See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/351132695

Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Local Thin Area in a Line Pipe

Article in Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention · April 2021

DOI: 10.1007/s11668-021-01161-3

CITATION READS

1 596

1 author:

Shahab Zangeneh
Razi University
53 PUBLICATIONS 775 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Shahab Zangeneh on 22 November 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

J Fail. Anal. and Preven.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-021-01161-3
TECHNICAL ARTICLE—PEER-REVIEWED
Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Local Thin Area in a Line Pipe
Sh. Zangeneh
Submitted: 15 February 2021 / in revised form: 20 March 2021 / Accepted: 14 April 2021
Ó ASM International 2021
Abstract Fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment of a line
pipe that contained a metal loss was performed in this
investigation. The initial inspection found that a leaking
hole in the pipe caused shut down of the whole line. FFS
assessment in level 3 based on API579-1/ASME FFS-1
was carried out by considering different damage mor-
phologies including general corrosion, local thin area
(LTA) and pitting corrosion. The type of damage was
determined as LTA due to corrosion under deposition. To
evaluate FFS in level 3, finite element method analysis was
utilized, and the results showed that the pipe under con-
taining the damage had remaining strength factor of 0.91
which means that the pipe should return to service until
next schedule inspection (around 3 years) based on future
corrosion allowance.
Keywords Fitness for service assessment  Corrosion 
Local thin area  Finite element analysis
Introduction
Huge amounts of energy are delivered by pipelines around
the world, hence their integrity is essential to energy supply
[1]. Piping systems in the petrochemical industry are
generally inspected for some given damage types such as
blistering [2], corrosion [3], etc. In a damaged piping
system, it is essential to predict accurately failure pressure
to maintain safety of these components. As the pipeline
system ages over time, detailed assessment procedures for
Sh. Zangeneh (&)
Department of Materials and Textile Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
e-mail: Shzangeneh@razi.ac.ir
integrity evaluation are critical factors to provide enough
reliability for safe operations.
Fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment is a quantitative
tool to evaluate the ability of damaged equipment that has
suffered from one or more types of damage to remain in
operational service. FFS was used at first to evaluate
welding defects in nuclear-pressurized components and
then spread, over the past two decades, to equipment used
in the refinery industry [4, 5]. FFS assessment is routinely
conducted on three different levels. Level 1 is more con-
servative related to level 3, which in turn leads to more
conservative assessment as compared to level 3 resulting in
realistic outputs. In other words, each level of assessment
provides a balance between the skill of the practitioner, the
degree of conservatism, and the intricacy of the analysis. In
general, FFS assessment decides to either keep damaged
equipment in-service, re-rating for a specified remaining
life, or to be completely retired leading to replacement.
When a damaged component is kept in-service, FFS
determines its remaining life under original design or re-
rated operational conditions. FFS assessment methods
evaluate different damage types such as general and
localized corrosion, pitting [6] (widespread or localized),
hydrogen-induced damage, shell distortions [7], weld
misalignment [8], and crack-like flaws including environ-
mental cracking, dents [9], gouges and laminations.
Pressure components such as pressure vessels, piping
and storage tanks suffer from some common corrosion
problems known as local thin area (LTA) [10, 11]. LTA is
widespread corrosion damage in pressurized components
which frequently occurs in petrochemical industries and
refineries. These defects are usually found as a colony
which results in lower failure pressure as compared to
when they are found isolated. This reduction of failure
pressure is largely attributed to the interaction of these
123

