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    eae Dy Sis esse f Nm WT ane oS Oe Motion in a Plane Laws of Motion Gravitation ‘Thermal Properties of Matter ae ee ee ee Optics a | 4 a 4. iB; Sound fes6, | Opts a hat OA] | [7 [| Blectrostatics 8 Semiconductors Std. XIT 5 Rotational Dynamics 2. Mechanical Properties of Fluids = 3. Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 67 4, Thermodynamics 7 5, Oscillations 82 6. Superposition of Waves 92 7 Wave Optics 104 8. Electrostatics 112 9. Current Electricity E 124 10. Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 127 1. Magnetic Materials 184 12- Electromagnetic Induction 7 138 13. | AC Circuits 141 | i 14, Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 146 \) 15. Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 150 16." | Semiconductor Devices 156 © Writer Typing & Layout : Diwakar Bagde, DMB Publications, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Mobile : 8421610788 Printer : Colour Graphics, Chikalthana MIDC, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Mobile : 9326468636, 9021733497 Std. XI C3) Physics Formulae 1. Motion in a Plane Total displa t 1) Average velocity = ee Total time intervals 2) Instantaneous velocity oe (=) & v= lim| — |=— tol Ar) dt 3) Average speed = Total path covered Total time Chi i locit 4) Acceleration = a aange in Velocity Time Average acceleration 4 = AV ". Instantaneous acceleration 4 = jim (2) 1 2|2 —omess Eklavya Publication scmessmccmmmmemes on t m where. Linear final velocity ofa cat = = Initial velocity ofa car Linear acceleration of a car nee covered by 2 car § t=Time in *second” a) Relative yelocity of object A with respect ot object B Tat b) Relative velocity of object B with respect ot object A Vax 6) The equation of path ofa projectile is 1 g 2 Y=(tan8)x—- 3 (=a) 7) The initial velocity (i) is resolved into two components = i) G=ucosé in horizontal direction ii) j=usinO in vertical direction A Eklavya Publication eS Std. Xt KC 5 Physics Formulae 8) The time taken by the projectile to attain maximum height is usin@ 9) Horizontal distance covered by the particle, during its projectile motion is X=ucosOt 10) Time of flight of projectile is 2usin@ g 11) Maximum height attained by the projectile is ; usin’ 0 i 2g 12) Range of the projectile 2u’ sin-cos® g 13) The maximum value of horizontal range is (28 =90° or 6 = 45°) R,. na og 14) The horizonta, ...age will b :uinimum (sin 20 = 0° or 180°) Rain = 0 : SE Eklavya Publication ssssscscsssscmsmeemescen mee Cs) Physics Poe 15) Range of the projectile is i R= @ 16) When projectile is thrown vertically upward, the height Tea will be maximum. ch wv ho” 2g u _ max. h- OR h= a 17) Angular displacement (8) Arclength Angular displacement = Radins as 80 = — 18) Angular velocity («) 8 o=— t 19) Angular acceleration (a) da o.-0 = _ ©) -0, a= Gy OR a= t [ Std. XI kK 7 Di Physics Formulae 20) 8% = 86 xr 21) V=0xt 22) a=ra 23) Period or Time period (T) _ 2m "ov 2n OR T=— (v=r@) 1 24) n=> OR Frequency = Period 25) Relation between angular velocity and frequency @=2nn 26) Different forms of acceleration a=v.@ a=ro? and v2 a=— r Radial acceleration (Centripetal acceleration) a=r@? OR a=Vv.@ ———S—oneecee Eklavya Publication sessssesceeessemeeees SS 38) Physics F ‘orm, petal force = Mass * Centripetal acceleration Ula OR. cp.f. = mr@? 28) In vector form where, ¥, = Unit vector in the direction of position vector 29) Angular speed of bob gtan® T a= 30) Period of the bob r gtan@ T=2n L.cos@ & 31) T=2n i, _ h OR T=2n fi ....(By using trigonometry. in ] Std. XI k 9 J Physics Formulae 32) Linear speed of bob of conical pendulum v= J/rgtan® OR v’=rgtan0 v2 e =tand vy? 8 = tan! (S) Sr.No. | Physical quantity Symbol Unit 1. Distance s m 2. Displacement Ss m 3. Initial velocity u m/sec 4. Final velocity v m/sec 5. Acceleration a m/sec? 6. Angle of projection o radian 7. Time t sec 8. Time of flight T sec 9. Height h m 10. Range of projectile R m Se Eklavya Publication sessment [ sta. x1 (a0 Physics Formulag ———_——— nn | . 2. Laws of Motion a 1) Gravitational force between any two objects F=G- (=?) z Momentum (P) Momentum = Mass x Velocity P=mv 3) Newton’s second law 2 LS F= 2% SI F=m [| 4) (Impulse of force) = (Change in momentum) . Distance 5) Velocity = “Time 6) Impulse is J=Fxt =mv-mu es Eklavya Publication [ Std. x! (a1 Physics Formulae 7) 8) 9) 10) Laws of conservation of momentum (Initial momentum) = (Final momentum) (mu, + m,u,) = (m,v, + m,v,) m,-m, 2m, v= m,+m, ut m,+m, u, a|mom |, {2% “27 (my tm, "2° (mem, )* Coefficient of restitution is 3 Relative speed of separation ~ Relative speed of approach Torque is 7 *F t=rFsin0 where, r= Radius vector 8 =Angle between r and F ——SS= Eklavya Publication eee = | Std. XI (a2 Physics Formulae | 11) Coordinates of centre of mass X= DVNy; in Yel M m,Z; i=l 12) Z=| M 13) Position vector is 7 my, +m,r +m, R=|-~naman m,+m,+m, 14) Centre of mass of two bodies | | myr, =m, i 15) Elastic collision x KE ia i z KE spat Elastic collision : K.E. and momentum is conservation. Inelastic collision : Momentum is cons, ion and KLE, is not conservation. memes Eklavya Pi [ Sta. xl aS eit - (a3 J me ee Physics Formulae 16) Note: i) Lift with downward acceleration W = mg — ma W =m(g-—a) ehhh blelbl. rata mg ii) Lift with upward acceleration W=mg + ma W=m(g+a) 44\ta v mg Sr.No. | Physical quantity Symbol | Unit 1. Displacement Ss m 2. Force F newton 3. Momentum P kg.m/sec 4. Impulse of force J N.sec 5. Coefficient of