a (Other tts inctude ARTS, F and J. ARTS English Syntactic Structures (+ workbook) BALLIN, W.H, Perfect Your English DELLAR, 6. and D. BRITTEN Using Phrasal Verbs (second exstion) DOWNING, A. and P LOCKE ‘A University Course in English Grammar HEATON, J.B. and T; W. NOBLE Using loins ILSON, R. and J. WHITCUT astring Engish Usage JACKSON, Andrew & Audtey Elemeniary Grammar Worksheets JACKSON, Andiow & Ausiey Intermediate Grammar Worksheets* JACKSON, Andrew & Audrey ‘Advanced Grammar Workshets* McLEOD, N. and E. WOODS Using Basic Engish Grammar McLEOD, N. and. WOODS Using English Grammar “includes audio cassette HOW NOW, BROWN Cow? Acourse in the pronunciation of English, with exercises and dialogues by Mimi Ponsonby Mlustrated by Duncan vy ae ( 7 ‘flaca New Yow London Toots ‘yey Tokyo Soap© fxomatinal Book Disbutors Li, 1982 ‘Ft pubiood 1062 by Pergamon Proge Lid Printed and bound in Great Bean at the Univer Prose, Cambio ‘Bish bray Catalogu i Pubesion Dela ‘A catalogue record fr his book i valbl om the Brion brary I5aN 0-13-404025-0 no 99 96 97 Contents ‘A fine, flashy fox fur ‘A visit 10 Vladivostok boring book you're reading! ve you dome with Mabel? in he jungle 4 PBaRENSARTRSRREMBSRLASRRERHERRETES Smee cor ca cor ES Foe core or PPE Pe | |1c 1 aan 3’ Moking« pet ot Mortha Favs, horses ond a trtise A rip Lapland Where are you, Hugh? Miss Woodfull tbe furious “Hon’s my petite urledove? Looking for something prety [No wonder the Boat was low! Howard's found an ow! James Doyle and the boilermakers' strike Tes cele in here What tine does the plone lave? Were you at home ls ight? Im ofr Think Pm fost ih like abit of silence, don’ they? Introduction scientists, would-be teachers—who have learnt their English from the printed page ‘and then find on business trips or international conferences, or even just social almost impossible to follow a lecture or conversation, and that ll understands zhem:; or students wanting to supplement their academic studies with something a little closer ‘communication. However, How Now, Brown Cow? is just as suitable for use in a classroom, ‘especially ifyou have aecess to a language laboratory. It's not necessary to know alot ‘of English before you begin, though it helps to knt The trouble with many people is that they get into bad habits, very often pronouncing English words like sounds of their mother tongue, and the more fluently they speak, incorrect sounds, the more difficult itis to get rid of them. Soin away, for you if you don’t know too much! ‘Why Pronunciation is necessary Language is a means of communication. It has three components: (a) Structures (the patterns that can be seen in these are usually called the ‘grammar of the language). (b) Words that convey meaning (vocabulary or leris).. (©) Sound, stress, and intonation patterns, which combine to make up “Pronunciation” Ifyou communicate only through the written word, you will need only the first two of these components. If, on the other hand, you want to be able to understand the spoken language, and to be understood, you'll need all three components. Some jimk that as ong as you know the words, and perhaps a smattering of ie way you say things doesn’treally matter. Well, that’sallrightas longs the language for isto point to something and say ‘How much?’, in which cease there's not much purpose in your following this course. A child can get what it ‘wants by pointing and saying ‘Da! Dal’, or screaming till it gets it. Buta child soon learns that there are better ways of conveying its needs, and later, that the world and human thought and emotions are far too complex to be expressed merely by pointing or screaming from the very ‘are mastered early yme $0 natural that it seems unnatural to say them incorrectly. All that’s left to lear is where the stress lies and how some of the more unusual words are said, ‘Communication is a two-way process— 1 Understanding other people when they speak, 2. Conveying what you want to say so that other people can understand you.For the first, understanding, we need— (a) Knowledge and (©) Awareness, sensitivity For the second, conveying meaning, we need— (a) Knowledge (b) Awareness and (©) Control If you have no tif someone as yo teem very sous, bt sof stories todo misunderstanding eatsed Dy miso. nuncaton. Sometimes tere saute sometimes people walk ot oper ad on at least one occasion there was very nearly an International Incident. ‘There may be only one, ny ference between the mod the speaker sidan the word he hough he was saying. Suppose there were wo or thce- mistakes" ino Pronunciation? The consequences could be mu (a) offence tothe istene, (0) misunderseanding by the stener, cmp nk of smo yh er, asene so exhausted by the effort of ty wat iis you! trying to say that he giver up and goes and tas to someone ese Not a very ha ect! How Now, SF Nota ser happy prospect How Now, Brown Cov? is designed to minimise the How to use this book The book vided nt iy ight unis, each of whch del wih ethers phone of chars featue of Bntsh Enlsh pronancaton. Each eins with an explanation of how to produce a particular sound or ha orl etre. Misi followed by eee, the for repetition and precio {orecogaion nd dsinion of oun There ate aso exerces onsets Withererdesfrrepetiinandpmctcekisatays beso listen iho oking the tex. The ten word cn 0 fe interes with en's peeepton of at unfamiliar sounds you repeat, check constantly to make sre that youve cryin out carefully the istruetons tthe top of the page, and tht your speech orga re ais he conet potion, Len ery attentively tthe sounds onthe tape, and itt these sexy you can, partwise without ime being worrying 2 akinially only ofsound. Thsrequresdisepline but worth he Gf. fy iv aseond eee on hich ou an a your om ie st way to listen to you issionately, as if 0 th he best way Inn 8 yourself dispassionate, si the vole belonged Remember, scguting a compl rng complex sil ik a language re contol, and these can only be achieved throush cts more varied here re words mops we tin Ss both avareness and practic. To make tis tongue cise, rer es and proverbs. Under the heading of Proverb’ have Included commas ng and an eceasionl quot Once you fee! that you've mastered the sound, look at the words as they're written ‘You'll be surprised atthe spelling —butrememiber the sound remains constant, Keep wee waa wee’ you can always tone it down. J Mhe exercises for discrimination are designed to encourage you to listen accurately and to refine your awareness of the differences between sounds which to the un- trained car appear indistinguishable. ‘There is no reason why these exercises shouldn't be used for practice, 00. ‘The same applies to the exercises on syllable stress. Use them first of all to sharpen yoursen: fo stress within words and later to rhythm in longer speech, and carry this sensitivity into real life so that you're also aware of these things in seal conversa- tion. Then practise them yourself, making the stressed syllables louder, longer and higher than the rest, Again, don’t be afraid to exaggerate. ‘At the bottom of each left-hand page, printed upside down, are the answers to Guestions in which you have to make decisions. Do