defects. The size of LTAs will also increase, and this
increase leads to LTA size of a critical point where the
component will not tolerate the amount of damage, finally
leading to rupture. Thinning profile in the LTA might be
rectangular with a constant thinning thickness or circular
surface thinning profile or it might be arbitrary shaped
thinning defects. This inventible failure leads to destruction
of the component and finally stop production, which
imposes increased cost on petrochemical plants and
refineries. To avoid failure due to LTA, a simple process is
design thickness used to indicate which equipment should
be safe for service before reaching this value. Remaining
life of the damaged components containing LTA is then
calculated using the time to reach minimum thickness or
tmin. This method is simple and can be used for general
thinning, whereas remaining strength factor (RSF) (Eq 1)
uses in API579-1/ASME FFS-1 is a reliable indicator to
determine the eligibility of the damaged component con-
taining LTA.
LDC
RSF ¼ ðEq 1Þ
LUC
where LDC is the limit or plastic collapse load of the
component with flaws or damaged component and LUC is
the limit or plastic collapse load of the undamaged com-
ponent. RSF could be determined by using linear elastic
stress analysis; however, this method provides only a rough
approximation of the safe load without failure. In contrast,
nonlinear stress analysis gives a more accurate estimate of
the load-carrying capacity.
A survey of literature shows numerous studies on the
FFS assessment and accepting damaged equipment criteria
of pressurized components suffering from LTA. Attia et al.
[12] studied various criteria based on API579-1/ASME
FFS-1 for accepting damaged equipment due to metal loss.
It was found that continued operation at the designed
internal pressure caused a shorter lifetime compared to
pressure de-rating for extended operation. The remaining
life of the damaged component was estimated through
global and local failure criteria. Tahara et al. [11] deter-
mined the thickness reading for FFS assessment plays an
important role, as accurate thickness reading of LTA
damage has a significant role in the FFS results. Peng et al.
[13] studied the interaction effect of multiple LTAs, and
they studied varying parameters such as different
arrangements, loading conditions, and relative LTA depth
on FFS assessment. Yamaguchi [14] studied the burst
pressure of a damaged pipe containing LTA with different
shapes to accurately estimate the burst pressure by FEA. It
was found that without consideration of the size and the
shape of the LTA, the burst pressure calculated by FEA
completely agreed well with the test results.
123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.
In this study, FFS assessment for a line pipe containing
LTA has been performed in level-3 and the stresses have
been analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) to
evaluate the acceptability of the equipment and moreover
determine the remaining life of the damaged pipe when
LTA is located at a welding line or remote from it.
Background Condition of the Damaged Pipe
Table 1 lists the main design operation data of the damaged
pipe with LTA. A corrosion rate of 1 mm per year was
determined from the wall thickness reading.
Figure 1a shows the inside of the damaged pipe,
including many deposits in the lower part of the pipe. After
cleaning, numerous LTAs along with pitting corrosion
were revealed at the 6 o’clock position of the pipe. Fig-
ure 1b shows several LTAs along with a hole that caused
leakage. The inspection grid size to measure wall thickness
was 5 mm in the circumferential direction and 8 mm in the
length direction. This grid covered the lower part of the
pipe in the metal loss region. The UT measurements
showed that the LTA was limited to the region between
150° and 170° and based on the obtained results the most
metal loss occurred at 180° (6 o’clock). The minimum
remaining thickness at one of the main LTA was 5.92 mm;
the nominal thickness was 8.18 mm. After internal
inspection of the damaged pipe, a decision needed to be
reached whether the pipe could be returned to service, or
repair was required. Moreover, the next scheduled
inspection should be dated for safe operation without any
unforeseen event like this one.
Verification of Simulation Technique
To verify the established simulation procedure used in this
work, a local thinning area based on Yamaguchi [14] work
was modeled. The geometry structure of the verification
model was a pipe with 900 mm in length, 8.2 mm in
thickness, and the outer diameter of 216.3 mm (Fig. 2a).
The material properties and mechanical boundary condi-
tions in this analysis were selected similar to Yamaguchi
[14] work during burst test. The geometry of the LTA was
85 9 85 mm2 as a square wall thinning with the remaining
Table 1 Design data of the damaged pipe used in this research
Operational Design Outside Original
pressure pressure diameter thickness
(MPa) (MPa) (mm) (mm) Material
1.1 1.5 203.2 8.18 ASTM A53 GB
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

Fig. 1 (a) Inside view of the

damaged pipe showing severe
deposition, (b) The part of
corroded pipe replaced
containing leaking hole