restitution e - 6. Torque tT N.m ———s Eklavya Publication Std. Xt Physics Formas, | 14 | V! ag — 3. Gravitation ') ‘The Newton's law of gravitation where, G= Universal gravitational constant G=6,67x 10-u Nm/ke? < S.1. unit G= 6.67 x 10% Dyne cm’/p? < C.GS. unit m, and m, = Two masses : Distance between two masses 2) Gravitational force at height ‘h’ : GMm (Rh)? where, M = Mass of earth m= Mass of satellite R= Radius of earth h = Height of satellite from earth surface 3) Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth is Bid, XI : {15 J Physics Formulas | 4) 6) 1) i) iii) iv) The acceleration due to gravity on earth surface in terms of density (p>) is 4 RPG Bo 3 RPG The acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’ is _GM Bu (R+h)? Relation between acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’ and at surface is & (2) ge (R+h Variation of acceleration due to gravity If h is comparable with ‘R’ R 2 fy BUR Eh If his very small then }-2h g,=Bll-g Due to depth (d) d end-9 Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ at latitude ‘ @’ due to rotation of earth is g'=g-—Rw’cos*O Eklavya Publication‘ ======eeeesese Physics Formuta, Std, x! (a6) S vy) vi) 8) i) ii) iii) iv 9 10) At equator g,=g-Ro? At poles Bs Variation of weight 7 Relation ‘tl weight at height ‘h’ above the earth’s surfag, and on the earth’s surface Ifh is comparable with R then Rr w= W Les] Ifh is very small 12h W, = W R Due to depth (d) 1 d W,=W R Critical speed or orbital speed of a satellite moving round the earth in a circular orbit is For a satellite orbiting close to the surface of the earth (h << R), then ——— es Eklavya Pu [sta xt a7 Physics Formulae 11) 12) 13) 14) Critical velocity in terms of acceleration due to gravity at height his V.= V(R+h)-g, OR V,= [Rg Frat (R+h ~ Rand g, ~ g) (Vg, =2R mee Periodic time of a satellite moving round the earth in a circular orbit is 2n(R +h) T= vy 5 OR T=2n,{ S22 GM Periodic time of a satellite in a circular orbit, in terms of acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’ is T= Re RTH 2 yee R+h x Randg, = Oo ™\ GM ( h = &, = 8) a) T= 1.41 hrs. b) T = 84.6 min. c) T = 5077 sec. Eklavya Publication sessment [sta xi (as) __Physies Fo, OR T aa || OR T= \pG 15) Kepler's law Par a qT, y ny Tr) oy Note: T? « (R+h) 2 3 _{E) _jReh “(\t,) ~ (R+h, 16) When satellite is rest on the earth’s surface i) K.E.=0 GMm ii) PE. =—-——— ii) R erat _ GMm iii) T.E.= R GMm iv) B.E.= R ns Eklavya a Physics Formulae | * Gravitational potential energy 11) UO) cow. -cvim( 4-4] * Gravitational potential GM T 17) When satellite revolving at height ‘h’ above the earth’s surface 7 a GMm i) KE.= 34h) oi __ _GMm it) PE ~~ Rah) eee —_ _GMm ii) TE. ~ SR th) . a GMm iv) BE.- 3h) .8) Escape velocity ofa satellite at rest i) On the earth’s surface is 2GM Vey V, = 11.2 km/s ae! Std. XI {20 | Physics Forma; ii) In terms of Sp? V, > s2Rp ili) In torms of density Vv, =2R jae iv) When satellite is revolving close to the surface of the carth Vv, V2 -Y, 19) For revolving satcllite Relation between K.E., P.E., TAB. and B.E. i) BAL (TE) ii) KE. Bu iii) KE, iv) 12 (TE) v) 2 (IK.E.) vi) PE 2 (B.ED Note ; i) K.E. and BLE. are always positive. ii) PE. and ‘TLE, are always negative. std. XI [Physics Formutes | Symbol | Unit | . a) gravi. constant G Nm/kg? 2. jonal Force F N 3, a Mass. of earth M kg 4A. a Mass of satellite m kg 5. Density of earth p kg/m? 6. Acccleration due to gravity g m/sec? 7, | Height h m- 8. Depth d m 9. Accele. due to gravity at depth gy m/sec? 10. Effective Accele. due to gravity g! m/sec? Il. Critical velocity V.. m/sec 12. Period of satellite T sec. 13. K.E., P.E., T.E. - joule 14. Escape velocity Vv. m/sec names EKlavya PUbICatiON seer sa] SN \ 22 } ue * Fong SS 4, Thermal Properties of Matto, VY Crom vcestont oF honngprenaianny Ast OnE Seale FO AHO EE} 1 =0 ) Yaa? \ do M242 ASDA YIAAR . . \ 33 NES) Rew YRPAS Udo WW Ww >) Onstakatattinaar OAPAMA L=be x 7 YM 2h OP AAT at ONO L, = Lengeh off aad at OC At= Rise in temperate went of superficial e SXPANSON OF areal ®Xpansion is \ etd, Mt | aa | Physica Formulse Py Coellioiontat cubieat eonnadon ta vi Vu | y Vat \ VeVi pan XG where, Vi > Voltmie oF rad at ee Vi) > Vale oF rad alec 8) Relation between ae. [and y is fh. % 2 1 6a = Af\ =24 6) TPO" is anode of heal Towing then oo KAW Oat : / where, k = Proportionality constant (0, 0,) = Temperature difference t =Time tor whieh heat fows 7= Length of pod A= Area of cross-section 7) Proportionality constant is Qi A(O,—0,)t . I EKIAVYA PUbICAtION —aseccnamncemnemecntt & k= ON (es (2a | Phyales Fon 8) 9 10) 11) 12) Charles’ law Pressure is constant, VaT Volume is constant P, P, 1, T, Constant Boyle's law Temperature is constant. Pa = P,T, = P,T, = Constant Ideal gas equation PV =nRT Specific heat capacity _ AQ ~ mAT where, 4Q = Amount of heat absorbed or given out by substance m = Mass of substance AT = Change in temperature Eklavya Publicat { std. XI { 25 { Physics Formtae | 13) 14) 16) 17) Molar specific heat capacity of a gas at constant volume Cle MS, where, Cy ~ Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume M = Molecular weight S, = Principal specific heat capacity at constant volurne Molar specific heat capacity of a yas at constant pressure (C,y C,=M*S, Latent heat Qe mL Q = Heat absorbed or released m= Mass of a substance undergoes a change from one state to the other L = Latent heat Thermal resistance (R,) x "kA Newton’s law of cooling R oT Log T. at TT) where, dT . —— = Rate of loss of heat dt (T—T,) = Temperature difference C= Constant of proportionality Eklavya Publication ase Std. XI (26 Physics Fon ly Sr.No. | Physical quantity Symbol} [Uns 1. | Temperature t [ee 2, Area A mo — : 1 3. Coefficient of linear expansion a se -— : 1 4. | Coefficient of: superficial expansion °C [_——~ 5. | Volume of substance Vm 1 6. | Coefficient of real expansion of liquid Y, [eG . 