try not to look before you've thade up your own mind what the answer should be. Even if you're wrong, you will have learnt something. And you can go back and listen again and try to discover why logues, which all these exercises have been leading up to the particular sound or feature of pronunciation with which the unit ig concerned. The situations are, perhaps, a little fantastic but the language is lordinary—at least, as ordinary as is possible if one's concentrating on one particular sound. Each dialogue has been recorded like this: 1. The complete conversation with both parts read by ni 2. The conversation repeated, but the second voice . mn repeated once more, with the first voice omitted. fe speakers, sd. 3. The conve only enough time as been lft on the tape for you to say the speech at the same = speed asthe original native speaker. If mg enouth for you at rst, switch ‘cach time’itis your turn, but try toincrease your speed and fluency so that eventually the conversation flows and you answer the first speaker and he or she ‘answers you as naturally as if the other person was in the room with you. Practise if you possibly can until you feel you have made some improvement. But do not work Zany one dialogue or speech to death. You can always return to a unit after you have in fact, since, like driving a car or flying an aeroplane, speech ing a number of diverse skills at the same tim be expected to steet aspects of pronunciation, Ber be br ors hI not we7 a4 ~~ 1 9 FJ ‘What you need to know before you begin Thave tried, as faras possible, to keep the tntechnical. But there are one or two basi again and again throughout the book and. and forall now so that instead of repeating the exp ery important concepts that appear it would be sensible to explain once ion Ican simply use the word OF phrase that refers to it—this, afterall, i the purpose of all spevialised term, logy. terms I want to explain are: 1. ‘Phoneme’ ‘A phoneme s the smallest unit of sound that makes a ‘0 meaning in any given language. The sounds of yo language’ (the language you are trying to learn ie British English) may either (a) not exis replaceable without altering meaning by a sound. In some languages [w] and person the difference between the lengths is sible to hear and impossible to reproduce. Ea ‘own particular phonemic system. If you are going to be al iunderstand and make people understand you in English, ‘obvious that you must (a) recognise the English phoneme: (®) pronounce them correctly yourself. 2. The terms ‘voiced’ and ‘voiceless! When you pronounce a sound, you can either vi- brate your vocal cords (pro- ducing a ‘voiced’ sound) or ore) Push the air straight up from your lungs and out of is phonemic, so itis very important to make the difference between them—this one feature of “mana citnnnavanieecnenalente aR choked voicednest or voicelessness--very clear, and also tobe aware of itwhen you are listening “There ae several ways fo check whether jou are pronouncing these sounds cores iy Fis put your fingers on your Adam's apple and say [v, which isa voiced sound, an good one to practise with because you can hold on tot. You should fel a strong If you say the voiceless equivar Should fel no vibration at ll. cover your earewithyourhands a candle out or a feather off yourhand, Atleast youshould the voiced should be no more than a tiny explosion of air. All vowels are voiced. & ee ‘These are all the parts of the head that you use to make sounds, ‘They are: nasal passage hardpalate— softpalate ~~ alveolar ridge back of tongue vocal cords Teeth—top (or upper) and bottom (or lower). Tongue—tip, mid Alveolar ridge—the 1 Vocal cords—two pare ike strings of a harp, vibrate to produce ‘voiced’ sounds,Adam's apple—the bump in the front of yor which ‘moves up and down when you swallow. Thisis justin front of the vocal cords. tip of the tongue ‘bottom lip ————Adan’s apple 4. Minimal pairs ‘These are pairs of words which are almost exactly the same. Only one small thing ifferentiates them (pin:bin or pin:pan, for instance). Sometimes—as in the case of 'Batman’ and ‘bad man'—the difference between the pronunciation is o slight that you have to listen forthe effect the change of consonants has on the rest of the utterance, With ‘Batman’ and ‘bad man’ it’s the difference in the length of the vowel Because these tiny differences may not exist in your language, or may not be important, but are phonemic in English, you have to train yourself to listen very Phonetic symbols Do not, please, be afraid of these. They are merely a quick and accurate way of referring to particular sounds. If you make a mental note of them as they appear at the top of each ill very soon master them, or atleast recognise them. I look at the table of contents—they are all there, together with exampies in ordinary scr ing of sounds and not letters nglish, sound very often has lowed is Gimson’s Revised Phonetic Alphabet. ) following a symbol means that the sound is long, e.g. [a:] bead as in bought} board 2 as in among, sofa 6 as in think, month 5 as in then, breathe {Las in ship, wash ay ain about, aloud ‘or as in voice, boys reas in plerce, beard ‘eo as in scarce, stairs ‘v9 as in sure (also pronounced [for}) jas in yes, opinion seready to bein Bat jst before yo eave me and st ff on your ow, Ee cre ee pears Tvorba, on] can find peculiar ‘haven't included, or you know other st a tng nec oe ret aa aes gt en Ee a eat expet ial bees. An Ao aay acct ake Alliearings ard work, BU Baad aye be fat if occasionally ye same time it . rotsr tor t= a: rtTo MCW, who pointed my nose in the right direction ee)HOW NOW, BROWN COW? Pr RF FR SF Se rr Fe ‘peHie fo ramine are called ‘plosives’ because you build up 9 ikea small explosion. To produce the fist ong, lungs build up behind them and then blow Ss ea yil oa feater of your hand, Let the ais eames decals sound. Keep blowing through the vowel a nen, ate ne sete A on the tape before you try. The speaker tte. When you practise, exaggerate too ‘here is anh aftr the’. AS if you were saying ‘p-hin’ often PRACTICE ‘A. Hold your hand upright infront of your mouth, so that your, fingers are just touching your ‘nase, Make sure that you fel a define explosion of air each tine on oop op ©) Percy pass pet resume expensive perfect put oor expect pot post explain eo} pay pack explore Popplewell pound bun explode Porridge pace phil culp)board possible puny upheaval as(pyberry —con(ps) Parcel computer_—_upholstery re () Practice makes perfect, The proof of the pudding er to pay Paul sessed BS picked a peck of pickled pepper. If Peter Piper picked a peck of Pestle pepper, where's the peck of pickled pepper Peter pes ach 3. Listen the tape, Which the saying? Undertine the right word in each pair, (4) pickthick (c) pavoat, Peren: Pass the pepper, Pency: Pepper? You're not ;Pper on your porridge? sume that I'm stupid? I've bought as 2 present for Penelope Popplewell. Percy: A practical—but pretty expensive—preset Perex: Well. she's a super person. [thought perhaps, if you happened to be passiog the Post Office -. . Could you possibly pop the parcel in the post? ed to pay the postage on this pepper pot for Penelope Peter; Petcy, you're impossible! Lay be poor but have my pride! Here's! forthe postagi 2. [b] bin i i ae _ i a i al See ae ; | h practice | “ j (a) bit baby lanket brother trouble " ; at beldnyBhaes bramly) tt cont) BORE Bho. Bam en Same (8) Now practise lengthening the vowel before the [b) like ths: 8 long as you lke) hharprharbour Dbaps’Babs Beauty wil a ey no beef, DIALOGUE 2. Brandy in the baby’s bottle! y. Bold as brass. Telephone rings. Br... bre brr. v Bop: Bob Batterby. f Babs: Oh Bob, this is Babs. I'm baby-sitting for Betty and my brother Bill. 