Fig. 2 (a) Model of a damaged pipe based on [14] showing LTA at 12 o’clock position, (b) and (c) von Mises equivalent stress distribution at
plastic instability point, (d) Displacement vs. internal pressure of the modeled pipe with around Pf = 28.3 MPa

thickness of 4.18 mm. The burst pressure corresponding to The point corresponding to PF is the endpoint of the curve.
PF calculated by FEA is defined as the internal pressure at The results show that the PF before diverging for the
which the wall thinning strain diverged. Figure 2b and c damaged pipe is around 28.3 MPa, and this value based on
shows von Mises equivalent stress distribution at plastic Yamaguchi [14] work is 29 MPa, demonstrated that the
instability point when the solution diverged. The maximum established procedure used here is verified well.
effective stress at the plastic instability point in the dam-
aged pipe is 580 MPa, equal to the true ultimate tensile
strength of the pipe material. Figure 2d shows variations of
displacement with internal pressure P in the damaged pipe.

123
 J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

Result and Discussion

Level-3 FFS Assessment

To perform the level-3 FFS assessment of the corroded

pipe, stress analysis should be carried out to assess
equipment acceptability and remaining life estimation. 3D-
nonlinear FEA was utilized to determine the failure pres-
sure of a pipe with LTA. For an accurate analysis, FEA
should accurately represent the model. That is, the model
geometry, the material properties, and the applied loads
need to be realistically considered. In general, the shape of
a LTA corrosion could be simplified, however, the maxi-
mum dimensions of the LTA such as axial length,
circumferential width and maximum LTA depth should be
accurately measured to obtain realistic results. The mini-
mum value of the wall thickness adjacent to the LTA was
utilized to represent the undamaged component thickness.
For this purpose, thickness variation obtained using UT
Fig. 4 True stress-strain curve of ASTM A53 GB steel obtained by
scans with consideration of future corrosion allowance MPC model
(FCA) was mapped directly into the FE mesh (as shown in
Fig. 3a) and linearly interpolated at given element cen- model at the operation temperature and utilized in this
troids by square shell element with type S4R (4-node current analysis.
general-purpose shell, reduced integration) and a minimum rt
of 11 integration points through the shell thickness. In this e t ¼ þ c1 þ c2 ðEq 2Þ
Ey
analysis, shell elements with a nominal thickness of 5.92
mm were used to model undamaged regions, and the 1 et ð 1 Þ
c1 ¼ ð Þ m1 ð1  tanh½HÞ ðEq 3Þ
damaged regions were modeled using thickness variations 2 A1
at exact location of LTA damage. Figure 3b shows thick- 1 et ð 1 Þ
ness variations of the damaged pipe from 5.92 mm to 3.98 c2 ¼ ð Þ m2 ð1  tanh½HÞ ðEq 4Þ
2 A2
mm. Nonlinear effects in the current investigation because
rys ð1 þ eys Þ
of large displacement and material nonlinearity (NLgeom) A1 ¼   ðEq 5Þ
were also considered in the FEA model. ðln 1 þ eys Þm1
The damaged pipe investigated herein was made from ruts expðm2 Þ
ASTM A53 GB steel. API579-1/ASME FFS-1 recom- A2 ¼ ðEq 6Þ
mm2
2

mends that for elastic-plastic analysis, the material

behavior should be modeled as an elastic-plastic material
by MPC relation through Eqs 2 to 10. Figure 4 shows the
nonlinear true stress-strain curve obtained from MPC

Fig. 3 (a) Modeling of the damaged pipe by shell element contained LTA region (b) LTA damaged area inside of the corroded pipe

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.
ln½R þ ðep  eys Þ
m1 ¼   ðEq 7Þ
ln½1þep 
ln ln 1þe
½ ys 
 