1 2 Coefficient of cubical expansion Y °C . As 1 8. Coeff. of apparent expansion of liquid Y, ret 19. Amount of expansion of liquid of heat Q watt 10. | Coefficient of thermal conductivity k — m Std. XI C27 Physics Formulae Ee 5. Sound ee 1) Velocity of sound wave is Velocity = Frequency x Wavelength v=nx, 2) When sound waves travel from one medium to another medium, its velocity changes, due to change in wavelength, but frequency remains constant. (Frequency in 1* medium) = (Frequency in 2 medium) Mom Vy Ap (v,=1A,,¥,=nA,) | | | 3) Distance covered by wave in time ‘t’ d=No. of vibrations x OR d=vxt 4) General equation of a plane progressive wave is | y=Asin(@t+ k + 6) i) Simple harmonic progressive wave travelling in the +ve direction of the x-axis , 2: y=Asin(@t—kxy) (o = > -=Asi +. : _ 26 OR y=Asin2a ( x) eral (k = x? Eklavya Publication eeeescsscsscmmeee ; . Physi Std. XI ie YSiCS Form ii) SHP wave travelling in the -ve direction of the x-axig ] y=Asin (@t + kx) OR t Le y=Asin24 7 XY Fiegueney of a wave is 5 VY a +t where, T = Time period of wave 6) Velocity of sound in gas is K, v= ,J— p where, K, = Adiabatic bulk modulus DE where, Vv C, = Specific heat at constant pressure C,, = Specific heat at constant volume 8) According to Newton’ felocity of sound i) In any medium (for solid and liquid) is es Ekizvys Publication es ii) 9) 10) 11) 12) In gas is K Yap where, K = Bulk modulus or volume Laplace’s correction, velocity of sound in gases is re v" Vp where, Y = Specific heat of gas YRT M Y=¥M (PV =RT and p= —) where, R= Universal gas constant T = Temperature of gas M = Mass of one mole of gas Va J/T vy, [t, ve 77 Effect of pressure on velocity of sound [yp [ev RT p VM — Independent of pr re of the gas Perna EXizyye Publication cent NN Std. XI * 413) 14) 15) cS é Physics Fone Nu Effect . humidity on speed of sound Veo ae Vn _ [Pa Vs VP V, a Doppler effect in sound Apparent frequency VV, =lVay. eral formula) n, (Hen .+-(Gene The relation between velocity of sound at t°C and veloc sound 0°C is I VV +5 at) 2uv-V.) OR a= Vt where, V,, = Speed of sound at 0°C V = Speed of sound at °C a a eax A aq 31 | Physics Formulae 16) If source is moving towards the observer, then apparent frequency is (V, = 0) Vv n=n,\ V_-V, i.e. Apparent frequency increases. \7) If source is receding away from the observer, then apparent frequency is (V, = 0) Vv n=D,(V+V, i.e. Apparent frequency decreases. 8) Iflistener is moving towards source, then apparent frequency is (V, = 0) y V+Vo n=n, Vv i.e. Apparent frequency increases. 9) Iflistener is recending away from source, then apparent frequency is (V, =0) [ sta. x! ie Physies Forma ‘ 20) Loudness of sound I a) L,,= log, (+) (1 bel = 10 4B) I b) Ly, = 10 log, (2) F ’ | | Sr.No. | Physical quantity Symbol Unit 1. | Wavelength Xd mor A 2. Frequency n Hz 3. | Wave velocity Vv m/sec. 4. Time t sec. 5. Distance d m 6. | Density p kg/m 7. | Elasticity E N/m? 8. | Bulk modulus K Nix? 9. Specific heat of gas Y 7 10. | Volume Vv m li. | Temperature T “°K or °C 12. | Pressure P Nim? — MB osc gtd. X! i 33 I Physics Formulae 6. Optics | 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) The number of images, 360 n= "9 Relation between F andR = F2 Mirror equation is ee f vou Power of mirror is pe ters i ee | f(m) f (cm) Linear magnification of mirror is Vv es Oo ou Focal power m= p= SIH Std Xt 34 Physics Formal 7) Absolute refractive index of medium Velocity of light in vacuum = v Velocity of light in medium pea #1 medi 8) Refractive index of 2" medium with respect to 1* medium, Velocity of light in I“ medium ~ £2 Velocity of lightin 2 medium a Cc, Le. tw = ea B, iy By Ly 9) The R.I. of the medium using Snell’s law is sin (i) H > Sin (r) 10) Real and apparent depth is 11) The critical angle is 1 B= ‘sin (i,) 1 OR sin (i) = i: ent Eklavya — 8) \| [stax 35 12) Thin lens formula Physics Formulae lee fv u 2 uf 13) Y Va vf 14) u> Fly 15) Combination of lens : Effective focal length of the combination is hl os -1 16). Effective power of combination d f, -f, oo f, andP=P,+P,—dP,-P, 18) Incase of refraction at a spherical surface La a vou R ee foot) Soceinemeemea Eklavya Publication ssmc-1r_c*:1crsr! [ a “Physics Form 19) Incase of thin lens 20) 21) 22) 23) ‘eee | 1 1 (s)he | Hey Len’s maker’s formula is 1 el » 4 =(u-1)} —-— rp re For equiconvex lens IfR, =R, R,=-R then R 2(u-1) and for B= 1.5.f=R For planoconvex lens IfR,= 0, R, =-R then R f= p-1 and and for H,=1.5.f=2R For equiconcave lens IfR, =-R, R,=R then fis f= f= 2-) and and for B= 1.5.f=—R Eklai WM eee 7 Nes a Sta ats 37 YEE : Physics Formulae 24) For planoconcave lens oe lea IFR, = 0, R= R then -R f= p-1 and and for H= 1.5. f=-2R 25) Lateral dispersion for glass slab Lye om L, ce L, 26) Fora prism A=r,+r, 27) Relation between angle in the prism At §=ite 28) When the angle of deviation is minimum ie. when § = 8 then e=i a = Now, A=r, +14, A=rtr A=2r A ear 2 Also, § = 8, thene=i Now, A+ 6, =iti 29) A+8,, =2i A+6,, 2 i= Std. XI (a8) Physics Forme h 30) Prism formula is : (A) sin -_\ 2) _ sin( 4) 2 31) Fora thin prism : When angle of incidence is small 32) Angle of minimum deviation for thin prism 8 =A(H-1) 33) Angular dispersion = § ,- 85 34) The A.D. between red and violet colour in terms of R.I. is A.D.