X -X 4-X> -1-x | - = hex to] = 240] EY o-tottes 44X 14+X—-6- Opto AW) =- (C-3X-2) ancl Cet AL 2Q=0. Ry RRT Date ger roots are from fru, tah Se are V=-L,2 => (school aes y2-3 Yo = (x+H (X-2) > ela) = 4-2 2°) _ a _ (tap ora tag dsapatis[t sy ile/ees NLy ster (AH) = 4 cyto t=O) Is @ plane m (-L) = drm(Vi)=Q = ab (-L), — 1 of Fe EL A W -]" \=Q2> A-Q= a i || 0 co 1 4 -& Coe Vg = tert a) = 4 x, -%,=0, 41-4, = O04 mn (2) = drm(Vg)= 1 = oy 2) nag Vana spe {[i]h Hence P| | o-| 4 anol [-l| © © y=PAP= |e =I | a A=PIP" CoO A