2 rt  ðrys þ Kðruts  rys ÞÞ
H¼ ðEq 8Þ
Kðruts  rys Þ
K ¼ 1:5R1:5  0:5R2:5  R3:5 ðEq 9Þ
rys
R¼ ðEq 10Þ
ruts
The FEA was performed using a nonlinear static stress
analysis incorporated material plasticity with isotropic
hardening and large displacement theory. The von Mises
equivalent stress variations against inside pipe pressure
should be reported at a position within the damaged area
containing high von Mises equivalent stress. To perform
this analysis based on API579-1/ASME FFS-1, global and
local criteria should be checked. For this purpose, an iter-
ative nonlinear solver in Abaqus software based on a
modified Newton-Raphson scheme was utilized. The
sequence of applied loads was chosen to show the service
condition. In this case, body force (defined as the weight of
damaged pipe including inside fluid) was applied at the first
step and then the damaged pipe was subjected to the
pressure load and end cap force, which was increased
incrementally up to the point that the pipe material showed
plastic instability and the solution became diverge. The
loading increment was chosen sufficiently small to ensure
convergence.
Figure 5a shows the result of maximum von Mises stress
variations within the LTA region against incremental
loading (inside pressure along with end cap force). In
general, the von Mises stress variations with increasing
load show three quite distinct stages named here I to III.
The first, or stage I, is a linear response up to near yield
stress. The second, or stage II, initiates at the yield point in
which plasticity gradually spreads through the LTA while
the maximum stress remains nearly constant because of the
constraint from the undamaged area (Fig. 5b–e). Finally,
the third, or stage III, begins when the stress in the entire
LTA far exceeds the material’s yield strength. At this stage,
the whole ligament of LTA deforms plastically, but col-
lapse does not occur immediately because of strain
hardening.
The von Mises equivalent stress through the minimum
ligament of the LTA can be used to determination of the
failure pressure Pf. The predicted failure pressure Pf is the
pressure that causes the averaged von Mises stress in the
remained ligament to be equal to the material’s true tensile
strength from a uniaxial tensile test. Figure 6a and b show
the von Mises stress distribution in the undamaged/dam-
aged pipes at plastic instability points, respectively.
Figure 6a shows this stress at plastic instability point in the
undamaged pipe when the solution diverged. It is obvious
that instability occurs in the whole pipe. Figure 6b shows
von Mises stress in the damaged pipe in plastic instability
points in the damaged pipe. The maximum effective stress
at the plastic instability point in the damaged pipe is 530
MPa which is equal to true ultimate tensile strength of the
pipe material. This maximum plastic instability was
obtained because of the limited extent of the plastic
instability zone. However, this value in the undamaged
pipe barely reached 495 MPa in the whole section of the
pipe, which is lower than the damaged pipe. This could be
due to that the instability in the uncorroded pipe is global;
however, it was localized in the pipe containing LTA. As
one can see from the results, level-3 FFS assessment can
easily estimate the location of final failure in the corroded
pipe as well as the scenario of failure when the pressure
reaches the plastic instability point. According to the ori-
entation of stress in the corroded pipe (Fig. 6b), failure will
occur along the longitudinal direction of the damaged pipe.
The results show that the PF before diverging for the
undamaged pipe is 27.6 MPa and the value for the dam-
aged pipe will be 25.1 MPa. Remaining strength factor
(RSF) is defined by Eq 1, therefore, by comparing the
results, RFS value is 0.91.
In this investigation, level 3 assessments for global and
local failure were carried out based on Eqs 11 and 12,
respectively. In these equations, P and D parameters are
internal pressure and deadweight of the components (in the
current research, D is the weight of damaged pipe includ-
ing inside fluid), respectively. It should be noted that the
liquid static head, fluid momentum effects, earthquake
loads, snow loads, wind loads, and thermal loads are not
included in the current investigation. In this case, internal
pressure was considered as the significant load that causes
the plastic collapse of the damaged pipe. If one of the
local/global loads causes plastic instability, therefore, the
pipe will be unsafe at the applied pressure.
bðP þ DÞ ðEq 11Þ
1:7ðP þ DÞRSFa ðEq 12Þ
where b or load factor coefficient is a parameter varied
based on the construction code which in this investigation
b is 3RSFa. Figure 7a shows variations of displacement
with internal pressure P in the damaged pipe. The point
corresponding to PF is the end point of the curve. In
addition, Pdesign and global failure pressure (indicated by
convergence requirement) defined based on Eq 11 indi-
cated in the figure by dash lines. As one can see, PF is far
beyond the criteria requirement for global failure pressure.
Therefore, the damaged pipe meets the required acceptance
criteria against global plastic collapse.
123
 J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

Fig. 5 (a) von Mises equivalent stress variations within the LTA region against incremental loading, (b–e) von Mises equivalent stress
distribution in stage II showing plasticity spreads through the LTA region

