Schema Electrotechnique KCL

Machine Translated by Google

2 Guide to industrial electricity and electrical engineering diagram
Contents
To read – Very important............................................ .................................................. ........4
1 Introduction................................................ ...................7
What is a diagram?........................................ .................................................. 7 The electrical
diagram........................................................ .................................................. ...7 Purpose of an electrical
diagram........................................ ..................................................7
2 Draw technical diagrams............................................8 Manual
tracing............................................. .................................................. .......8
Pencils........................................ .................................................. .........................8 Mechanical
pencils.............................. .................................................. ...................................8 Technical ink
pens.............. .................................................. ...........................8 The
paper.............................. .................................................. .................................................9 The computer
tracing............................................. .............................................9 Paid
software .................................................. .................................................. 9 Free
software.............................................. .................................................. ....9 3
Symbols............................................ .........................11 4 Classification of

diagrams.............................. .............................13
Depending on the number of drivers............................................ .................................13
Single-line representation................................................ ..................................................13 Example of a
single-line diagram. .................................................. .................................14 Multi-wire
representation............... .................................................. ..................15 Example of multi-wire
diagram.............................. .................................................. ..........15 Depending on the location of the
symbols................................ .........................................16 Assembled
representation....... .................................................. .............................16 Row
representation............ .................................................. .................................17 Expanded
representation......................... .................................................. ..................18 Topographic
representation............................ .................................................. ...19
5 Identification of elements........................................................ ..20

Definition................................................. .................................................. .................20
Principle of identification............................................ .........................................20

Identification of the type of element............................................ .................................20
Identification of the function of the element............................................ .........................22
Identification of device terminals............................................ .........................24
Principle of marking for terminals............................................ .........................24 For a simple
element........................ .................................................. ...................24
Summary and/or extract from the training “Learn and Understand the Diagram
in Industrial Electricity and Electrotechnics” .www.positron-libre.com
For a group of elements............................................ .............................................24 For several similar
groups .................................................. .........................25

Reference letters.............................................. .................................................. .25
Principle of contact marking............................................. .............................25 Main
contacts.............................. .................................................. .............................25

Auxiliary contacts................................................ .................................................. ..26
Control unit .............................................. ...............................................26 Special
markings .................................................. .............................................27 Table of special
markings.. .................................................. ...................27
6 Identification of conductors.............................................. ...28

On the diagrams............................................... .................................................. ........28
Dependent tracking.................................................. ..................................................28 Independent
identification............................................. .............................................28 Special
markings. .................................................. .............................................29 Table of markings for private
conductors .............................................29
To read – Very important
The simple fact of reading this book gives you the right to
“ give it as a gift ” to whoever you want.
You are authorized to use it under the same conditions
commercially, that is to say to offer it on your blog, on
your website, integrate it into packages and offer it in
bonus with products, but NOT to sell it directly, nor to integrate it
into offers punishable by law in your country.
This book is under the “Attribution – no modification” license, which

which means you are free to distribute it to anyone you want,
provided you do not modify it, and always cite the author
Olivier Lejeune as the author of this book, and to include a link to
http://www.positron-libre.com.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be
obtained at:
http://www.positron-libre.com/contact/contact.php.
Summary and/or extract from the training “Learn and Understand the Diagram in
Industrial Electricity and Electrotechnics » .www.positron-libre.com
LEGAL NOTICE
The author has done his best to provide reliable, current information.
and relevant.
However, it cannot be held responsible for the results which may or may not arise from
the application of the methods described in this

book.
When in doubt, for any important decision, you should consult a
professional.
IMPORTANT NOTE
For ease of writing, I generally use the terms “course”, “manual”, “book”, “guide”… to
designate all of the documents and methods, except when it is obvious that this refers to this
book.
In this guide, I use a slightly different order and structuring than that used on the website. This
manual is intended to give you
global vision, the course to help you PRACTICE.
SO :
• Read this manual
• Watch online courses (electrotechnical courses)
• Refer to this manual for your comprehension questions

general
This manual is in the working version.
These illustrations and its content are subject to change depending on the
feedback from my readers, students, members registered for my training or
Internet developments (in particular articles from the positron-libre site).
For further
This beginner's guide is only a simplification of what the discipline of electrical