'm sorry to bother you b Bor: What's the trouble? No problem's too fhe speaker saying? Remember, hen he's voiced consonant sou Ie vonel berets lenge. ite consonant sound voc he vow is short. (a) What a beautiful golden Peach ‘when Bob's on the job! buen ehiaiHAAA RS MAES ONE beach! Banu: Oh stop being stupid, Bob. I's baby. I put her on the balcony on a blanket t) The Pl are on the tl with # biscuit t bite on and I think a bit of biscuit . . . She can't breathe, (b) The bins the table. Bos: Bang her on the back, betweer the shoulder blades. (©) The ™P fel on him | Bans: I've banged lack and blue, mel | Bos: Try putting a randy in her bottle. (@) He threw off the "ORE and ran away. 4} Bass: Brandy in the baby’s bottle! Oh Bob! | Bos: Sorry, Babs. Sounds bad. I'd better bicycle over. Be with you before youcan C. Mixed voicedivoiceless. Say slowly, thn faster and faster, a { say ‘bread and butter Mixed wocevcieces. Sy slut, then faster and faster, but lvaye thinking carly Bans: Bess you, Bob. "Bye ‘bye. Be quick! ‘The butcher put the pork spareribs into a br 3 k areribs into a brown paper b 4 pared beatiful pa pty forthe Blackberry and apple pe. i f pink pig's broken the tips of Bill's nubatb plants e866) dou 4 (peg 6) @ soany" , ao sana mal oe 3. [t] tie town telephone between transport night empty _enttavagant (©) Past forms with et following a voiees consonant sound (excep hoped “looked” pulled mised wished. “eekly SES) hopped asked’ laughed paved = crashed warteeg aed (0 pronounced. hony, Thomas and Theresa Thompson ive at No. 1 Chatham Stet, Walon o ‘Thames, next to Thyme Cottage. am cae es Tessa: But it’s after two! They're terribly late! ‘Marrix: Why didn’t you contact United Transport as I told you? Tessa: Peter Thompson said that Templetons were better. Makriw: Tessa! Peter Thompson's a director of Templetons. Oh! blast it! I've torn my trousers on the radiator! Hadn't we better telephone? hone’s not connected yet ust wait here all afternooe in an Tessa: Magras: D3 B. Listen to the tape and fill the missing words. Then say the sentences aloud, Tessa: (@) These .. sare y (b) answer the my (©) The vee ave. a the 2 was! 2a or. the was Masa ‘Tessa: How extravagant! But what a delightful thought! ‘a onsey PRACTICE A = @)tine tom rch rusess what afer Tempet tl tan tweny ied tae mer gmons i ‘ i i : | 3 34. [d] die “hiss the void equivalent of [so the tongue stars inthe same postion, aps ‘ge, and te lower jaw i pled down and the tongue within Lom the edge fo 2 this i soso sound, tere wil be no rush of ar bt oly tiny exposon, your vibration, ee wth your fingers on Your Adam forget to lengthen any vomel sound iedily before oT by covering ean acne i A z oe = a (a) date Jmother a ete ra ce fener o& a Se ot Rides; te t ved corso . i cher‘, 8 pa : lived sagged ‘seized wanted stted added © landed e called banged waged wited fcted loaded endea ' o Dont forge 10 senethen the vowel if it's followed by a voiced consonant, g Gime made Sime gam id = F 0 sed pe de ope Dl as dich vate : fever say die until you're dead, ‘8 a door nai 2 ‘Between the devil and the deep blue sea. Dead as «door aa t B, Wik he seyig? : (3) ve put a Sin the cat ‘ (©) This S24 sould be kept inthe gs ; ‘trunk 2 (0) so men psig» SE ao thet i © Oe word in ach sence 9 ordi () males te wl sree nonsese Whi ae hwnd? nd wat og Wye be DIALOGUE 4. All dressed up for a date with David Doxatp: And what's my darling daughter doing all dressed up? Dempre: I've got a date with David, Daddy. We're going to a dance at Dudley He yan and Ada Dodd. Dowat: Davi iat dreary lad who came to dinner on Friday and trod on the dog? Detrpre: Oh Dadi Dowaxp: I found him dreadful Detapre: Oh Daddy! Why is everything I do dreadful these days? (The front door- bell rings.) Oh, there's T must dash. Ishe driving? him drink. And don’t forget, you said you'd be in bed by midnight. Demepre: Oh Daddy! Donato’ A op car oc eeete ae ty nel a a Seu Raise the back of your tangue and press it against your soft cavity, completely blocking the passage of air. As with [p] an released the ar rushes out and the voiesless sound, {sa great deal of aspiration, so practise saying [k hes PRACTICE A @) “ch (mostly from Greek) cash > Mike clock athe stomach case the neck School monarch come park back chaos mechanic coin ep duck Christmas arehacol er kid sick echo archipelago fis] iO) fax ay se duarer aecent conquer mixed cheque success mosquito (©) Curiosity killed ihe eat. Tocutyour coat accordingto your doth, Cool The pote A-cat may look ata king, To come a cropper. Catch as catch can To kill a wife with kindness. cucumber, ng the kettle black. B. Question and answer (this is best done in pars) 1. Can you talkin Cockney to cromd in Connaught Squa OF couse 1 an talc in Cockney toa crowd in Conn Square 2. Can you coat a coffee cake with Cori dotted oa Gt courte I ean 3. Can you quickly Kick a crooked Coca-Cola ean? Of conse can 4 Can you catch Cuckoo in a broken wicker cage? OF course I can 7 C. Which of these words are said twice? ‘senate SH eh inane alata loured case ions, Just concentrate, confess. uarter to six Coco will be parked at the corner of ‘a coward. The kids at school Coun: Pack the cash in the ice-cream carton in the back of the car and make your way as quick as you can back to the café. Mine: I'm scared. Coun: Oh crikey, Mick! You do make me sick!6. [g] gut ; ei eecnes sal A ete naa aie Se ea ee ae ae ce oe ae ee ae een ncaa rasa ion practice : mr re oe ES Seal Siceaes a eat feel uncer ee te oe ee eee ee crane a fe ee ee eens eae a eae on ae led oe wos ee mo ES me 1) Repeat the words, but reading across the page, so that you have alternate voiced! voiceless sounds. Again, make the difference very clea. pin bin pan ban’ pay bay fan Dan Tay day can began Kay gay goldenegg. As good as gol. ‘To give as good as you get. Go and teach your grémothe? to suck eggs. cad B. Which is sthe saying? ankle angle (©) You haven't drawn that very wel 281e(3) 48 (p) se) sod (@) 2 pee () a sony easeeiataienaeA cress Q ; : ; DIALOGUE 6. Eggs from the Greek grocer Giapys: Gran, I'm hungry. Can we go home? Gaanny: Grambling again, Gladys! A great big girl like you. Now take my grey bag ‘and go and get some eges from the grocer, there's @ good git Grapys: But Gran Gaanny: I'm going to send a telegram to your grandfather. Oh, give me my glasses fore you go. In the green and gold grosgrain case. Gays: But Granny. Grane: Don't giggle, gitl, I'm beginning to get angry. Go and get the eas. Gianvs: But Gran, it's no good my going to the grocer. He's gone away. He goes back to Greece every August. He's Greek. Granny: Gone to Greece? How disgraceful! “cP sr ey ct or ” oe or nye one7. Syllable stress ‘one that has particularly s and usually pitched higher, and you hang on tothe. other syllables of that word. Different stressing can change completely unrecognisable A few general rules lable before “ic except > politics, rhétoric (bur adjectives: arithmetic, id syllable from the end, e.g, ords ending i9 -Siogy, ie negative prefix attached fo an adjective (pss ) except: néwhere, nothing, nébody, nénsense 1 4 PRACTICE Diana: What have you decided to do after college, Jeremy? Jeremy: I'm going to take up photography. Mr McKenzie’s recommended the course a the Institute. He believes I could make a career as a photographer. Diana: You'll have to develop your own photographs, That requires te A. tagcat he sresing x muchas ou con. make theses labeler, hi and longer than the unstressed ones. ” Geena financial advantageous vivacious geographical musical technical ieteorologist _ideology/ideologist tonese Balinese oe | Diana, Mr McKenzie thinks there’s a possibility I might win the Observer competition. I sent in four entries. All the competitors are ortuguese ere anisedidisorganised com jon of the judges! I'm muished woman on the ns. I never agree with the dk jan. Ishall become the most Diana: B. Practise shifting the stress. political scen Jenexer: [ thought you hated com Photograph photographer Photographic ! Don’t tell me polities isn’t competitive! C. Listen to the dialogue, Where are the stresses? photography develop photographic Institute photographs ‘career technical pagerSuns ;ayed jsmanea ; wad Seopa / dyn jpn 1 un | Sade “> uomsny 4 we eit al al =fthrough the vowel that follows. PRACTICE A ii (a) fine fing awful left few fox fy thief ic fames fun few off loft fuel far fioat sti pled future forest fut putt after furious ‘ph (mainly from Greek) ‘ht Philosophy Jaugh enough trough Potoraph draught rough cough telephone DIALGOUE 8. A fine, flashy fox fur (©) Now some tnesomes to say very qc fat Taher nffer a fine, flashy fox fur you've flung on the sofa, Daphne. fit flocks feather utter ‘afternoon in Iffley Forest. foot frocks further loofah jona’s fox fur—her fiftieth birthday gift from die. You are awful! Fiona will be furious. ‘Darive: Well, if Fiona left her fur in the forest Feuicrn: Fiona leave her fabulous fox fur in the forest? Stuff and nonsense! You're a thief! Take it off! | What a fuss over a faded bitof fluff! Anyway, fancy Fiona in a fur! Fit asa fiddle. Laugh and grow fat. Few and far between. ‘The fa's in the fe. rough touch, ( laughsllast (6 fuetuel ftyftry C. Listen to the dialogue. Which are the stressed. apne ae fabulous sofa Felict Friday fg” ee Soop sa) oa ag 9 (0) ind a) “SHO saneuysmd b abe — oe eC oh 9. [v] victory There must be Some ofthe air can come out at the sides of your mouth. When you say [v, ary to make your lips tinge, PRACTICE A, Exaggerate the vibration and hang on to the [v] as long as you can, (@) Victor violet. ever over approve five vodka envious, leave drove ‘ vere “Uniersty vse wane ve ‘N.B. nephews, Stephen—both pronounced [v]. a (6) Now, as fast ar you can van vast vowel live woave vain vest veil love wave vine voiced vole leave wove {fo} conerase fauvat_ fewiview Fifeffive safe/save _offeshhover leaffleaves calffcalves haltfhalves, oftiot Men were deceivers ever. Virtue is its own reward improve. Fife (0) Wel meet at Fife few (©) We managed to get a of the horses across the valley. (© Lene thm stonetheyre my ee C. Listen to the dialogue. Which are the sressed syllables? marvellous approve overdo overcoat professors caviar enough Gisapproval believe reversible November envious 0 west sense | 1 Sapte pqs ago ‘Ouver: Victor: Ouwer: Victor: Ouiver: Victor: Ouver: Victor: Ouver: DIALOGUE 9. A vi to Vladivostok Victor, have you ever visited Vladivostok? Never. In fact, I haven't travelled further than Liverpool. ve had an invitation from the University of Vladivostok to give a survey of my own creative verse How marvellous! Will my navy overcoat be heavy enough, I wonder? It's long-sleeved and reversible. And I've gota pair of velvet Levis—rather a vivid violet! Do you think they'll approve? I should think the professors will view violet Levis with violent disapproval, ‘When do you leave? On the 7th of November. don’t advise you to travel on the 7th. the anniversary of the Valentine iver, don’t overdo the caviar. Or the10. [w] will ‘To make this sound, hold your hand vertical in rot of yous fac, net touch tose. Now kis our hand” Hokng the potdon jou cooks see ed ae ne Poe _your finger right into your mouth all the Sound, not necessarily represented by the followed by a vowel insert a [w] soun ploughing). Ths is true even ifthe vowel la SA i aN PRACTICE , ae Se world wwhes Souach SE spe ee coe cen ie fhe Soke me, Sey (©) butt) connase wet vet 1d song. Weak as water, ig wife were there, Waste not, want not. B. Practise putting a [w) sound between a syllable ending in ‘another vowel. Remember, this happens even when the two syllabl Pe eens ‘rein separate words, do end in ‘The Plough and the Stars do up go out Slough and Windsor do answer poaway thou art a fool (©) Ob, Ido admire your photo album. I's so organised. Jos and Foanna were going to Amsterdam. ‘Who agreed to answer the ratio adv Now I wonder how on earth we Epwaxo: Rowena: Epwaro: ROWENA: Epwago: Rowena: Epwarp: Rowena: Ebwaan: DIALOGUE 10. Rowena, are you awake? Rowena! Are you awake? What? Edward, what's wrong? What time is it? Oh, about two o'clock. In the morning? Oh, go away! What are you doing? Come to the window, Rowena. Look—the whole world’s white, there's a wicked wind blowing through Orwell Wood, whispering in the willows, whipping the water into waves, while over in the West . axing poetical! You are off your head! Ialways knew it! Why are you ‘wearing your wellingtons? I want to go out and wander in the woods. Come with me, Rowena! I can’t wait to go walking in that wild and wonderful weather. T wish you wouldn’t wake me up at two in the morning to go on a wild-goose chase! Oh, woman, woman! Stop whining! What a wet blanket you are! a-* i Sh AS 11.18, 1, bv] Relative lip postions ¥ ia PRACTICE A. [wf] contrast wail wire :via fire worst vile file wheel Vine fine wane Vaughan : fawn wend veered: feared B. Which is she saying? (@) Goodness, that aeroplane's (©) Go and see if they've ser will you? fine (4) Is thatthe vine you were telling me about? In cach ofthe folowing groups, one word is more strongly st hear which is? Is the word ang asa noun or an adjecve? fncion of an adjective) the stesed syllables and then puta line under the strongest stress each group the rest. Can you wes anoun takes the n visitors watercress soup ‘Wednesday evening white wine sauce Swedish representatives wide variety DIALOGUE 11. Twenty foreign visitors Evetyn: What are you giving your foreign visitors on Wednesday evening, Winnie? How many—twel Twenty. Twelve of Will wives. Every: And what Wasiie: Well, we Aavoure lowed by stuffed veal served with cauliflower and . . . oh, a very wide variety of vegetables. Evetyw: Mmm. My mouth’s watering! Winsie: For sweet we'll have fresh fruit soufflé covered wit whipped cream, of course, and vanilla wafers. And w. soft roes. Evetyn: And finally coffee? What a feast! I wish I was going to be with you! 