=A(Hy- Hy) 35) i) Dispersive power (a) is ® = Mean deviation ii) Dispersive power in terms of angle of deviation is QO 6, +6, a where, 6,= “5” = Mean deviation 2 aa Std. XI (39 Physics Formulae iii) Dispersive power in terms of Ly ~ Hp 2” (4, -) where, é +H Ly = ae = Mean R.I. of violet and red colour 36) Reciprocal of dispersive power is called constringence. 1 .. Constringence = a 37) Achromatic aberration : . Elimination of achromatic aberration OQ , t+] (§ - ° * of=-onf, 38) Magnifying power of simple microscope He i+) MP.=D| sty when the image is formed at distance of distinct vision D Pani F when the image is formed at infinity 9 nce Eklavya Publication \ Physics Ro | [ std. xt a . Physics, Form ‘ Ul, i) Condition for maximum flux St Tf 8 =0°, then ‘ds’ will be normal to E. “ =Ecos (0°) ds O=Eds [cos (0°) = 1] °. =Maximum ji) Condition for minimum flux If © =90°, then ‘ds’ will be parallel to E. -- =Ecos (90°) ds $ =E (0) ds w--ucos (90°) = 0} 6 =0 *- @ =Minimum fe go Os 8) o£ Pe or 9) Dielectric constant € = Fags 0 Finadium 0) Torque (t) t=pxEsin@ where, p =Qx2I = Electric dipole moment Std. XI : 4s J Physics Formulae HW) W=v4 and W = Fd vq = Fd pet sige tact Vigo E=G 42) Linear charge density (2) i Mitt where, 1 = Length of the rod Q= Charge which is uniformly distributed along the length ~ 13) Surface charge density (o) = 2 Qi j Pes gece et wees (For spherical body) 14) Volume charge density (Pp) pie amin where, V = Volume of body 15) Coulomb’s law : pe Kah r —ennicneesmeees Eklavya Publication —— Physi Std. XI hysies Fa i) Condition for maximum flux “a If @ =0°, then ‘ds’ will be normal to E. 4 @ =E cos (0°) ds gaBds [cos (0°) = 1] “ g = Maximum ii) Condition for minirnum flux If 9 = 902, then ‘ds’ will be parallel to F. 4 § = £ cos (90%) ds Q=EOdS ue [cos (90°) = 0] , §=0 “ gy = Minimom ¢ 42.2. _Q 8) 4,> fE-di=2=—— 9) Dielectric constant Few Ke 8” Foti 10) Torque (+) t=pxEsin 0 where, p =Qx2/ = Electric dipole moment [ std. x! (45 ) Physics Formulae 11) W=vq and W =Fd vg = Fd Hae esi eae _ per tad 12) 13) 14) 15) Linear charge density (7) QO oh where, = Length of the rod Q= Charge which is uniformly distributed along the length Surface charge density (o ) = 2 Q An OSA aT | ese (For spherical body) Volume charge density (P ) Q Ray where, V = Volume of body Coulomb’s law : qd. P= K-73 erences Eklavya Publication a Std. XI (46 ) res Fem R : 1 Nd 5 ‘ OR F= . = (for dielectric 4ne,K r’ and ) 0. 1 : OR F= Ah (for air K = 1) 2 4ne, dq 16) I= 6) Is 7 17) Electric field at an axial point of a dipole 1 2Pr Exit = 4ne, (r°-/)? OR 1. 2P Ena = An & 18) Electric field at an equatorial point of a dipole 1 P Eniator ~ Ane e, (+r)? OR std. XI, Pah a7] payaies POA Sr.No. | Physical quantity Symbol | Unit 1. Electric flux () 6 Nm/C 2. Force F N | 3. Force per unit area f Nim2 4. _ | Permittivity of vacuum €, C/N.m? 5. Dielectric constant K 3 6. Electric intensity E N/C 7: Electric potential Vv volts 8. Work Ww J 9. Electric dipole moment P Cm + 10. | Charge Q coulomb (C) 41. | Electric potential energy U J Conversion : 1) 1mC= 103°C 2) 1 HC= 10*C 3) 1nC=10°.C ~ 4) 1pC=10"C 5) 1ppCc=10"C 6) 1mF= 103F 7) 1 pF=10°F 8) 1nF=10°F 9) 1pF=10"F 10) 1ppF=10"F 7 aan erences Eklavya Publication al 8. Semiconductors 1) Symbol of pn-junction diode poa Anode —>+— Cathode 2) The current through junction diode is Vv I=— R 3) n,n,=n) where, n, = Number of free electrons n, = Number of holes n, = Number of intrinsic charge carrier 4) DC resistance (R) ofa diode (Static DC resistacne) Vv a T 5) Dynamic resistance of a diode «,) (Dynamic AC resistacne) AV eae e& AI ees, Yo Wiel j. Xi K 49 J Physics Formulae ——— 1, Rotational Dynamics _— ee ———————— : ; _ Arc length , Angular displacement (0)= Radius e=at ) Angular velocity (@) H ee dt o= ) Angular acceleration (a) __% oat 1) Linear velocity (v) ga ve dt 5) Linear acceleration (4) 6) Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity (a) : Std. Xil (50 Physics Fo, 7) Relation between linear acceleration (a) and angular aaa (a): eral a=axf OR -a=ar 2n 8) @=2nn= T where, n= Frequency T = Period 9) Radial acceleration (4) =—0. ? Z OR a= @?r= = =v.@ 10) a= a where, fe @ = Angular acceleration @ = Final angular velocity ©, = Initial angular velocity 11) Resultant force =- mo?T OR mo@?I + y (real forces) =0 Std. Xi ie 3) 4) 15) 16) 17) \ Maximum possible speed Vopax, 7 VESTS where, pb, = Coefficient of static friction g= Acceleration due to gravity Minimum speed © je Vinin. B, Normal reaction mv* N=mro?= £ Most safe speed (V,) V,= rg tan 8 Angle of banking (0) 2 9 = tari (5) Tg (18) Minimum possible ‘speed F tanO—H, Vain. = 2 1+ p, tan® Physics Formulae Std. Xil 52 P 19) Maximum possible speed 20) ii) iii) iv) hysicg Fo r L I it ; Bey) vee ee Angular velocity (@) Frequency (n) eet ing Ton Lcos0 For mass tied to string : Minimum velocity at highest point to complete V.C.M. = Viu= Vtg Minimum velocity at lowest Point to complete V.C.M. = V, = /5rg Minimum velocity at midway Point to complete V.CM. = Vu = -V3rg Tension at any position T,= mVp" +mgcos@ OR r —_—— > > ———— std. XN {53 J Physics Formulae | vy) ri) il) iii) 13) 4) 15) Tension at highest point in V.C.M. 2 mVy = —-—mg H r Tension at midway point in V.C.M. _ Van T= | Tension at lowest point in V.C.M. mV,” =—+mg io r Difference between tension at lowermost and uppermost point ta 6mg Vow = re ...