engineering is. The parts covered are more or less
summarized and for complete training on the study of the diagram in
electricity and electrotechnics, it will be necessary to study the electrical functions
performed by the equipment and know how to analyze the operation of these
functions in order to troubleshoot, maintain or modify these installations.
This guide is subject to change and the author welcomes your suggestions.
Developments
These illustrations and its content are subject to change depending on the
feedback from my readers, students, members registered for my training or
Internet developments (in particular articles from the positron-libre site).
http://www.positron-libre.com/survey/quenpensezvous.php .
Introduction
What is a diagram?
A diagram is a drawing or layout which represents in a simple way an
often technical construction. It can also be technical sub-assemblies which
once brought together, represent a complex technical achievement.
To make these diagrams, we use graphic symbols, which can be traced by hand on
paper with pencils or pens.
Printing companies and computer machines (plotters and printers) can reproduce
these diagrams in large quantities, once the diagram is in the form of a digital file.
The electrical diagram
An electrical diagram is a drawing that represents a simple electrical circuit or a

complete electrical installation, even complex.
Graphic symbols represent the elements of this installation but also the connections
which functionally link them.
So we will have, for example, symbols to represent an indicator light, a switch and fuses. We also have
symbols to represent electrical wires which will be used to connect our light with its switch and its fuses.
So here we have a schematic representation of a small electrical installation.
To represent the electrical lines that supply our electrical installations we then speak
of an electrical network. An electrical network (for the transport of electrical energy)
will be composed of generators (electric power generation plants), transformers, cables,
poles, connection or interconnection points and protection devices for each of the
aforementioned elements.
Purpose of an electrical diagram

• Explain how the equipment works (it may be accompanied by tables, diagrams
and timing charts),
• Provide the bases for establishing and physically carrying out the installation,
• Facilitate testing (commissioning),
• Facilitate maintenance and troubleshooting more quickly.
Draw technical diagrams
Manual tracing
In technical drawing we use simple tools, such as paper or tracing paper, pencils, mechanical pencils
or technical pens.
Pencils
Everyone knows that when drawing, the most common tool to use is a pencil (graphite lead). Not only
can it be erased, giving the designer almost infinite room for error, but it also allows you to
modulate your line according to pressure and inclination to create numerous nuances.
Mechanical pencils
Mechanical pencils (with calibrated graphite lead) will be used in different calibers and different
hardnesses.
The hardness depends on whether the lead is oily (2B, 4B, 6B, etc.) or dry (2H, 3H, 6H...).
The caliber corresponds to the diameter of the lead and therefore to the thickness of the line that will be
drawn.
Common diameters are 0.5mm, 0.7mm and 1mm for technical electrical drawing with a
medium-grey HB lead.
To make construction lines or fine and not too pronounced dotted lines, we will use a rather dry 2H
type lead with a diameter of 0.5mm or 0.3mm.
The mechanical pencil should be used vertically to properly calibrate the line.
Technical ink pens
These are precision pens with Chinese ink ( Rotring type) rechargeable. We
let's refill with black ink in the reservoir of said pen. There are all kinds of
calibers but the most commonly used (in electrical diagram) are 0.25mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 1mm
and 1.5mm.
You will need to use the pen vertically with a ruler (imperative!) to avoid smudging.
There are also disposable pens with black ink and in common calibers.
Color calibrated pens are used more for educational purposes for learning the diagram. Colors
are also very useful in layout diagrams, in electronics for the preparation of a prototype on
breadboard and for practical measurements and tests. Colors help with understanding, but large
quantities of printed matter are often in black and white.
The paper
The minimum 90g white paper will make the drawn page easier to hold.
Tracing paper is useful for tracing with Indian ink. By using paper with a heavier weight than usual
(90g or 100g), you can scrape the paper without drilling it when correcting errors.
Computer tracing
With the advent of computers, it is now easy to enter these diagrams on a computer and print them with
a printer (color) or with a plotter (design office).
But when studying and analyzing our installation, we often start with a paper version. It is during the
creation of the manufacturing file that we will spend everything on IT.
Paid software
1-2-3 diagram : to create blue rate electrical diagrams; it is one of the software sold by Hager.
See www.hager.fr
WinRelais allows you to create single-line, multi-line, architectural and

developed for construction and industry.
See: http://www.typonrelais.com/index.php?page=winrelais
Legrand : Professional business software; Most of this business software is offered to you as a free
download.
See www.legrand.fr/
Schneider : SISpro Bâtiment and Ecodial see www.schneider-electric.fr
SchemELECT is a software tool dedicated to design offices, maintenance services and new
works in the industrial electricity sector.
See http://www.ftz.fr/v3/produit/SchemELECT/index.php?lg=fr
IGE-XAO : from design to creation of the electrical installation of buildings.

