4 .

1 nd ub 19 7

2 3 2 3 2 3
a 3b 1 3
6 b a 7 6 17 6 17
6 7 D a6 7 C b6 7
4 a 5 4 15 4 05
b 0 1
6 6
1 2

hi ca cu a i n h ha H D Span f 1 ; 2 g,h 1 and 2 a h c indica d

ab . hu H i a ub pac f R4 by h m 1.
Examp 11 i u a a u fu chniqu f xp ing a ub pac H a h
f in a c mbina i n f m ma c c i n f c . If H D Span f 1 ; : : : ; p g,
can hink f h c 1 ; : : : ; p in h panning a “hand ” ha a u
h d n h ub pac H . Ca cu a i n i h h infini y many c in H a f n
duc d p a i n i h h fini numb f c in h panning .

E XA M PLE 1 2 F ha a u ( ) f h i y b in h ub pac f R3 pann d by

1 ; 2; 3, if
32 2 3 2 3 2
3
1 5 3 4
1 D 4 1 5; 2 D 4 4 5; 3 D 4 1 5; and y D 4 35
2 7 0 h
SO L UTIO N hi qu i n i P ac ic P b m 2 in S c i n 1.3, i n h ih
h m s sp c a h han Span f 1 ; 2 ; 3 g. h ui n h h ha y i in
Span f 1 ; 2 ; 3 g if and n y if h D 5. ha ui ni h i ing n , a ng i h
Ex ci 11–16 and 19–21 in S c i n 1.3.
A h ugh many c pac in hi chap i b ub pac f Rn , i i imp an
k p in mind ha h ab ac h y app i h c pac a .Vc
pac f func i n a i in many app ica i n , and h y i c i m a ni n a .

P R ACTICE P R O BL EM S

1. Sh ha h H f a p in in R2 f h f m .3s; 2 C 5s/ i n a c pac ,

by h ing ha i i n c d und ca a mu ip ica i n. (Find a p cific c u
in H and a ca a c uch ha c u i n in H .)
2. L W D Span f 1 ; : : : ; p g, h 1 ; : : : ; p a in a c pac V . Sh ha k
i in W f 1 k p . [H nt: Fi i an qua i n ha h ha 1 i in W .
h n adju y u n a i n f h g n a ca .]
3. An n n ma ix A i aid b ymm ic if AT D A. L S b h fa 3 3
ymm ic ma ic . Sh ha S i a ub pac f M3 3 , h c pac f 3 3
ma ic .
WEB

4 .1 EXER CISES
1. L V b h fi quad an in h xy -p an ; ha i , ha c u i n t in V . ( hi i n ugh h ha V i n t
x a c pac .)
V D Wx 0; y 0
2. L W b h uni n f h fi and hi d quad an in h xy -
y

p an . ha i , W xy 0 .
x
a. If u and a in V , i u C in V ? Why? W D
y
b. Find a p cific c u in V and a p cific ca a c uch a. If u i in W and c i any ca a , i c u in W ? Why?
19 8 CHAP TER 4

b. Find p cific c u and in W uch ha u C i In Ex ci 15–18, W b h fa c f h f m

n in W . hi i n ugh h ha W i n t a c h n, h a, b , and c p n a bi a y a numb . In ach
pac . ca , i h find a S f c ha pan W gi an xamp
h ha W i n t a c pac .
3. L H b h f p in
in id and n h uni ci c in 2 3 2 3
h xy-p an . ha i , W x 2 C y 2 1 . Find
x 3a C b aC1
15. 4 4 5 16. 4 a 6b 5
H D
y
a p cific xamp — c a c and a ca a — a 5b 2b C a
h ha H i n a ub pac f R2 . 2 3 2 3
a b 4a C 3b
4. C n uc a g m ic figu ha i u a hy a in in R2
17. 6 18. 6
6b c7 6 0 7
n t h ugh h igin i n c d und c addi i n.
7 7
4c a5 4aCbCc 5

In Ex ci 5–8, d min if h gi n i a ub pac f Pn f

b c 2a

an app p ia a u f n. Ju ify y u an . 19. If a ma m i p ac d a h nd f a p ing, and if h ma i

pu d d n a d and a d, h ma – p ing y m i
5. A p yn mia f h f m .t/ D at 2 , h a i in R. b gin ci a . h di p ac m n y f h ma f m i
ing p i i n i gi n by a func i n f h f m
6. A p yn mia f h f m .t/ D a C t 2 , h a i in R.
y.t / D c1 c !t C c2 in !t (5)
7. A p yn mia fd g a m 3, i h in g a c ffi-
ci n . h ! i a c n an ha d p nd n h p ing and h ma .
(S h figu b .) Sh ha h f a func i n
8. A p yn mia in Pn uch ha .0/ D 0. d c ib d in (5) ( i h ! fix d and c1 , c2 a bi a y) i a c
pac .
3 2
s
9. L H b h fa c f h f m 4 3s 5. Find a
2s
c in R3 uch ha H D Span f g. Why d hi h
ha H i a ub pac f R3 ?
2 3
2t
10. L Hb h fa c f h f m 4 0 5. Sh ha
t y
H i a ub pac f R3 . (U h m h d f Ex ci 9.)
2 3
5b C 2c
11. L W b h fa c f h f m 4 b 5,
c
h b and c a a bi a y. Find c u and uch ha 20. h f a c n inu u a - a u d func i n d fin d n a
W D Span fu; g. Why d hi h ha W i a ub pac c d in a Œa; b in R i d n d by C Œa; b . hi i
f R3 ? a ub pac f h c pac f a a - a u d func i n
d fin d n Œa; b .
2 3
s C 3t
a. Wha fac ab u c n inu u func i n h u d b p d
12. L W b h f a c f h f m 6 4 2s t 5.
6 s t 7
in d d m n a ha CŒa; b i ind d a ub pac
7