's Swedish represent: eight of them with Inuts. And lots of inish with devi 2-oncel-s(sixpencelnosisense) ‘which the unstressed ju (Stes) -u (Sturt me across in Units 30, 31 and 32. sppears altogether, often for reasons of rhythm. 12. [2] (‘shwa’—the only sound that has a name) among, sofa ‘This is avery important sound in En 5 fay ted a . fon to give the ima oa ther Ep But here ares ice gnc pone zi 7 anvce (impSrtant-ce) - “ham (Twickenham) | a 4 © PRACTICE A {@) about combine potato among command police ‘20 confuse propose water theatre extra danger centre sof driver metre shina Inusband England cartain company Scotland certain Servant Tecland Britain lesson adventure generous bacon future ‘idicufous cotton pleasure nervous thorough Peterborough St. Joan orough Edinburgh St Ives ppractic(ally succession tradition human German dozen often photographer Stenographer caligrapher| actor Soctor motor postman Englishman gentleman student entertainment intelligent apology philology bioloay basin strawb(e)rry A Doctor of Philosophy ‘The Department of the Environment ‘A command performance ‘The Iron Curtain ‘A picture of innocence The Listening Library ‘A baker's dozen ‘The Garden of Eden Tobetyourbottomdollar To harbour a grudge ‘To take your pleasures seriously Never lio today what 3s mark on the stressed syllables and underline those. Norfolk Chesteryo od ded dl How many more towns in Great Britain do you know that end i -ton, -don, -bam, -ford, combe, -burgh (or -borough) And how many ‘shires’ (pronounced 'N-B. In Scotland ‘shir’ is pronounced [fa] g. Devonshire? C. Now put stress marks on the stressed sylables and underline the ‘shwa' syllables in the names of these countries, and in the adjectives derived from them: Italy Jordan Brazil Morocco Japan Belgium Peru Germany Hungary Canada Russia India Argentina Panama D. Ariyme Rub-adub dub, Three men ina tub. snped over a rotten potater! a and a riddle ‘As Lwas going to St Ives, Tmet @ man with seven wives. [Each wife had seven sacks; Each sack had seven cats; Each cat had seven kittens. Kits, cats, sacks, wives— How many were going to St Ives? E. How many ofthe characters inthe dialogues in this book have names that contin ‘sha? You'll have fo listen to them to get the answers! provide us wi | ee Perhaps you can his creature com- se beds, colour you too particular? ly we combine the open air and exercise with re. Last year, for instance, we covered the Cheltenham as Edinburgh. Edward adores Scotland, 1 Are you complaining? —something more dangerous—and CuisrorHer ‘Tweresa: Ni ipeiiog |, ot sown vise Signi cto wipe vs Getama Semmnstt ‘TueResa: 2 Curisroruer: 2 Tuenesa:13. Sentence rhythm In Unit 7 we discussed the stressing of certain syllables within individu compeTItion, POitics, and 30 0 than the unstressed ones. In Ui stesses. Do all words have stress? Well if that some words are swallowed almost comy 1 stress and what not to? {es easiest fo explain by imagining a situation: Jane has been invited to spend the we Rist Blzabeth in the depts ofthe country. Shc has to send atelogram fo ey oh arriving, and she wants Eizabeth to meet her. Here's her telegrage ‘ARRIVING BANFORD STATION SATURDAY NOON, PLEASE MEET, LOVE JANE. formate lzabeth know the background, so the telegram contains al the necessary formation: Originally Jane wrote a quick note, and then thought tclegron wires eee, is what she said in her note: I shall be arriving at Banford S With love from Jane. (on Saturday at noon, Please can you meet me? eaten ths mann the Post Office reading the telegram, and thea Jane eading the note she decided not send. the only words you heard clearly were the information put into the telegram (the ‘telegram words") and, within the rere stressed they read their bits of paper in waison: © words that Jane had to fit in between t ‘telegram words’? Let's on... at can you... me? analyse them We find they axe: (a) pronouns (/youlme), 8) Aullay and modal verbs, i, not main verbs (shallbe/can), Prepositions (avou/Withtrom) ‘unimportant, have tobe ited inbetween the stresses, os ‘well as the unstressed i. words’ themselves, e stressed sylables were still evenly spaced as she muffled machine gun. This mean pert if music, to her speech. spoke. And this gave a rhyth te dst keep a regular beat throughout she whole of what we're saying; we alter IE speed and tytn Hows nee fo pases However eo bapl aera gs af they were all on snl hse an thereon bing one prs, The stress wil throught How mary wnsiead aes are there btwecn the urewes? (ere shows an aneeeted San} 1 shall be arRIving & BANfOrd STAtiOn On SATufday at NOON. PLEASE cn you MEET the, With LOVE from JANE ‘immediately before them) “ford! and ‘from’, and twice the speed of e speed up! These two stresses must stil keep first word til the rhythm tells ust ‘Tey saying the whole of Jane's note as TUM ti TUMS, keeping your TUMS at intervals of time: tid TUM | wa TUM, ‘i TUM | hi TUM | TUM | i TUM | tit TUM | ti TUM. ‘ame speed asthe speaker on the tape, then try to put the “TUM ti TUMS on the tape and finally see if you can say it with Jane as 1¢, Chris speaks all the way through in a TUM ti TUM rhythm, Elise the whole thing comes naturally to you, try to keep the speed hms are different, as Chris and Elise do'on the tape. ‘The rule to remember leach phrase, stresses come at regular intervals of time.” tac Gy =] 7 It3 Co »aoa “a | hem | kote‘ ad PRACTICE A (2) Two mursery rhymes with very different rhythms: Jéck and Ja Jee fell gen ‘And broke his créwn ‘And Jl came timbling 4646 Limpety Iimpety lim. IB. Here are three groups of numbers of different lengths on the paper, but which should tak ‘the same amount of time to say. (Curis: That's nét the séme at dll. They ofily stréss what néture mednt. Greén regular rhythm. Which are the stressed syllables? When you've decided, réad he passage aloud, exaggerat: to keep them at regular intervals of time. In real speech, as Thave ton vary from phrase to phrase. This exercise is ust 0 get you into the imand feeling itas you speak, s0 read the whole passage at greén is . . . I cAnnot find the wérds. Euise: Unnétural—is thét what you méan? An appéndix operation is, t60. And & for transplanting a ert... | And I ove all my émerald het Curis: Whit does Pé Euse: Oh Christopher! you knéw? Why, his hair is ptrple and réd! 314. [s] sue ‘Thisisa voiceless sound. Place the tipof your tongue between your teeth so that the teeth grip the sides of the tongue firmly. Now draw back the very tip and press it against the bottom re should now be a small passage over the top of the tongue through which air can ‘pass straight from the lungs. Keep the lips spread and expel the air in a hissing sound. PRACTICE A (@) seem stow serious yes most fot skin Sensible nis waste Sam sweet sist ass ak fis} peas ice bicycle scene bax Tooke oy agency scent accent finema Gpres sence sueczed iteland Gro(svenor cai has) Last but not least (One swallow doesn't make a summer. (eB andetadswat i ying, bt dom (C. Mark the sresses on the