This software allows you to create electrical plans, installation plans and electrical panels, and electrical
installation calculations.
IGE+XAO solutions target the design and maintenance of electrical installations: machine
processes, on-board cabling, etc.
See http://www.ige-xao.fr/
Free software
QElectroTech : it is a free application allowing you to create electrical diagrams.
QElectroTech is licensed under the GNU/GPL license. It is currently available for
Windows and Linux. Concerning Mac OS, experiments have proven that it is possible
to compile and run it on this system.
See qelectrotech.org/
ProfiCAD is an economical and easy-to-use software designed for drawing both

electrical and electronic diagrams and schematics as well as control circuit diagrams.
It can also be used for developing pneumatic, hydraulic and other types of technical
diagrams.
See http://proficad.softonic.fr/
Grids is vector drawing software primarily intended for creating diagrams. Free, it comes with image libraries
that are easy to use in a diagram, these cover areas like computing, electricity, flowcharts, grafcets,
logic and even music and calendars.
See http://www.clubic.com/telecharger-fiche10429-grids.html
CAD Proteus : normally intended for entering electronic diagrams, this software is
suitable for making electrical diagrams if you create your symbol library.
It is this suite that I use for my design work and for my tutorials published on
positron-libre.com .
See the free demo versions : http://www.multipower.fr/vide1/prod.html Or

http://www.labcenter.com/download/prodemo_download.cfm .
Object 1
Dia: a remarkable software for creating diagrams (network, electrical circuit,

computer program, etc.) Initially under Linux and developed for the GNOME graphical
interface, it was ported to Windows and Mac OS
See: http://dia-installer.de/
Libreoffice : is a free open source office suite that offers word processing,
spreadsheet, presentation, vector drawing, database, and mathematical formula
editing modules.
Even though it is an office suite, it is capable of making small electrical diagrams
(you can create a library of symbols). It can also format label files for electrical panels.
See: https://fr.libreoffice.org/
The symbols
What is quite impressive is that there are several ways to draw the same type of
equipment or component. Standardizing symbols (at least the most common) makes it
possible to read a diagram more quickly.
We can also say that thanks to these standardizations, this “symbolic language” is a
universal language understandable by any technician on the planet.
Classification of schemas
About schema classification:

We can classify diagrams according to their mode of representation. But each mode is
sometimes divided into several sub-modes. For example in the following section, the single-
line representation and the multi-line representation are classified in the mode
“according to the number of drivers ”.
Depending on the number of drivers
Single-line representation
Two or more conductors are represented by a single line.

This line indicates the number of conductors in parallel. This representation
is mainly used in three-phase.
Earth Neutral Three drivers. + earth
Three conductors
Example of a single-line diagram
The power circuit diagram of a three-phase motor.
Multi-wire representation
In the multi-wire representation each conductor is represented by a line.
If you have an electrical device powered by three phases, you draw the three wires of each phase.
This takes up more space, but it allows you to include the numbers assigned to the wires and terminal blocks.
It is also the diagram that allows cablers to easily follow the progress of their wiring task and for
troubleshooters or maintenance workers to clearly identify the associated equipment and conductors (or
connected to each other).
Example of multi-wire diagram
Diagram of direct starting of a three-phase motor (power circuit).
Depending on the location of the symbols

Assembled representation
The symbols of the different elements of the same device, or the same equipment,
are represented juxtaposed on the diagram.
Row representation
The symbols of the different elements of the same device or the same installation
are separated and arranged so that the symbols of the mechanical connections
between different elements which operate together can be easily traced.
Developed representation
the symbols of the different elements of the same device or the same installation are separated and arranged
so that the layout of each circuit can be easily followed.
This is the current trend in all ordering schemes.
Topographic representation
The representation of the symbols recalls the real arrangement of the materials in
space.
Example: architectural diagram, plan or layout diagram.
Architectural diagram of the comings and goings in a room with two access points.
Identification of elements
Definition
The term element refers to an inseparable whole, for example a contactor, a
disconnector or a push button.
Principle of identification
HAS B VS
sort of element function number of the element concerned
Identifying the type of element
The elements are identified using a marker letter (on part A).
Example :
a contactor coil: K
a push button: S
Table of marker letters for identifying types of elements