Fig. 6 von Mises stress distribution in the (a) undamaged (b) damaged pipes at plastic instability

In addition, Fig. 7b and c shows the von Mises stress
distributions at the designed and converge-required loads,
respectively. As one can see, the maximum peak stress in
design load could reach 41.3 MPa and in convergence the
required load is around 82.6 MPa, which is much less than
yield strength of the pipe material.
To assess the damaged component for global and local
criteria, some similarities exist. The pipe model, material
property, and boundary conditions (BCs) are the same.
However, the applied loads and acceptance criteria utilized
for the damaged component are quite different. Therefore,
the procedure established for protection against local

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

Fig. 7 (a) Convergence behavior of the damaged pipe, von Mises stress distribution at (b) Design load (c) Convergence requirement

failure as a result of LTA in the damaged pipe is the same shows variations of damage with internal pressure P in the
as the global model. However, the required acceptance damaged pipe. As one can see, no damage appeared at
criteria against local plastic collapse, which is represented design load or convergence requirement as indicated by
by Eq 12, needs a lower load factor. Since this criterion dash lines. Figure 8b shows damage distribution in the pipe
will be accepted by lower load factor related to global one, containing LTA, no local damage occurred in the damaged
the corroded pipe is accepted local failure assessment. pipe at design load which is completely confirmed API579-
Limiting triaxial strain (eL ) using Eq 13 was used to define 1/ASME FFS-1 recommendation. API579-1/ASME FFS-1
the damage parameter (d) of LTA under protection against recommend that the strain limit criterion (represented by
local failure. This parameter shows the amount of damage Eq 11) normally does not need to be evaluated in FFS
extent in the corroded pipe with an acceptance value of less assessment if the component design is in accordance with
than or equal to unity, investigated in this current research. the applicable construction code, and moreover the pres-
     ence of a flaw does not result in a significant strain
asl r1 þ r2 þ r3 1
eL ¼ eLU exp   concentration. However, this damaged value as shown in
1 þ m2 3re 3
Fig. 8c at plastic instability point became significant and its
ðEq 13Þ value became more then unity.
epeq
d¼ ðEq 14Þ
eL Remaining Life Estimation
where r1, r2, r3 are principal stresses, re is equivalent
stress,epeq is the total equivalent plastic strain. Figure 8a An essential question remaining unanswered in this
investigation is whether the damaged pipe could be

