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    12 views34 pages

    Neutralização Com Amônia

    Uploaded by

    eduardo moritz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 34
    THE USE OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA FOR ACID NEUPRALIZATION AND pH ADJUSTMENT Ty. Ii. TIT. Iv. VI. vil, VIET, im. XI, XIE, XTIr. PAGE INTRODUCTION... 1 ACID, BASE REVIEW. . ~ 2 pH MEASUREMENT REVIEW. 2 SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ACIDS 2 INDUSTRIAL pH ADJUSTMENT. sees 3 CHEMICALS USED FOR ACLD NEUTRALIZATION. . teeee 3 SAMPLE CALCULATION - NUMBER OF POUNDS BASE. *: > EQUIVALENT TO A GIVEN QUANTITY OF ACID, .«:« 6 TABLES - QUANTITIES OF BASES EQUIVALENT TQ GIVEN AMOUNTS OF ACID..ssecaersevrereacee eeeeeee ? PRODUCE ADVANTAGES OF USING: ANHYDROUS AMMONIA FOR ~ ACTED NEUTRALIZATION, vay.-2eegesecerenereesceee 22 DISADVANTAGES OF USING ANHYDROUS AMMONIA FOR ACID NEUTRALIZATION. cc. ce ceceescesesseeeererepercsesccecenessan 22 NEUPRALIZATION OF MIXED ACIDS WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONIA...... 23 TYPICAL NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS USING ANHYDROUS AMMONIA... eeetrereees pensccteretecursnvecssecsesssesesere 23 EQUIFMENE POR ACID NEUTRALIZATION. 3 seeccecsseseseuseoeres 23 FIGURE 7 - ACID NEUTRALIZATION Seoran USING STLETOER NH: eevseecnscene 25 FIGURE IT - nena REOPRAL IZATION “SyStit 1SING BULK Wy s.ccevsesuveccseccdensennenesverscsessnccorares 26 SYSTEM ADVANTAGES OF USING ANHYDROUS AMMONIA FOR ACID NEUTRALIZATION. stcaacsecccnccaccsanscsenarererssesecs 27 LIQUID ANHYDROUS AMMONIA VS, VAPOR ANHYDROUS AMMONIA FOR ACID NEUTRALIZATION. ....0-.02sescoveeeccccssessnscece 27 APPENDIX... cecee rece pee eetbeeewereeneeeeeternssetseereres 2G GENERAL REFERENCE MATERIAL,..0se-cecssaseeeeeeroceseseseae 32 ACID NEGURALIZ ATION AND pH ADJUSTMENT WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONTA z. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this technical bulletin is to discuss the use of anhydrous ammonia for pH adjustment and acid neutralization. We have attempted to strike a happy medium between a technical and a non-technical approach to. thase areas, In many cases, the economies of replacing other bases with anhydrous ammonia are very favorable. Hach situation should be analyzed individually, It is essential to obtain approval for a proposed anhydrous ammonia installation:from tha appropriate yegulatory, bodies. a Ir. ACID,BASE REVIEW The tems “acid” and "base" #411 ba used quite frequently within this booklet. One methed of defining these terms follows: ACID = any Substence which can give up or donate a proton hydrogen: ion H*) to any ‘other substanes., An acid ig a proton donor. ty Characteristics of acids : A. Acids have a sour taste. B, ‘Acids turn blue litwus paper red. G. Acids neutralize bases. D, pl?g of acids range from 1 to just below 7. Bask - any substance which can'recéive or accept a proton hydrogen ion H*) from any other. substance, A base ig a proken ACCERtGL. ' Characveristics of bases (alkalis A. Water solutions of bases feel soapy. B, Bases have a bitter or alkaline taste, CG. Bases turn red litmus paper blue, D. Bases neutralise acids, ¥, p's of bases range from. Just above 7 to Lk. i The strength of an acid or # base is measured in its ability to lose or gain protons respectively. sea, Ba Be HSASUREMENT REVIEW pK is a measure of the relative otrengths of acids and bases. Relative Hydrogen Ton. Strength Goncentration Strong Acid 10-3 we fe Neutral. 