Landmark Kind of element Example
HAS Functional assembly or subassembly Amplifier
B Transducer of a non-electric quantity Thermo-electric couple, photo-
into an electrical quantity or vice versa electric cell...
VS Capacitors
D Binary operator, timing or storage devices Combinatorial operator, delay

line, bistable, monostable
flip-flop, magnetic memory...
E Miscellaneous equipment Lighting, heating, elements

not specified in
this painting.
F Protective devices Circuit breaker, surge limiter,

surge protector...
G Generators (power devices) Generator, alternator, battery
H Signaling devices Warning light or

sound.
K Relays and contactors
L Inductors Induction coil, blocking coil.
M Engines
P Measuring instrument, testing devices. Indicator device, recording device.
Q Mechanical connection devices for power circuits. Circuit breaker, disconnector.
R Resistors Potentiometer, rheostat, shunt,

persistence.
S Mechanical connection devices for control circuits. Push buttons, limit
switch, selector...
T transformer
u Modulator, converter. Frequency converter,

rectifier converter, stand-alone
inverter.
X Terminals, plugs, bases.
Y Electrically operated mechanical devices. Brake, clutch, pneumatic

solenoid valve.
Identifying the function of the element
The chosen marker must begin with a letter (part B) which can be followed by the
necessary additional letters and/or numbers (part C). The code used must be explicit.
Example: protection by thermal relay F1 could be functionally identified

by Rth1. (KA1 for an auxiliary contactor; KM2 ...)
TABLE OF FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION MARKS
Landmark Landmark
functional Legend functional Legend
A.L. Alarm FE Closing
Auto Automatic (mode) FR Braking

AR Back GA LEFT
A.T. Stop GV Great speed
A.V. Before HA High
B.A. Down HS Out of service

THAT Alternating current I Fluent
CC Direct current L Feeder
D Triangle (coupling) MY Walk
Dcy Cycle start Manu Manual (mode)

OF Descent MID Minimum
DM Startup MO Climb
DR RIGHT MX Maximum
EA Water NO Normal
ES In service OR Opening
EX Excitement P Power
FC Limit switch PV Low speed
+ Increase S.Y. Synchronization
- Decrease u Tension
INC Increment Y Star (coupling)
DEC Decrement W Angular speed
Identifying device terminals

It is based on alphanumeric notation using capital letters and Arabic numerals.
The letters I and O should not be used.
Principle of marking for terminals

For a simple element
The two ends of a simple element are distinguished by

successive reference numbers, for example 1 and
2.
If there are intermediate points to this element,

they are distinguished by higher numbers in
normally increasing order than those at the ends.
For a group of elements
For a group of similar elements, the ends of the elements will be designated by reference letters which
will precede the reference numbers indicated in paragraph (a).
Example: U, V, W for the phases of a three-phase alternating system.
For several similar groups
For several similar groups of elements having the same reference letters, they are
distinguished by a numerical prefix in front of the reference letters.
Reference letters
The reference letters will be chosen:
• direct current in the first part of the alphabet,
• alternating current in the second part of the alphabet.
Contact marking principle

Main contacts
The terminals are identified by a single number from 1 to 6 (three-pole), from 1

to 8 (four-pole).
Auxiliary contacts
They are identified by a two-digit number. The units digit indicates the function of the contact:
ÿ 1-2, normally open

contact;
ÿ 3-4, NO contact;
ÿ 5-6, 7-8, special operation

contact.
The tens digit indicates the sequence number of each auxiliary contact of the device.
Control body
We use A1 and A2. For two windings (e.g. bistable relay) we will use A1-A2 and B1-B2.
Special markings
They concern terminals connected to well-defined conductors:

see following table.
Table of special markings
TABLE OF SPECIAL TERMINAL MARKINGS