following words before you listen tothe tape seeare iterate sensible honest insecure erate insensible ishonest suitable possible successful seme ‘unsuitable fmpossible uasuocessfal romense Bs) omy ican a anaes NaS aE SEER, pop pcre oer ar or oo~ wx 2 dd dt eh ed od ab ll 15. [z] zoo “This, lke its voiceless equivalent lips and tongue are in the same position 2s for s) but the vocal cords are vibrates cause some tension in the tongue itself. The vibration should be very strongly felt. PRACTICE is lara or 3rd sng. ‘¥ afer long vowel “after volced consonant days tee ings eaves wee dove indows mouths adds his these Thursday ands ams (©) Practie lengthening the vowel. cats bus laps leree cast Bruce fads bus lbs fears eased bruise A miss a8 good as ‘The end juss the means. thea beggars would ride. 0 spite one's ace. easy! going crazy. One of those transistor as fhe was as far B, Which i the saying? (4) There seemed to be! ll around us. oes Do you want P82 or don't you? ‘ * Pend, x niece. nt take my ops off your prey HES crow the 282 (6) We race aeros the £2 (© Fm ae ne PEE is proce toby. (C. Without looking back at Unit 7, can you remeber where the stress ison these words? theology logical physical ‘examination zoologist theologian logical Physician ‘ssxous zoological theological logistics physicist revision ™16. [J] ship, wash B. What order is sihe saying these in? C. ‘She speaks English and Danish and Polish end Flemish 7 Schweppes sur fuschia assurance champagne chef pressure moustache species patience precious superstitious ‘To manage on a shoestring Shear your sheep in May, ‘sweet—and the shorter the sweeter. You shear them all away. * Can you go on? fare in a whole class this can be done as a game, with each person repeating the list and adding one more language.) Renata aN Ea HSE ER Ae Say Swema: “Tricia, come an Patnicta: Your sheep? Sh SneIA: My sheep. Parricia: Are yt call her Sheba. I should think she’s suffering from ParRicia: ik she was pushed off that Persian ship? Oh Sheila, she’s shi SHEWA: My precious! She s Parnicia: She’s rather speci her! on and my cashmere shawl! ish—oh, I do wish we could sharepl ll SS a a 17. [3] measure, rouge Jacques: I have made a great decision, Jean. I have bough Teax: Ye18. [tf] chin, watch ‘Because there are pwo: of (5, for example. You can hold on to the [] part, ole phoneme, you have to break off and start again, rather ike a steam engine as}. PRACTICE A (@) Make the sound of a rain, "TCHER tchertchertcher, inthe rhythm ‘ONE two three {four over and over again as many time like, Then change the vowel: ‘TCHOO {choo tchoo tchoo’, “CHI teh tehl ch’, ‘TCHA tcha tcha tcha’,et., repeating each new set several ties. (b) Charles much_—utcher-—=—capture question “eello change switch teacher «= adventure suggestion concerto choose watch merchant furniture indigestion _ righteous chips branch Kitchen future Christian fortunate cheese lunch chicken century combustion mixture (© Catch as catch can, Such a charming child! CChildzen are poor men’s riches. ‘You seratch my back, I'l scratch yours. Don’t count your chickens before they're hatched. How much wood would a woodehuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood? = the words? And what ought they 0 be? Can you do these before you listen tothe dialogue? Then listen and check before you look at the answers. actually departure Kitchen eepry aimupiop Apne puupp wong Simpy anpipe fee an ‘ee a0 fa (208 (One word in each ofthese sentences turns the whole sentence into nonsense. Which are future nature further adventure arrival adjourn fortune DIALOGUE 18. Life is a question of choice—or chance? Cuantes: Ifyou could recapture your childhood, Richard, would: Ricuarb: Life is a sort of arch, Arrival to departure. You Charles. Each century brings changes, but act change, (Cxartes: But you can reach different decisions. which channel to watch, switch to another picture. You could catch a different train. Given the chance, Richard, would you change trains? Rictiarn: Life isa rich adventure and largely a question of chance. You don’t choose your future as you choose a chocolate or a piece of cheese. chard, you do choose. You forge your own fortune—a butcher? & 7 a teacher? a merchant? Each choice suggests a further choice— which tree, which branch, which twig? RicutagD: Let's adjourn to the kitchen for chicken and chips. No choice for lunch, you sce, Charles! Ciaaces: But you actually chose chicken and chips! Chops would have been much cheaper! television, you can choose Cuantes: 41 . 3-fa4a4 44.3735 5932s 19. [d3] jump, bridge auickly on to the [3]. PRACTICE p (a) jaw Pyjamas : 4 a a = =e Judge not, est you be judged Be just before Jou are generous. rg sire for soir, inary menegerie manager msoaging an imaginary menagete B. Each of the following words contains one ofthe sounds [fe ‘put te cor By each word? ©. Which cathe saying? (2) Ta crowd 2 wen he anounced he es () Engh foot make people a ese. (© Hes the onty GSA win has managed to keep the mectng shor, ‘a very fine-looking S¥°°P you have there, ‘cash a have oS. £51 havent goa bean. adjusting engine Soldier imagine y ir escape on either sound. anything, is almost impossible to voice one is properly pronounced and slide eat late cue es DIALOGUE 19. George’s jaw Dr Jowes: Ah, George, jolly good. Just exchange your jacket and jeans for jot down your injuries in my register. Age, rel that’s the usual procedure. Doctor Jones, I was just driving over the bridge on the edge of the lage... If a jiffy. Let’s adjourn to the surgery. I've got a large sandwich and a of orange juice in the fridge. Join me? Geoxce: Jeepers! My indi ‘and my jaw! I shan’t manage .. Dr Jones: A generous measure of gin—just the Grorce: It's my jaw, Doctor. I was on € at the edge of the village. I was just adjusting the engine when this soldier jumped out of the hedge . . . Dr Jones: Imagine! He dama Gorse: Dr Jones: did he? I suggest an injection into the ange the syringe. Groner:20. Linking + ‘In English we talk, not in individual words, but in grou afternoon issaid without a break, asiti¢ were one word. or phrases. Thus ‘Good ‘What'sitall about?” or ‘T tand’—this gives special the rhythm and kept the listener in suspense ‘There are numberof aids that help us maintain the fluency of the rythm. One ofthese is Linking Within a phrase, sad often between adjoining phases, to, ifa word begins witha vowel, the ‘Consonant attend ofthe preceding Words joined wit (im talking of sound, not speling): Thifsist ——Alnapple —--Fullolink ‘Whea you practise, pause before the last sound in the fst word and say this last sound sift vere the first sound ofthe next word: this at angpple ‘fu lo vink cor, hold on to the fast sound ofthe fst word eady to sar the next [ossssizt] fonnaepul]—_[fllswank] Ifthe end of one word and the beginning of the n saw in Unit 10, After [9¥] PRACTICE A (@) Plain linking size eight don't ask situp Teanexplain (©) Adding the animal say it again (©) Adding (w] so empty No, Tdida’t (@) Often efter an ‘a’ you will hear an ‘Anna and the King B. Practice in sentences, take out (his own appendix—it’s such an easy operation. We ate banana an(@) an orange. So did Eva an(d) T. ven Awmuony: Well, I've ec: Oh? Wasi Antony: Oh J canes DIALOGUE 20. A job in Abadan Enc: Hullo, Anthony. Gota job yet? Antony: Yes, An jnter Exc: Limagine you'll have to brush up your Ar Middle Eastern languages. It’s an.exciting opportunity. They actually, offered{it to me outright. Enc: IL majexpress_an_unbiased opinion AntHony: Sorry, Eric. f'vealready accepted. 