1o-f RE Oo aoe! bape 13 th . Strong Base S qoelé URGES INDUSTRIAL WASTE ACIDS « Industrial waste acid solutions that can create potentially expensive and Labor-cohsuning problems to industry are ereated from a vast number of operations, Specifically, the following types of industries are originators of waste acid liquors. This is by no means a total list, but does indicate a basie group of industries which are involved: Petroleum refining operations Metallurgical and mining operations Chemical processing Wet battery manufacturing and rebuilding operations 2, & specific operation in the process of wire manufacture normally requires the removal of rust and scale by an operation known as "pickling". Sulfuric acid is, normally ased as a dilute solution dip for the rusted steel wire srior tq drawing. The acid reacts with the iron oxide --~(yust) to form iron sulfate and water, The packiing soku- fon slowly loses its strength as each batch of metal is preated and is finally discarded. At disposal point, vhe waate acid liquor usually contains from 1% - 3% free acid (by weight) and is still’ acidic enough.to cause corrosion of severage facilities and contamination of municipal water or other surface water where the liquors are dumped, ote CHEMICAL Anhydrous Ammonia ‘INDUSTRIAL pH ARJUSTMENT Anhydrous ammonia is used to increase pH in segnents of the following industries: . 1. Pharmaceutical 2. Ore Flotation 3. Food This is by no means a'total list, but dees indicate a basic group of industries, CHEMICALS USED FOR ACI) Wie CHEMICALS USED FOR ACID NEUTRALIZATION Acid neutralization on an industrial scale is usually accomplished’ bythe treatment of acidi¢ solutions by the manual or automatical- 1y' controlled addition .of a:basic (alkaline) compound. Depending upon the characteristics of the individual bage, bases are added as solids, solutions, Slurries, or,in ‘the case of anhydrous ammonia, a5 a liguid' or a vapor, The following table pravides . a comparison between equivalent weights of various bases: POUNDS OF CHEMICAL EQUIVALENT TO ONE POUND OF THE FOLLOWING ACTD: CHEMICAL - -.- =~ 7 - ~ 100% ~ FORMULA GH3COOH Grds. GeHaQo.H 0 HCL HNO, HyEO, 1,80, Ls 5 - NH3 0628 © 0634 Deak Ou? 0.27 0652 0435 Aqua Ammonia (29.4) NH,OH 0.95 116, 0,82 2660 0,92 1.77 2619 Caleiue : : Carbonate Catds 0.84 ' 1.00 0272 | 1438 0,80 1,53 1.02 Caustic Soda NaOH 0.67 _ 0.80 0.57 2610 0,64 1.22 0.82 Slaked so {Hydrated}Lims Ca(CH), 0.62 0.74 0053 ' 1.02 0.59 1,13 0276 Soda Ash Nag0, 0,881.06 0.76 = LibS 08h LZ 1.08 EXAMPLES: : Ae Ook? pounde of NHy is equivalent to 1.0 pound of 100% HCL, B. 1,53 pounds of GaGOy is equivalent to 1,0 pound of 100% H5FO, 08 pounds of soda ash is equivalent to 1.0 pound of 100% 80, ke 36 aa . ffize “ine Note: Neutralization of chromic acid will not alleviate the possible toxic effect of a heavy metal (chromiun!’on a biological waste treatment system, If chromic acid is present in the waste effluent, the method of treating ¢his waste will have to be carefully discussed with appropriate regulatory bodies. The concentration ‘of chromium as it reaches the waste treatment plant will be a factor in determining the treatment method. One equivalent weight of an acid will completely react with one equivalent weight of a base. This is generally referred to as reaching equivalence. This does not mean that.one -pound of an acid will react with one pound of a base. Qne equivalent weight of hydrochloric acid, for example, is.equal to 36047 grams and one equivalent weight of anhydrous ammonia is equal to 17.0 grams. < A strong acid (duch as hydrochloric acid) reacted with a strong base (such ag sodium hydroxide) will theoretically reach equir valence at pH 7. 8 strong ac g reacting with a weak base suc! ag Aqua smmonia will reach ‘equivalence ag Dl a (ote: “Agua amnonia is mentioned because anhydrous ammonia reacts with water in the effiuent to form aqua ammonia.) To raise the BH » from 5 te 7 will reauine aug yionel ammonia. o fhe equtyalent weight comparisons were calculated on a theoretical, basis. The possible buffering capacity of a waste acid solution was not taken into consideration, na iene quoprapmbs aze tua go spunod 91's 40 (pO x “S4T 90°21 SF Tomsve OTR -€yg go spunod ¢y'o OF ueTPATRES BT HORN spqoe aqsea yverg 0g Zeek 3ed HORN %OIT F0 gHOeN JO spumod NO0*ZT OF saqeuagzeo umTOTEO-3o spunod gg"zZ 03 JueTeATNbe = queteatnbe eae fax yo spunod Aueu moi “HORN 30 spumod g00°CT OF ~ syse pos yo spunod gf°T se pyoe yo aunoue eues ou} SzTTEAaneU TTTM ROEM yo punod 1 t am zo punod T sarogaToUL Jo punod suo eu; eas am ‘y7e4D ey WOT “sq O00'ZT Buysn ATqueazno ef Aueduoo ¥ WaT Gras “a ¥ ‘Sea ‘qt ovr *saT ev'T ‘Sat ee'T “al cS"O “AT Z6'0 “SqT TIE footen use epos “qt o£°0 "AT GOTT «= “AT £G°O AE LE'O AT #9TO ‘sqrt eT"e Zeno) ed eueT {pazeapAR) - PORTS sat Suto “Say BOTT «AT OD'T ‘at GR“D- "aT 69°0 "EAT SECS HORN epos veces o7asnep “Qt S6°O 1SQT SETI "BAT GBT “AT OO"T “AT 9870 vsqq s67% Egpeo ageucazed : ants TeD ssqt 60°] ‘8ST OS°T “SAT ay'T "AT BS°O “AT O0°T "sqt ope (47762) ROPHN equouny . enby ai zeto AT SyrT0. AT EHO “AT ZT*O “AT BE"O “aq O0°T tH equoUMy, snozpauuy “Srna STwn0g ~ ~ Sienda Simoe =8‘swa BIvieE WiMWOT WOT fonten, © (Ho) 23 Hoen fooe9 =, ROPAN ten“ TwORMGHD aNnod T annod T canned T gnnod T [epee guood T fannod 1 oo Re SHS OTT : ROSTVaNOS LHSTas GRATIOT ! | : i TOA GIVEN QUANTITY OF ACTD VII, SAMPLE CALCULATION ~ NUMBER OF POUNDS OF BASE EQUIVALENT TOA GIVEN QUANTITY OF AGED To calculate the required amount of hase, the following facts must be ‘known: . SYMBOL i. Number of gallons of acid solution (A) 2, Specific gravity of acid solution (a) 3, Identity of acid in solution . 4. Percent acid in salution, expressed as a decimal, (so) 5. Equivalent weight of base to be used for neutralization. (D) 6, Equivalent weight of acid in solution S {8} The forma for this calqulatdon would be: Number of pounds of base’= 8.34(A}(B)(G}(D/B) SAMPLE PROBLEM . How many pounds of anhydrous anmonia are equivalent to 100 gallons. of a 4 sulfuric acid solution? , To solve this problem we wold’ use the formula stated above: Number of pounds of base = 8,34(4)(B).(C)(D/2) In this problem: ¥ A (umber of gallons of solution) = 100 B (Specific gravity of acid. 4% sulfuric) ie) C (Percent acid in solution, expressed as a-decimal) = 04 D (Equivalent weight of base)’ = 17,0 E (Equivalent weight of acid in solution) = 49.04 Inserting the values inte the formula gives the following results: Number of pounds of base required for equivalency . 7 8-34(100}(1.0250){0.04)(17/49.04) (8.343(0.0410) (0.347) (39.194) (0.347) Aagwer = 11.86 1 Therefore, 11.86 lbs. of NH, are equivalent to 100 gallons of a 48 solution of sulfurie acid, . 260 oe seem) Should you wish tol eateulate the amount of base necessary for equivalent to an acid, the following rounded-off figures will be of assistance: EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS OF ACIDS: Acetic (CH3CO0H ) 60,05 Chromic (Grd3) 50.00 Citric (GgHg07.H20) 70,00 Hydrochloric (xe1)} 36.447 Nitric (CHNO3) 63.02 Phosphoric (H3PO,) 32.68 Sulfuric (#280,,)° 49.08 EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS Of BASES: Anhydrous Ammonia NH 17.00 Galciww Carbonate Cats 50.05 Caustic Soda Nao 40,00 Slaked (Hydrated) Lime Ga(OH)g 37,05 Soda Ash Nag603 © 53000 Note: To determine the amount of aqua ammonia (NH,0H) necessary {> neutralize a given amount of acids, calculate the pounds of anhydrous ammonia necessary ‘for neutralization and multiply by the percentage of NHg concentration of the aqua divided into 100. For example, 1 pound’ of. anhydrous ammonia is equal to 3.4 pounds > of 29.4% aqua ammonia (100/29.4 = 3-4). EQUIVALENT CONVERSION FACTORS (D/# RELATIONSHIP CH,COOK Crd; OGHg07.Ha0 HCL HNOsH3PO,. HySO, MH 0.28 034 0.24 O47 0227 0.52 0.35 Catoy 0.8h 1.00 0.72 1,38 0.860 1.53 1.02 NaOH 0.6 0.80 Boe? 1.l0 0.64 1.22 0.82 Ca(OH) 0,62 OuTh 0493 1,02 0.59 1.13 0.76 HayC03' 0.88 1.06 0.76 1.65 0.84 1.62 1,08 MISCELLANEOUS CONVERSION FACTORS Ll, To convert pounds of NH3 to gadlone of NH; @ 70°F., divide pounds by 5.08. 2, To convert pounds of NH,OH to. gallons of NH,OH @ WF ay divide pounds by 7,50. Tables in the following section give information on the amount of various bases required to neutralise specific acids, These Values were calculated using the formula given in this section. 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