DEVICE
Device terminals for Marking

Alpha-numeric Symbol
notation chart
Phase 1 u
Phase 2 V
Alternative system
Phase 3 W
Neutral NOT
Protective conductor PE
Earth E
Land without noise YOU
Mass (platinum, chassis) M.M.
Conductor identification
On the diagrams
Individual identification of conductors is generally necessary for a connection diagram, for a detailed explanatory
diagram and for a general connection diagram.
The marking can be fixed when studying the diagram or in simple cases, chosen when laying the conductors;
we must then transfer the marks to the diagram or to an annexed document.
Dependent tracking
The conductor mark reproduces the marks of the terminals or equipment to which the two ends of this
conductor must be connected.
Independent tracking
It uses the same generally simple marker all the way down the conductor.
Generally a diagram or connection table must be used.
Special markings
Table of markings for private drivers
TABLE OF MARKINGS FOR PRIVATE DRIVERS

Marking
Designation of drivers Alpha-numeric Symbol
notation chart
Phase 1 L1
System
Phase 2 L2
power supply
Phase 3 L3
alternative
Neutral NOT
Positive L+ +
Continuous systems Negative L- -
Median M
Protective conductor PE
Ungrounded protective conductor COULD
Protective conductor and neutral conductor PEN

combined
Earth E
Land without noise YOU

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Machine Translated by Google

Machine Translated by Google

To read – Very important............................................ .................................................. ........4

diagram........................................................ .................................................. ...7 Purpose of an electrical

2 Draw technical diagrams............................................8 Manual

tracing............................................. .................................................. .......8

Pencils........................................ .................................................. .........................8 Mechanical

pencils.............................. .................................................. ...................................8 Technical ink

pens.............. .................................................. ...........................8 The

paper.............................. .................................................. .................................................9 The computer

tracing............................................. .............................................9 Paid

software .................................................. .................................................. 9 Free

software.............................................. .................................................. ....9 3

Symbols............................................ .........................11 4 Classification of

Depending on the number of drivers............................................ .................................13

Single-line representation................................................ ..................................................13 Example of a

single-line diagram. .................................................. .................................14 Multi-wire

representation............... .................................................. ..................15 Example of multi-wire

diagram.............................. .................................................. ..........15 Depending on the location of the

symbols................................ .........................................16 Assembled

representation....... .................................................. .............................16 Row

representation............ .................................................. .................................17 Expanded

representation......................... .................................................. ..................18 Topographic

representation............................ .................................................. ...19

5 Identification of elements........................................................ ..20

Principle of identification............................................ .........................................20

Identification of the function of the element............................................ .........................22

Identification of device terminals............................................ .........................24

Principle of marking for terminals............................................ .........................24 For a simple

element........................ .................................................. ...................24

For a group of elements............................................ .............................................24 For several similar

groups .................................................. .........................25

Principle of contact marking............................................. .............................25 Main

contacts.............................. .................................................. .............................25

Control unit .............................................. ...............................................26 Special

markings .................................................. .............................................27 Table of special

markings.. .................................................. ...................27

6 Identification of conductors.............................................. ...28

Dependent tracking.................................................. ..................................................28 Independent

identification............................................. .............................................28 Special

markings. .................................................. .............................................29 Table of markings for private

To read – Very important

This book is under the “Attribution – no modification” license, which

the application of the methods described in this

When in doubt, for any important decision, you should consult a

• Read this manual

• Watch online courses (electrotechnical courses)

• Refer to this manual for your comprehension questions

This manual is in the working version.

This beginner's guide is only a simplification of what the discipline of electrical

The electrical diagram

An electrical diagram is a drawing that represents a simple electrical circuit or a

So here we have a schematic representation of a small electrical installation.

Purpose of an electrical diagram

• Facilitate testing (commissioning),

• Facilitate maintenance and troubleshooting more quickly.

Draw technical diagrams

Technical ink pens

WinRelais allows you to create single-line, multi-line, architectural and

Schneider : SISpro Bâtiment and Ecodial see www.schneider-electric.fr

IGE-XAO : from design to creation of the electrical installation of buildings.

QElectroTech is licensed under the GNU/GPL license. It is currently available for

ProfiCAD is an economical and easy-to-use software designed for drawing both

See the free demo versions : http://www.multipower.fr/vide1/prod.html Or