4999 5455 t been, up to_Aylesbury for an interview. ing? al oil company with i mne teorganise an office a9. «Arabic again. myselfjnArabicgll right. And] ynderstand mostother t 2anm ai a ed 21. [0] think, month ngue between your teeth, open your mouth just litle, take a deep breath and the air, being careful not to let Your tongue move from its ‘yourself carefully as you say it and be very careful never to substi lo PRACTICE A (thin thumb Thursday think ~~ thiimp “ theat thing thud bath fifth earth sixth fourth eighth filthy (b) Words not 0 be confused. Make sure you are making the correct consonant sourd in each word. thank thick 4 ee 4 DIALOGUE 21. My birthday’s on Thursday Shank hie 4 thin thirst thought threat three j fin first’ fought” fet free Rumi: It's my birthday on Thursday. My sixth birthday. ‘ARTHUR: rthiday's on the 13th of next month, so I'm—et me think — © Brough ‘thick and thin. ‘Truth and roses have thorns. a : Fo catch a thie. ‘Thirty days hah September. i 333 days older than you, Ruth. ‘Tye a ick ae vel Ror: Do you always put your thumb in your mouth when you'te doing arth- Arthur? ARTHUR: B. Pronounce aloud 3; 38; 333; 3,333; 33,333, Rue: Axrnur: I Runs: Oh Arthur! You've thrown earth all over us both, make me have a bath! ‘written with & hyphen or even a8 one word ad is dancing lancing master — a master who teaches dancing (compound noun) Practise saying these co exaggerating the stress on the frst word: jon iis conductor pencil sharpener A black bird «2 bldckbird green OY a . See? I like maths. I came fourth out of 33. My . We're very wealthy. filthy! Now they'll8 [5] then, breathe the effort of voicing presses your tongue alittle 3c teeth ce the different vowel sounds: [o] bother tees ether together [ell bather [=] gather lathe ) voiceless final ‘th’ voiced if followed by ‘es ‘y', eth north ‘mouth ‘wreath worth teethe northern rouths wwreathes worthy ut both voiceless in these nouns and the adjectives formed from filth length Bithy lengthy ‘bath (0) cloths J) south bathe: [34 clothes southern mother goey i | | | | | | | | | DIALOGUE 22. I'd rather be a mother than a father Farier: Where are the others? Moraer: They've gone bathing. Heather and her brother called for them. Faris: Heather Feather? ‘Morar: No, the other Heather—Heather Mather. I told them to tay together, and not to go further than Northern Cove. Farner: Why didn't you go with them? Moruer: I'd rather get on with the ironing without them. Farner: In this weather? There's a southerly breeze. One can hardly breathe indoors. ‘Moruer: Go and have a bathe, then. Fara: Moar: Faruer: I'd rather be a mother than a father! All those hungry mouths! “ec or re ee = 7 t ~n Toa4 aa A 23. [h] him ‘of breath, or you are a dog panting. The problem ary speech is 10 have sullicent breath in your lungs to expel at every [h] Practise controlling the amount of air yOu expel so that you always have some in reserve. [Do not use this sound for linking. PRACTICE Come hel r high water. (Cold bands, warm heart DIALOGUE 23. Happy honeymoon Hazet: Hullo, Hanna. Have you heard about Hilda and Harry? the hair and hit heron the head with a hammer. happen? Hazet: He says it was the heat that went to his head! st24. [n] singer, thing ‘Tomake the you have a mir palate comes down to met Vibrate the vocal cords so th lease the barre sound, start with the mouth slightly open. Then breathe through the nose. It the pa fou produce a sound. That sound rly any ar escapes through the mouth, ing younglamong rang, rong horanguelmeringue wrong the present participle (we're singing!) and gerunds (lke talking’) ‘rretching siting ‘aling ‘inking ‘winding ‘arkening sinning reading weeping ringing setting verbs ending in sng’) ‘posible combinations of ltrs and tdtionary to see if hey ex Drink and bln nds Sexoue fonguer —Srength ke —fan(@)kerehiet—famguet_—_Snongst Stronger younger Tongest Strongest ‘Youngest, 2 Incr: Munco: Iori: Moxco: >: He must have been a very strong king. The DIALOGUE 24. A king and a song ‘There once was a king— King of England? No. This king’s king winding river, spreadi the angles of the world. 1! Did everything belong to bim? Imost everything. One evening he was sitting on the bank 3 Ce Co ap coo oo -aaa Ian aa oe e tombling afer i e " we only one stressed syllable, but rhythm overrides everything, especially in nursery rhymes, and 80 W If, when you were doing Exercise B of Unit 13, your speech organs: go when the rhythm ells yo me PRACTICE A. Two consecutive stresses log walk tall min bide sky gréen arse black dt brown dog bright sin main réad fresh fruit whele edke = Now try the same pats of words, this time in sentences, In each sentence there should Tve bought a brown dog. He's looking for a tall man, love the bright sun, What a wonderful blue sky. ° Unless you can sy the unsresed words very fst you wll probably haveto slow the wo stressed ones down quite a lot. ” ” 3 DIALOGUE 25. All dressed up like a dog’s dinner Sam: Jick, for Péte’s séke! Who's all dréssed dip like a dég’s dinner—réd red gl Tack: ick, S¢ Sam ite righ gave him a Jack: It's her bést dréss. To impréss you, you nide eréature! cléver—dnd a géod cok! Sau: Lérd sive us, the man's mad! Dé Tack: Yés, Sim. fam. Wha ‘be man and wife. Sam: I did réally put my big f6ot ld én! She's swéet, rich, séy you're in love with the réd maiden? engiged. This time néxt wéek we'll n't 19 All can s6y néw ismg6od hick,26. [I] lace/sail PRACTICE * (9 cer th cer Py ey ey ee See”? eu” Eau The flow’ be Say eh foo Emp tng Soy pla ae a Cy pe a Sede Ta, folk colonel yok Salmon Sufftk Tove me long. itd things please ite minds leeping bag ona lonely island ina total ecigue? ng platform is actualy parallel tothe railway lines? reBomygu—sxssguye nil byena ‘oan Spe sore “Kang peed one Despot —— AUGHL > sazamy DIALOGUE 26. A lovely little lion Bury: [ love wild life in its natural element. Look at all your lovely animals, Lucy. Lots and lots, lion—a real live black lion asleep on the lawn. Leopards are yellow. Look, Lucy, he’s laughing! Do id the English language? RR oe TsAd aaa aa aoa — all 27. [r] run umber of languages [I and (e} are not phonem sh clearly between them, both when there is no gap on either side of the tongue. Ia relaxed on the bottom of the mout the tip raised towards ES PRACTICN etree A. (@) roar rare rubbish run Rome rabbi red rage ver roof rice really ion before consonant ‘ar poor harm fierce fur Tater near prefer (©) Round the rugged roc ‘The hand that rocks, Aurora Right as B. rl contrast. W (a) I must remember to (6) The BOK, signalled that he was coming alongside. (e) My fodzer’s ©) MY Rogers Here area fw minima pis ith andr] for you to precise tink up? laughed clash raft crash low grow asp (9) 96a (e) sted) sa 38 Merry Ct English they are, and itis ‘and when