4t a c aim d? ( h fac a u ua y di cu d in a ca cu-

Sh ha W i a ub pac f R4 . (U h m h d f u c a .)
Ex ci 11.) b. Sh ha ff in C Œa; b W f .a/ D f .b/g i a ub pac f
2 3
1
2 3
2
2 3
4
2 3
3 C Œa; b .
13. L 1 D 4 0 5, 2 D 4 1 5, 3 D 4 2 5, and w D 4 1 5. F fix d p i i in g m and n, h Mm n f a m n
1 3 6 2 ma ic i a c pac , und h u ua p a i n f addi i n
a. I w in f 1 ; 2 ; 3 g? H many c a in f 1 ; 2 ; 3 g? f ma ic and mu ip ica i n by a ca a .
b. H many c a in Span f 1 ; 2 ; 3 g?
21. D min if h H f a ma ic f h f m
a b
c. I w in h ub pac pann d by f 1 ;
Why? 2; 3 g? 0 d
2 3 i a ub pac f M2 2 .
8
14. L 1 ; 2 ; 3 b a in Ex ci 13, and w D 4 4 5. I w in 22. L F b a fix d 3 2 ma ix, and H b h fa
7 ma ic A in M2 4 i h h p p y ha FA D 0 ( h z
h ub pac pann d by f 1 ; 2 ; 3 g? Why? ma ix in M3 4 /. D min if H i a ub pac f M2 4 .
 4 .1 nd ub 19 9

In Ex ci 23 and 24, ma k ach a m n u Fa . Ju ify 28. Fi in h mi ing axi m numb in h f ing p f ha

ach an . c0 D 0 f y ca a c .
23. a. If f i a func i n in h c pac V f a a- au d c 0 D c.0 C 0/ by Axi m (a)
func i n n R and if f .t / D 0 f m t, h n f i h D c0 C c0 by Axi m (b)
z c in V . Add h n ga i f c0 b h id :
b. A c i an a in h -dim n i na pac .
c 0 C . c 0/ D Œc 0 C c 0 C . c 0/
c. A ub H f a c pac V i a ub pac f V if h
c 0 C . c 0/ D c 0 C Œc 0 C . c 0/ by Axi m (c)
z c i in H .
0 D c0 C 0 by Axi m (d)
d. A ub pac i a a c pac .
0 D c0 by Axi m ( )
. Ana g igna a u d in h maj c n y m f
h pac hu , m n i n d in h in duc i n h 29. P ha . 1/u D u. [H nt: Sh ha u C . 1/u D 0.
chap . U m axi m and h u f Ex ci 26 and 27.]

30. Supp cu D 0 f m n nz ca a c . Sh ha u D 0.
24. a. A c i any m n fa c pac . M n i n h axi m p p i y uu .
b. If u i a c in a c pac V , h n . 1/u i h am
a h n ga i f u. 31. L u and b c in a c pac V , and H b any
c. A c pac i a a ub pac . ub pac f V ha c n ain b h u and . Exp ain hy H
a c n ain Span fu; g. hi h ha Span fu; g i h
d. R2 i a ub pac f R3 .
ma ub pac f V ha c n ain b h u and .
. A ub H f a c pac V i a ub pac f V if h
f ing c ndi i n a a i fi d: (i) h z c fV
32. L H and K b ub pac fa c pac V . h in -
i in H , (ii) u, , and u C a in H , and (iii) c i a ca a
i n f H and K , i n a H \ K , i h f in V ha
and c u i in H .
b ng b h H and K . Sh ha H \ K i a ub pac f
V . (S h figu .) Gi an xamp in R2 h ha h
Ex ci 25–29 h h h axi m f a c pac V can uni n f ub pac i n , in g n a , a ub pac .
b u d p h m n a y p p i d c ib d af h
d fini i n f a c pac . Fi in h b ank i h h app p ia
axi m numb . B cau f Axi m 2, Axi m 4 and 5 imp y,
p c i y, ha 0 C u D u and u C u D 0 f a u.
25. C mp h f ing p f ha h z c i H>K
uniqu . Supp ha w in V ha h p p y ha
u C w D w C u D u f a u in V . In pa icu a , 0 C w D 0.
0
H
Bu 0 C w D w, by Axi m . H nc w D 0 C w D 0.
K
26. C mp h f ing p f ha u i h n q c-
V