(Upper limit on the speed) max. Moment of inertia (I) : l= 2om,1?= Jame Rotational kinetic energy 1 I1@?= 51 @nny N|- Translational kinetic energy mv? NI s Physi [ Sta. Xn a] vales or 27) The MLI. ofa uniform ring | 1=MR 28) Surface density of disc (c) M Mass (M) o = Get OR “Area (A) 29) M.I. ofa uniform disc = s MR2 iar 30) Radius of gyration (K) I K=jJ— M 31) Theorem of parallel axes I, =I, + Mh? where, I, = Moment of inertia of an object about any axis I, = MLL. of an object passing through a centre ‘c’ M = Mass of the body h = Distance between I, and I, 32) Theorem of perpendicular axes Pelt 7 sta. x iss} 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) Angular momentum (L ) L-ixé OR L=p*rsing OR L=lLo 4 Torque in terms of M.I. = I. d Conservation of angular momentum ==0,— =0 OR L= 7=0, at. L =constant Kinetic energy of rolling motion (KE.)soting = he" + lo?) 2 = im i ' 2 R Velocity of rolling body Acceleration of rolling body gsin 0 2 (+5) a= Physics Formulae we ne Rp ee =, Equation for translational motion Analogous equation for rotational motion v? =u? +2as Translational motion : Sr.No. | Quantity Symbol or Expression L Linear displacement | S 2. Linear velocity v= gs dt 3. Linear acceleration | 4= = It 4. Inertia or Mass m 5: Linearmomentum | P = mv 6. Force Fo dt 7. Work We=f-s dW 8. Power Pa Fs at £-¥ ——— Cre x. xt a7} otational motion : Physics Formulae ron a Sr.No. | Quantity Symbolor Expression 1. Angular displacement | 6 2. Angular velocity @= & dt 3. Angularacceleration | &= do It a Rotationalinertia or : Momentof inertia I 5. Angular momentum 6. Torque 7. Work 8. Power Object : Axis Expression of MI. Thin ring or Central |1= MR? Hollow cylinder 1 Thin ring © Diameter |I= 7 MR? 1 Annular ring Central |1= 2 MC + 1?) or Thick walled hollow cylinder ublication ——— ————ememes Eklavya PI Std. XH : : 1 Uniform disc or | Central |I = 3 MR? Solid cylinder : : : 1 Uniform disc | Diameter| I = a MR? : 2 Thin walled Central |[= 3 MR? hollow cylinder Soli 2 Olid Sphere Central |I= 5 MR? : 2. @i-1 ey Uniform Central ==mM-}—V entral {I 5 MG} =) symmetric spherical shell 1 Thin uniform L*™ to I= Jo MV ‘rod or length & La rectangular plate, passing through re gtd. Xl! : C 59 of Physics Formulae 1 qrinuniform f1"10 1 3MR pod oF length & rectangular plate] about one end Uniform plate Central or rectangular parallelopiped Uniform solid Central ring OF Circular cone Uniform hollow |Centrai t= 3 MR? right circular cone nem ee or = MR? I aM Bt. xi Uniform dise or Central Solid cylinder go J 2 Uniform disc | Diameter j= qr 2 Thin walled Central |I= 3 MR? hollow cylinder 2 Solid Sphere | Central |I= 5 MR? Uniform Central symmetric spherical shell a Thin uniform | | “to rod or length & rectangular plate) passing | through I centre [9 J Phytes Formats| J n uniform 1% to “3 MR? lor Jength & angular plate about one! 1 end Soeeeeaeeoas jiform plate Central |I= Ml? +b) rectangular rallelopiped 3 niform solid Central = 7p MR ng or ‘ircular cone 1 Jniform hollow {Central [I= 2 MR? ight circular sone —— en ermeemraomins’ Ekiewya RuDsostlon yy | Std. Xil ‘(60 Physics Fo | Snot LS 2. Mechanical Properties of Fluig, agaoaaoaoaaes=$~$~$$a00S Force (F) | 1) Pressure (P)= Aro (A) | (1 bar = 10° Nim? 1 hectapascal ( h Pa) = 100 Pa 1 torr = 1 mm of mercury column 1 dyne/em? =0.1 Pa lbar 1 torr= 760 ~ 133.32 Pa ] | 2) Pressure due to the liquid column : P=hpg where, P = Pressure due to the liquid column h= Height of the liquid column P= Density of the liquid column g= Acceleration due to gravity 3) Absolute pressure : P=P,+hpg OR P-P =hpg where, P =Absolute pressure P_ = Pressure due to the atmosphere hpg = Pressrue due to the liquid column es Eklavya Publication Pests \ $a. Xl {64 Physics Formulae s ) pressure difference in liquid column p,-P= hpg P, and P, be the pressure of liquid at the points h, and b, N rcapectively 5) For absolute pressure (P) at a depth ‘h’ below the surface of the liquid p if the cylinder is completely immersed in liquid p,=P,+(h,—h) Ps fe (1) II) If the top of the cylinder is shifted to the surface of the liquid which is exposed to the atmosphere P.=P, .....(Atmospheric pressure at the surface) h, = 0, h, =— h=-d ..... (Depth below the surface) and P, =P Put in eq’. (1), we get P=P,+dpg Il) Ifthe cylinder is above the liquid surface by a distance oo Put P,=P, P.=P, h,=d h,=0 P= Pay Put in eq”. (1), we get =P, dP,.8 Pe eer Eklavya Publication ——— yy, —_—— Ph, |__Payies > Tie Wott bene of Satin Gags; cS S i) nominee 8 Ode= Ln: Dj fse4 i Gide= nR?T(n Excess pressure for drop is W=4 -i) pot R Excess pressure for bubble is _4T R P Gone in breaking 2 Grop of radins “R’ mito “n° droplets of (Force due to surface tension) = (Weight of the liquid column) F=(2zr)(T cos@) Eklavya Publication _ Std. Xil (cosy 19) © efficient oof viscosity (1) F a= 7a Aa OR Newton's law of viscosity of sphere / of medium 1 = Coefiicient of viscosity Physics Formulae LAN TT 23) Flax and Continuity dv dm i) Mass flux = ol ay Lat P dV it) Volume flux = | - at iii) Equation of continuity AA a AN. 2 © 24) Work done, Bernoulli’s equation and Efflux 1) Work done due to force other than conservative force of Bravity W= AKE.+ APE. ii) Bernoulli’s Equation Pp P= L 2 Zz a) P,—P,= 5 (V?