speaking, fact, the tongve les alveolar ridge. Now Red as a beetroot ristmas, everybody! There are los and lots. DIALOGUE 27. The respective merits of frogs and rabbits Roser: Banry RoaeR: Basay: Roser: Baray: Roser: My rabbit can roar Rubbish! t Really, I prefer Frog! How ridiculous! An abbreviation for Frederick, We + last February? He was i ry! Frogs don't drown, a rhinoceros, Rabbits don't roar, Roger You're wrong, Barry. My rabbit ‘When he's angry real rage They're very rare. run, And if he’s in a28. Consonant sounds followed by [r] oN Jew we hve some of th phoemes we ne pacts He we aah condo ese ai, Jouve Ae a aur ff pronouns newer (asec (oan und iooie, We hee ound ar nels coonant il forego to eat i PRACTICE A @ com creek crew grove thrifte-- ~ crumble gram Greek ew drove rit grumble tram freak true shrove shrift dram shriek through trove pram treacle. «shrew throve | (6) Work your way through the consonant sounds, puting [r] and the same vowel afer ree yosonant (eg. prt, bra, frat, dra, etc.) just for practice. You can look the ‘words up in a dictionary to see if they actualy exist! (©) Some longer words cv oF Sr oT ot miserable mpi untraceable snangwerable unsbrinkable unbreakable immeasurable ae a a DIALOGUE 28. A dreadful train crash B. (a) Which s she saying? biesed cave flows cheese —_Javk , sie oe tows chees Jock, Prue: Weren't you in that train rash on Friday, Fred? t tain quick blink junk aquest jaw dain ick brink Grmk test draw (b) What ae the missing 1, Water is carried ‘wai crash brick wall dreadful dréam breathe properly fresh frit, incredibly brave aa eee sos(AA dare | al il wa. 29. Consonant clusters [Now we have groups of two, three and sometimes four consecutive consonant sounds with no These ‘eo PRACTICE A extra extreme exti(a)ordin(a)ry smashed crashed rushed kop guages the tendeny it pronounce things with he est mount tpn ‘and jaw as relaxed as possible—in some cases only the smallest movement is exchange expect explode switched watched hatched Pebble Beach are not difficult. Remember that in all effort. So keep your arranged exchanged singed acknowledge Kingston nickname amongst bacon (C. Mark the stressed syllables and then underline the strongest stres in ack group of words this extremely dangerous mission mashed potatoes PARKER: this extremely dangerous mis- ‘stupid sergeant in charge. Mas Pak: strawberries for a blackberry and Just a sergeant, dear? Parker: ‘The sitessage came through from headquarters that we were to proceed to what we called Pebble Beach and examine a fishing boat that was behaving suspicious! Mrs Panxcr: as a strange way fora fishing boat to behave . . . [could make he stuffed chicken stretch further with masses of mashed potatoes and fresh vegetables. Parker: The sergeant couldn't remember which switch to switch on his ‘emergency transmitter. There we were, approaching the suspicious boat-and suddenly there was an explosion like Mas Parker: Like an earthquake, dear? ickberry and apple whipped cream—there should be sufficient PARKER: speaking, the sergeant shoulda’t have been in charge. I remember, the explosi my trousers. (Mas Parkes: soand change t ‘The children willbe here any minute.30. Weak forms (1) rythm of speech in English stressed bles must be ad tne urteeed elas ied into the gps be reasonable speed? Wel iced to. rapid Sr telegiam word’ and therefore sully h al ender these tt more deta ‘wnat am I doing? Vivanpee 2088 Bresd a4) but Over ang) ove ove gaia was happy 32 kag (oka heel case hr abe doe Kok ie! . Listen to the ape. The speakers are speaking very fast. What are they saying? qos wesonn or o;pa( yor nets we wy Spear " et 1 ia 1 DIALOGUE 30. What a boring book you're reading! Jonarian: What are you doing, Elizabeth? Eurzasern: What am I doing? I JonaTuan: What are you reading? Euizanera: A book, JONATHAN: wish I could have a look at Elizaber Do you think I could have a look at it, Elizabeth, is it an interesting book? Exizanert: Yes, a very interesting book. But an adult book. O.K.,comeand havea look at it and then go away and leave me alone. JonarHaN: But what an awful book! Jooks as boring as anything. How ean you look at @ book like that? What does it say? Euizaseri: Jonathan! You're an awfully boring and annoying litle boy | Go away! PT tor cor tor cs = Re ata To cor cor cor cor i re t31.Weak forms (2) "sound instead of having of wordsthat re pronounced with ‘sha sound inst WEEE nother yowels Note thafen ac hole ase mone set eft te ey nd ond nd eo Fee ee a oe capricecomnce me en rc ores he ees mapa embsThi Menor 8 @ native speaker would. Keep the rhythm in ming all the ‘owlyandnot weakening as much a peak z tine, A. Weak forms (shwa) B. Strong forms (full value) What did you do tat Fork’ 3 oly tod ‘hats Goncore ging oer, owt a pond f spe Lost peopled Sha 1a you're out Some people heal he ack! mde tse myc Do hve some. 9 3 90620} E6929 He 1b 39 S06 ibe" med sipages my or DIALOGUE 31. What have you done with Mabel ‘Sexewa: Bamabas, what have you done Banwasas: Well, there's aso: hungry, Serewa: Bamabas, you didn’t Ishould think you've given it « ‘Banwabas: He’s been brought here SERENA: id anyway, I bon, ish Td got some My goodness, what sortof. . ight those biscuits for tea, What sh: cake for him as well, Seren: th that packet of biscuits? vt ofan alligator in a cage over there. He looked sort of , But you must never feed an animal in cage of a stomach ache from America. hhave you done with Bone. He did look so sad so far from America,32. Weak forms (3) “eres the third and last group of words that have their normal pronunciation w [bi sound. Remember that the purpose of weakening the vowel sound isto make it poss (espe Word to be said more rapidly. Try to keep the unstressed syllables in each group ‘event yourself from being ed we weakened vowel sounds are the same—3, n,m, 2, A. Weak forms (shwa) B. Strong forms (rot ely pose) “Tha the man who shot hi, ‘That book belong tome, Tae that you mid contig your dog? ont ys by eo oy ot DIALOGUE 32. There's nowhere to go in the jungle (Cus: Hi, Pete, Allset for the final scene as a glass of vodl Barry and John have ey, what's the matter? Youlook as pale t Pere: e. Just upped and gone. While you were looking for . jo—nothing, waiting for them at the river!33. [1] bit, bid ced sound. The tongue lies wt jghtly spread, Its probably best to close your mouth, make surethat there y your lip until you can just get one finger between them, ‘pen the teeth 2 fraction so that youcs fh more than finger nail between them and then, without tensing up, say the sound you hear on th tape. To make doubly su | Reep your fingers on your throat, justabove your Adam'sapple. Keep the vowel sound shor. Thisisavery PRACTICE A @big dig You can go through all he consonant pig ig sounds just 10 practise. If doesn't matter Bg wig ‘you're nor making actual words | (8) primitive cap fits, wear ae DIALOGUE 33. Busy in the kitchen B. Some deceptive spellings watches Bees wages recipe | catastrophe cabbage passenger damage messenger | purchase courage orange Monday pretty bisthday hotiday . Here are some British place names that contain the [1] sound. Some 1. You will have to listen care 7 | n