t r in V uch ha u C . u/ D 0. Supp ha w a i fi
u C w D 0. Adding u b h id , ha 33. Gi n ub pac H and K f a c pac V , h um f
. u/ C Œu C w D . u/ C 0 H and K , i n a H C K , i h fa c in V
Œ. u/ C u C w D . u/ C 0 by Axi m (a) ha can b i n a h um f c , n in H and
h h in K ; ha i ,
0 C w D . u/ C 0 by Axi m (b)
H C K D fw : w = u + f m u in H
wD u by Axi m (c)
and m in Kg
27. Fi in h mi ing axi m numb in h f ing p f ha
0u D 0 f y u in V . a. Sh ha H C K i a ub pac f V.
0u D .0 C 0/u D 0u C 0u by Axi m (a) b. Sh ha H i a ub pac f H C K and K i a ub pac
f H C K.
Add h n ga i f 0u b h id :
0u C . 0u/ D Œ0u C 0u C . 0u/ 34. Supp u1 ; : : : ; up and 1; : : : ; q a c in a c
0u C . 0u/ D 0u C Œ0u C . 0u/ by Axi m (b) pac V , and
0 D 0u C 0 by Axi m (c) H D Span fu1 ; : : : ; up g and K D Span f 1 ; : : : ; qg

0 D 0u by Axi m (d) Sh ha H C K D Span fu1 ; : : : ; up ; 1; : : : ; q g.

20 0 CHAP TER 4

35. [M] Sh ha w i in h ub pac f R4 pann d by in a a x ci :

1 ; 2 ; 3 , h f.t/ D 1 8c 2
t C8c 4
t
2 3 2 3 23 2 3
9 8 4 7 g.t/ D 1 C 18 c 2
t 48 c 4
t C 32 c 6
t
wD6
6 47 6 47 6 37 6 67
S udy h g aph f f f 0 t 2 , and gu a imp f -
7 6 7; D6 7 D6 7
4 4 5; 1 D 4 35 2 4 2 5; 3 4 55
7 9 8 18 mu a f f.t/ . V ify y u c nj c u by g aphing h diff -
nc b n 1 C f.t / and y u f mu a f f.t /. (H p fu y,
36. [M] D min if y i in h ub pac f R4 pann d by h
y u i h c n an func i n 1.) R p a f g.
c umn f A, h
2
4
3 2
3 5 9
3 38. [M] R p a Ex ci 37 f h func i n

yD6
6 87
7
6 8
6 7 677 f.t/ D 3 in t 4 in3 t
4 6 5; A D 4 5
g.t/ D 1 8 in t C 8 in4 t
8 35 2

h.t/ D 5 in t 20 in3 t C 16 in5 t

5 2 2 9
37. [M] h c pac H D Span f1; c 2 t; c 4 t; c 6 t g
c n ain a a in ing func i n ha i b u d in h c pac Span f1; in t; in2 t; : : : ; in5 t g.

SO L UTIO N S TO P R ACTICE P R O B L EM S

1. ak any u in H — ay, u D —and ak any c ⁄ 1— ay, c D 2. h n

3
7
cu D . If hi i in H , h n h i m s uch ha
6
14

3s 6
D
2 C 5s 14
ha i , s D 2 and s D 12=5 , hich i imp ib . S 2u i n in H and H i n a
c pac .
2. 1 D1 1 C0 2 C C 0 p . hi xp 1 a a in a c mbina i n f
1; : : : ; p, 1 i in W . In g n a , k i in W b cau

k D0 1 C C0 k 1 C1 k C0 k C1 C C0 p

3. h ub S i a ub pac f M3 3 inc i a i fi a h f h qui m n

i d in h d fini i n f a ub pac :
a. Ob ha h 0 in M3 3 i h 3 3 z ma ix and inc 0T D 0, h ma ix
0 i ymm ic and h nc 0 i in S .
b. L A and B in S . N ic ha A and B a 3 3 ymm ic ma ic AT D A
and B D B . By h p p i
T
f an p f ma ic , .A C B/ D AT C
T

B D A C B . hu A C B i ymm ic and h nc A C B i in S .
T

c. L A b in S and c b a ca a . Sinc A i ymm ic, by h p p i f

ymm ic ma ic , .cA/T D c.AT / D cA. hu cA i a a ymm ic ma ix
and h nc cA i in S .

4.2 N ULL SPACES,COLUM N SPACES,AN D LIN EAR TRAN SFORM ATION S

In app ica i n f in a a g b a, ub pac f Rn u ua y a i in n f ay :
(1) a h fa ui n a y m f h m g n u in a qua i n (2) a h
f a in a c mbina i n f c ain p cifi d c . In hi c i n, c mpa
and c n a h d c ip i n f ub pac , a ing u p ac ic u ing h
c nc p f a ub pac . Ac ua y, a y u i n di c , ha b n king i h