-V,)+ pg(h,-h) 7 1 by P+ 2 PV? + pgh=Constant ©) Speed of efflux (V) = \2¢h d) Rate of flow of liquid Passing through a cross-section 2gh=V2-v2 EES Eklavya Publication > = : inetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 1) gquation of state - pv= nRT pv-NK,T where, Ky = 1.38 x 10° J/K 2) Gas Jaws * 4) Boyle’s law : 1 poy : pv =Constant (At constant temperature) b) Charle’s law : veT Vv Ee Constant... (At constant pressure) c) Gay-Lussac’s law : PoT P ope Constant... (At constant volume) 4) Ideal gas equation PV=nRT : es Eklavya Publication | [ std. xi ces) Physics Form e) b) c) d) Number of moles (n) Mass of the gas(M) __N_ n=" Molarmass(M,) Ny R Boltzmann constant (K,) = N A Mean free path and RMS velocity The average distance traversed by a molecule between successive collisions 1 Mean free path (1) = —TNY . ane’ ¥) Vv K,:T ~ J2nd?p Mean free path (1) : — _ AB+BC+CDv..... Xr N_ Mean velocity () = C, +C, +C, +....+Cy Mean square velocity = RMS velocity (J@ )=C= ), 7 ca Physics Formulae ; re exerted by gas 4) The pressu 1s =] P=-pv a) P= 5e-c° OR 3°" IN 2 =a 6) P=37° OR P 37n™ 1M -1Mz 2) P=3y Cc OR P 37 5) Root mean square (RMS) speed 3RT a) RMS velocity V,,.= M where, M,=N m= Molar mass of gas 3P V=C= b) Cc > C) Speed of sound in gas is RT s~ uM ° C, where, y = aa = (adiabatic constant) Vv 8) Kinetic energy )ke=1 AF 2 ee Eklavya Publication ==ssssm=ssscscnemeseeset Sx ai (70) Physics Fon te d) KE. per molecule= . _ 3RT ©) KE. per unit mass= 7 * Fora gas in thermal equilibrium at temperature (T), the avery energy for molecules associated with each quadratic tem ao Law of equipartition of energy what i) Translational K.E. 1 2+ mv 2+ mv? 2m. + >mvy +7 mv, ii) Rotational K.E. 1 1 1 plo2t zlo?+ 5102 2 2 1 iii) Vibrational K.E. = 2 mU? + Ske er god. XH (71 ) Physics Formulae | Specific heat capacity : <) Mayer's relation -C,=R where. C.= Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure C= Specific heat of a gas at constant volume R i) S,-Sv= MJ where, J = Mechanical equivalent of heat S, and S,= The principal specific heat at constant pressure and volume oe i) o=7 9) For monoatomic gases : : : 3 i) Total internal energy = 2 K,T x N, os 3 i) Cy= aR ie 5 i) G=oR C, 5 ) your Cy 3 ee Eklavya Publication —$———— cies... | sa rama | 10) For diatomic gases : 1) For rigid gases : 5} i) Total internal energy = >K,T XN, ID For non-rigid gases : S i) Total internal energy = (ZK T+K 0) N, ® C=5R 9 aR cg w) y= = 11) For polyatomic gases : 3 3 ; i) Total internal energy = [ZKT+ ZK T+ KN, =(4+9R 3-+HR Se +f) W) 1c,” G+f) es Eblavya Publication ——<—<—<—<—— 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) ‘ Kavya Public Coefficient of doserptioa: (a) in 5 Q Coefficient of reflection (r) 2 FQ Coefficient of transmission (t) _@ ~ Q Q=Q9,7Q+Q atrtt= where, Q. = Quantity of heat absorped Q = Quantity of heat reflected Q= Quantity of heat transmitted -2 Emissive power (R) = re p-2 Act Coefficient of emission (e) or Emissivity Es e=R, 0 a OR e= E b 20 23) wher, og = Maximum wavelength b= Wien’s constant = 2.897 x 10-mK T= Absolute temperature Svefin-Boltzmann law: R=ot or “or c D A+t So = Ekivys Publicsiion =e 4. Thermodynamics x, i 1D Quantity of heat and work done a) First law of thermodynamics Q=Au+W where, Q= The quantity of heat supplied to the energy AU = Increase in internal energy W = Work done b) i) Work done (W) = P. dV aW=P(V,-V) Vp i) djW=W= Jr.ay x where, Final volume of the cylinder V, = Initial volume of the cylinder 2) Ideal gas equation PV =nRT ———— === Eklevya Publication dv Vv =orT | 4) iS law of thermodynamics : The 1° law of thermodynamics, when applied to an isothey process (v.) =W=oRTin | 22] a) (P,) W=nRT in | =| \P, 6) Thermodynamics of isobaric process : O= nC, (T,-T)=nC,. at (Heat exchanged during isobaric process) 7) Heat exchanged during isochoric process : Q= AU=nC, (T,-T) OR Q=AU=nC,. AT a ee Eklauvuea Dick caaxt 77 J Physics Formulae | g) For adiabatic process aR(T, -T) W= 7 Y-y Ve = PM) Ww="a-y) 9) Heat engine : j) Devices that transform heat partly into work or mechanical energy T,>T, -Q,70,Q.<0 ii) W=| Q,/-1 Q| Qe iit =o elt iii) 7 Q. Qu 1Qc| = j= scl 1Qu | iv) For Camot engine, qai-lUel IT 10) Refrigerator : Extracts heat from a cold region and delivers it to the surrounding, further cooling the cold region i) Q.>0,Q,<0,W<0 ii) W= Qy + Q. =1Q1-1Qel { —acc1-_,/" Eklavya Publication ——————___cV-c_ Std. Xil. 11) For isobaric : i) AP=0 ii) W=PAV iii) Q=AU+W »” AT #0 Pig 12) For isochoric : i) AV=0 i) W=0 iii) Q=AU iv) AT#0 gam} 79. [__ Physics Formuias | y) Figure Pr B v 13) For isothermal : i) AT=AU=0 V, ii) W=PAV=nkRT log Vv, iii) Q=W For adiabatic : ) Q=0 i) AU=-—W we oR(V; -T;) wee " =) P [A PT j \ 1 \ iv) Figure | NO oY 15) Performance of a refrigerator : i) Coefficient of performance __1Q6l i) R= TQC[-1Qu Yr sam ___Physies Formulae conditioner ir 6) For a H Kop where, p= Rate of heat removed p= Power required to remove heat Carnot refrigerator Te Ke Ta -Te Coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator __1Q¢1 R= 7Qc[-1Qul 18) To ~ Ty-Te 19) Efficiency of the Carnot engine is — Eklavya Publication cs a 1) Restoring force (f) fa—kx where, k = Constant or Force constant x = Displacement : i : rep te Oe | — ge ics Formulae placement (x) of the particles performing linear SHM is The dis 3) eAsin(@t* >) cage |; If the particles starts SHM from the mean position, xaoatt= 0 i + Asin (ot) eI: If the particles starts SHM from the extreme position, zAatt=0 Cas x x= 2 Aces (ot) Expression of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) at time (#) is x=Asin(ot+ 6) =Ao cos(@t+ 6) =—-Ag’sin(@t+ 6) at av an dt 7) Velocity of the particles at mean position and extreme position is Case I : If the mean position, x = 0, then View TAQ Case I : If the extreme position, x = + A, then Ven =O nin. Case I: At the mean position, x = 0, so that, the acceleration is extreme position, x = + A, so that, the imum. Yr 8) 9) 10 1 12) 13) a) Period of SHM =” 2n Ym Projection of displacement y=rsin(@t+ >) Projection of velocity (v) v,=1.@cos® : =r.@cos(@t+ 9) Projection of acceleration (a) a,=—r.@?sin® =—1r.’sin(@t+ 6) ey Graphical representation of SHM Particles executing SHM starting from mean position, to positive o=0 i) Displacement (x) = A sin («t) ii) Velocity (v) =A @ cos (ot) iii) Acceleration (2) =—A «?sin (@t) Eklavya Publication —<—<—<——— | | — {85 Physics Formulae gia. XI! Ty) I)e]) 7] o ° 4 2 4 4 0 = Tt 3n 2 5a () 2 9 tt ae (x) 0 A 0 -A 0 A () Ao 0 —Ao 0 Ao 0 (a) 0 -Ao* 0 | +Aq* 0 |-Ae? ) P articles performing SHM starting from the positive extreme z z position 6= > . Tw i) Displacement (x) =Asin(@t+ > x =A cos (@t) dx ii) Velocity (v) = a v=-—Ao sin (at) iii) Acceleration (a) = —A *cos (wt) (t) 0 T TY] )] >, i) 4 2 4 4 ® . n Ea | 2n 3a 3x 2 2 2 (x) A 0 -A | 0 7 4 L ® 9 -Ao 0 | Ao 0 -A | @ |-ao®} 0 | aot | 0 |-Ae*} 0 Std. Xil 86 14) 15) 16) ii) iii) Equation of SHM x=Rsin(wmt+ 6) Resultant amplitude R= fA? +A? +2A,A, cost, —4,) Initial phase (§ ) of the resultant motion —_ (Atebita oe $= sa ae 1 Cosh, +A, cosh, Special Cases : If two SHMs are in phase (4y~ 4,)=0 1. €08 (4) 4) =I IfA, =A, =A, we get R=2A Iftwo SHMs are 90° out of phase (H.~ ,) = 90° 2. C08 (4,~ §,) =0 R= Qa If two SHMs are 180° out of phase (y~ ) = 180° +, Cos (,~ $,) =I « R=0 ————— enn Eklavya Publication seme | ~~ ‘O s The kinetic CneTBY (KE) 1?) etme? (A2-*) a) J 2x2 2ck(A-*) zk 4) The KE at displacement (x), at time (t) is E oom mA? ? cos (@t+ >) wi- 1 nreost (ot + B= 7 kA*cos (ott $) 19) The potential energy (PE) (E,) of the particles at displacement (x) 1 1 : E,= ake = 7 kA? sin (ot + 6) 1 = Mo ax 20) The total energy of the particles is the sum of its KE and PE. B= =m? a2 7 mo’ A Eklavya Publication --sss=scmemee Std. XII 1 21) E=>m(2nn) A’ sal (@=2nn) Special Cases : e At the M.P. (x = 0) and velocity is maximum 1 E= (Epa 507A? and potential energy (,) min, ii) At the EP, the velocity of the particles is zero and x= +4 1 E=(E,) ax = 7mo’A? and kinetic energy €,), iii) IfK.E.=PE. min, 1 1 _— 2 2_ y2)— — 2 7mo (A? - x’) 7 max sl> Eklavya Publication ———————— a ) 89 Physics Formulae xl ee A 2ia 229 a 1 Ld gay pE.= ye a2, E PES 4 ime period ofasimple pendulum n™ Le T=2% Vg Frequency of oscillation (n) of the simple pendulum is B) 1 nT 1 E 1° on VL 14) Second’s pendulum T=20 z 15) Length of second’s pendulum Lae (T = 2 Sec.) where, t = Torque C= Constant of proportionality §=Angular displacement ee Eklavya Publication ————S— | [Sta XI (90 y 27) Differential equation for angular SHM 28) 29) 30) do —~ |+co= (2 ce=0 The angular acceleration (q) is - (£8) __co ae I tT=nBO where, t = Torque Ht = Magnetic dipole moment B = Uniform magnetic field © = Angular displacement t=la where, I= Moment of inertia of the bar magent a = Angular acceleration (2) I 31) T=2mJo5 [es Eklavya Publication xe a | — (91 [Physics Formuiae | oa! | ed oscillations cos (mt >) oh ere Ae2” is the amplitude of the damped harmonic wheres oscillations 3) Angular frequency («) ‘-() o=\m (2m 34) period of oscillation an T-o @ 20 = 7 (3) m \2m 35) For free oscillations —— Eklavye Publication mt 4 2) General equation of the particles is y (x, t) =f(x-vt) This equation represents a progressive wave travellin, positive x-direction with constant speed (v). The function f depends upon the motion of the Source ¢) disturbance. g in th, y (x, t) =Asin (kx- ot) where, A=Amplitude of the wave k=> = Wavelength of the wave | @ = Angular frequency of the wave @ (v= — is the speed) k y (x, t)=Asin (kx + ot) This is the equation for the disturbance along the negate direction. Eklavya Publication = _ 93 Physics Formuidg | along the positive x-axis is tion ‘ (ot- 4) y t % =-7) asin (F 2 v2 = asin de (Ot i? y yeasin2an (ty) jeasin (Wt x) 4) similarly, the propagation along the negative x-axis is easin (Ot kx) t yeAsin 2m (F + x? x y=Asin 27 (nt + rw) x y=Asin 27n (t + Y . 20 y=Asin yD (vt+x) 5) The resultant of the wave of equation is yRy, ty, =A, sinot +A, sin (@t+ >) =Asin (t+ 6) Se Eltavya Publication —<——_$—— cos d+ 4° As 4? +244, Case 1: For 6 =0 (The resultant amplitude is maximum.) A= As +2A,A, c0s(0) +A; 7 A, =A TA lf the amplitudes of the waves are equal. ie. A =A 1 S SA = (A) =24 Case I: For 6 = x rad (The resultant amplitude is minimum.) ee Eklerya Publication —————— * 95 } Physics Formulae gat intensity js maximum, when two waves interfere in “net we le intensity is minimum, when two waves interfere sc phe phase: : oul of eh vf stationary wave on a stretched strings a taapom ed] 27x os 22a sin (2 mnt) - a yo 2m _ ye 28 cos sin (2 unt) w(1) put 22 COS PEK = A, put in eq’. (1) : veasin (20) OR y=Asin (at) teas (@ =27n) t x . t x -=asin 2x] --— | +asin 2x] —+— ease (¢ *) G *) (= ja (ot 2 y=2acos 5) sin T Eklavya Publication =e Physics Fo, Tuy x} 9) Condition for node Nodes are the points of minimum displacement, (As 0) 28) 29 -. 2a. cos xy )= 2m _% 3m Sn (F237 2° _k A R= Gg? 4? a aa x= (2p-I)G where, p = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... F A 4 . The distance between two successive nodes is 7 10) Condition for antinodes : Antinodes are the points of maximum displacement. (A= +? 2nx) “, 2a.cos d =+2a 2nx OR cos aga +1 es Eklavye Publication —<—<———— P TT Prysics Forming ive antinodes is © istance between two successive antinodes is >. imnilatly, the distant ’ erefore. the distance between a node and an adjacent antinode y mee ae ve End correction = e=03d where, 12) e=end correction d= Inner diameter of the pipe 13) Fora pipe closed at one end L=/+é 4) Fora pipe open at both ends L=/+2e I i ; ‘) Inapipe closed at one end, only odd harmonics (3n, 5n, 7n, ...) Present as Overtones. —”_—___... Eklavya Publication —=—=—<—$—=—$—$—$=$—<$<$<== = i) Fundamental mode : = 4b n (e = 0.3d) ~a(ieey ii) p” overtone = (2p + 1)" harmonic. 2L (25> Gp+i! n,=(2p+i)n (2p4+1)-V a a oo (n End correction (Pipe closed at one end) : nj, —-nl, ~ n,-n, nol, — mh ny, —n, OR e= 16) In a pipe open at both ends, all harmonics (2n, 3n, 4n, 5n, present as overtones. i) Fundamental mode : = 2L ow Pat baa 2L Vv n™ 2(1+e) yo Eklavya: Publication rosea ge! one = fave harmonic. Egor" re capt IP Vv (pt De Sige 2 DMyet PT le or i) ind correction : y nota e= 2(n, -1) Ralph OR &= 2(n, 2) 1 Vibrations produced in a string : i) The frequency of vibrations of the string vii [FE PPR 2 Vim This is the lowest frequency or fundamental frequency of vibrations or 1% harmonic. i) p® overtone = (p + 1)" harmonic. om=(p+1)n - O41) [T : » ar Vim Sa ekdavya Publication ——————— [ Sta. oa Physics 5 ; ormay i) Fundamental mode : : : Ry .=4L ’ [| < rere EC pees e n™ 4(i+e) ( ii) p overtone = (2p + 1)"-harmonic. > 2L (2, (p+! 2 n= Qp+i)n (2p+1)-V _: aaa = a) iii) End correction (Pipe closed at one end) : © Bh Tyl ~ y-n, nl, — nh, n,—n, > 16) Ina pipe open at both ends, all harmonics (2n, 3n, 4n, 5n,..) OR e= present as overtones. i) Fundamental mode : =2L ve enor Vv n= 2(/+e) Physics Formulae 2 DD josed id Po = Wace 1) OR “open i”) orre' y) gad © ction * yale e= 3(n, i) OR &= 2(n,-M2) brations produced in a string : n vi f vibrations of the string i) The frequency © fio fs qe Vm m This is the lowest frequency or fundamental frequency of vibrations or 1* harmonic. i) p* overtone = (p + 1)" harmonic. % n=(pt+i)n n~ Ot) T _ , 21 Vm “Stee —— al Eklavva Publication Sta. xil PRYSI¢s Fo 18) The fundamental frequency ofa vibrating string und, . lag Ngig, Ni i oe na'Vm Law of length : ; (Ifm and T are constant.) n= Constant x T ~, n/= Constant : OR n/,=0,,= Constant Law of tension : nel | .--- (If m and / are constant.) n=Constant x /T D iF = Constant lee Te Vly Law of linear density : 1 (if T and / are constant.) Do eee ar : 1 n= Constant x —— . vm -. n/m = Constant Eklavya Publication s=e(2 +) | - COS [>-(2 ss} Rearranging the equation 2n(n,—n,) _ | 2a, +n y = 2a cos [24], sin [#2 ° ne 2n(n,—n,) n,+n. [2a cos [za] = Aand ip * =a y=Asin (2nnt) ‘ees ees 19) Condition for waxing : For maximum amplitude (waxing) A=+2a 2 — 2a cos Lt | =+2a 2n(n, -n. [eee] =0, 2,20, 3, + 2 3 t=0, ——, ; sae n-M, 1-2, 2y—-, The period of beats is 1 T= n,-D, Frequency of beats (N) = 0, — 0, oe: Sia. xi 103 Physics Formulae | ition for waning : 20) Conditi g For minimum amplitude (waning) A=0 2n(n,—n,) 2a cos >t =0 2n(m No) | _& 3n Sn 2 “9? 1 3 t= 9, —n,)? 2(n, a)?" ~. The period of beats is 21) B =10log,, (2) sate (1, isa minimum reference intensity.) | | ce Std. xi wre a02 PRYSICS Fo 19) Condition for waxing : For maximum amplitude (waxing) A=+2a 2n(m,—D2) 2a woe | =+2a [ee oy ese 2 , Hs 2TH, 3 My one 2 3 t=0, ; 7 st ny—m, 1y-M, B)—22 The period of beats is “ T= Z ny—n, Frequency of beats (N) =n, — n, ; amplitude (waning) o) . jini? pz n(n —82) | =0 4a cos 2 —t) 4|-2 3 Su [ Bagg tae 3 t= 9m — Ma)? 2G M2)? . The period of beats is er 1 i ae n,—M, 2) B=10log,, (2) Boe (I, isa minimum reference intensity.) Hae “SS sees Eklavva Publication ——— al Mi Physics i) [Star 2 (404 | Forma 7. Wave Optics 1) Dey c=A,v where, c = Speed of light vy = Frequency | 1, = Wavelength of light n, - sin@) 2) im, n, sin(r) opts 2 Mi pe AL i te mY «Y 2 4) Fora parallel beam of light in medium 1 incident on an interface with medium 2 t Beam width in medium-2 — cos(r) 5) Malu’s law : , =I, cos’0 6) Brewster’s law : 1,= 9, OR 6,= tan! =] n, es EKlAVYa Publication sssusmemsresese ween path d sis Fora ‘Ormulae t patl ifference ( 1) j! bet ion. Jatt A and phase difference (4)(2) fea (Alzy Sy ae x on 4¢ 79D ee structive interference in terms of path diffee «on for COnSt nH nditio’ yo =% D | ight fringe nr ition (y-coordinate) of n* brig ae > be the positio } ‘y, ee a 0, #1, +2,- (n=¥, AD : aan =0, + 1) Qyt ) dark fring : osition of nt (n=0, + imilarly, the p' ) vatrtive interference) is (destrus d | Al=y, 1 =@~5)-2 which giving, N (406 ) Physics Pa any two successive dark oa Ula (ner y,) sequal. (This ig Calg i Std. Xil woiek is between 9) The distance i successive bright fringes width.) ae i Fringe width = W = AY=Yne17 Jn a2 10) Condition for constructive interference in terms i = difference (A >) is Ag,=2 (27) n=0,+1,42,+ 3, 11) Condition for destructive interference in terms of phase differen, Is Ben, Ag,=@- 9)2n n=+1, £2, £3, .0. 12) Intensity distribution : E, =E, snot and E,=E, sin(@t+9) .. The amplitude of the wave is 9 =2E, cos (5) j 13) When the amplitudes of the waves coming from the two slits are different, E,, and E,,, say. 107). Re iz : 7A Physics Formulas ire of the bright fringes, the an nce the intensity is Plitude wi be (py Wy 1 +h:+2fhie -e086 | | 0 i) I= For J, =L= 1=21,(1 + cos) = 4I,cos? é ) * oe =I Tin = 9 14)i) The wave vector (k) and the angular frequency (@) are related as k=

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