123

Fig. 8 Damage value based on local failure damage at (a) Design load (b) Instability point of the corroded pipe
Fig. 9 Displacement vs. internal pressure of the corroded pipe for
different FCAs
returned to service until the next scheduled inspection (3
years). To answer this question, and therefore estimate
remaining life of the corroded pipe with reported MPY
equal to 1mm, displacement-internal pressure plots with
different future corrosion allowance (FCA) were deter-
mined (Fig. 9). According to the plot, displacement
123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.
increases with increasing internal pressure up to PF point in
which effective stress reached to true ultimate tensile
strength. Different FCAs in the damaged pipe can tolerate
different internal pressures. As the damage in the pipe due
to FCA increases the amount of maximum internal pressure
in the damaged pipe due to loss of pressure carrying
capacity of the pipe decreases. The plots show that this
value for FCA of 1 mm is 21.8 MPa and for FCA of 3 mm
reaches the value of 11 MPa. Therefore, the pipe will be
safe for the FCA value of 3 mm under both global and local
instability criteria.
Figure 10a–c shows damage obtained from Eq 14 at the
convergence requirement for the corroded pipes with dif-
ferent FCAs. As it is obvious, with increasing FCA from
1mm to 3mm, the damage in the LTA increases up to
around 0.3 which is still lower than unity. It should be
noted that when the RSF was less than 0.6, the estimated
burst pressure was assessed as dangerous.
Welding Residual Stress Effect
Since some of these LTAs with similar dimensions were
located randomly in the welding line, the welding residual
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.
Fig. 10 Damages of the corroded pipes at convergence requirement for FCA (a) 1mm (b) 2mm (c) 3mm
stress (WRS) should be considered as an input data to
perform proper FFS assessment. For this reason, the pre-
viously analyzed LTA was re-assessed while assumed to be
located in the welding line, in order to understand the effect
of WRS on plastic collapse load.
To understand the effect of WRS on LTA damage,
Abaqus software was utilized to simulate welding tem-
perature by the use of Goldak equation (Eq 15). The
Goldak equation uses double ellipsoid heat flux to model
the shape of arc welding in which heat flux shows a
maximum value at the center and decreases to the ellipse
edge. In this model, distribution of transient volumetric
heat flux was implemented into Abaqus through DFLUX
user-subroutine.
pffiffiffi
6Q 3
qðx; y; z; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffi
abcp p
2
=a2 3ðyðR cos hþy0 ÞÞ2 =b2 3ðzz0 Þ2 =c2
e3ðxðR sin hþx0 ÞÞ e e
ðEq 15Þ
where Q is heat input, R defines the distance of the welding
heat source from the pipe center, h is the radial angle
changes through circumferential direction. Parameters a, b,
and c (6, 3.5 and 4 mm, respectively) are the semi-axes of
the ellipsoidal weld pool in x, y, and z directions, respec-
tively. Upper limit in Q based on API 579/ASME FFS-1
was chosen in this current investigation, since no record of
welding parameters was found. The nodal temperature
(NT11) distribution during welding is shown in Fig. 11a.
The averaged von Mises equivalent stress calculated from
the results of thermal analysis is shown in Fig. 11b.
Figure 12a shows variations of displacement with
internal pressure P in the damaged pipe in which it was
assumed the LTA was located at the weld line. The plastic
collapse load corresponding to PF is nearly equal to the PF
when the LTA is remote from welding line. It seems that
residual stress induced by welding has no severe effect on
the PF value. As one can see, PF is far beyond the criteria
requirement for global failure pressure. Therefore, the
damaged pipe containing a weld line meets the required
acceptance criteria against global plastic collapse. In
addition, Fig. 12b–e shows von Mises stress distribution at
the location of LTA which is crossed through the weld line.
As one can see, by increasing internal pressure the same
trend in displacement vs. internal pressure curve appears.
However, the lower pressure in which the damaged pipe
should be in elastic state shows severe residual stress, while
by increasing internal pressure this residual stress disap-
pears due to concentration of stress because of LTA
damage.
Conclusion
This research was carried out to assess the acceptability of
a pipe with real LTA shape along with remaining life
estimation by consideration of MPY of 1mm. Level-3 FFS
assessment was considered because this level provides the
most accurate results and provides the best estimate of
123
 J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

Fig. 11 (a) Temperature (NT11) distribution during welding, (b) Welding Residual Stress (WRS) distribution after welding

Fig. 12 (a) Displacement vs. internal pressure of the corroded pipe containing welding line (b–e) von Mises stress distribution at the different
internal pressure indicated by arrows

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven.
remaining life. Moreover, level-3 results can estimate the
location of final failure in the corroded pipe as well as the
scenario of failure when the pressure reaches the failure
pressure. The obtained results show that the damaged pipe
with maximum loss of thickness to 5.92 mm remaining
passed level-3 FFS assessment and it fits for service until
next schedule inspection (around 3 years) based on future
corrosion allowance (FAC).
References
1. J.L. Kennedy, Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals. (PennWell
Publishing Company, 1984)
2. D.P. Dunne et al., Investigation of the effect of electrolytic
hydrogen charging of X70 steel: I. The effect of microstructure
on hydrogen-induced cold cracking and blistering. Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy. 41(28), 12411–12423 (2016)
3. L. Nyrkova, Stress-corrosion cracking of pipe steel under com-
plex influence of factors. Eng. Fail. Anal. 116, 104757 (2020)
4. R. Bakhtiari et al., Fitness for service assessment of a pressure
vessel subjected to fire damage in a refinery unit. Eng. Failure
Anal. 80(Supplement C), 444–452 (2017)
5. S. Zangeneh, H.R. Lashgari, H.R. Sharifi, Fitness-for-service
assessment and failure analysis of AISI 304 demineralized-water
(DM) pipeline weld crack. Eng. Fail. Anal. 107, 104210 (2020)
6. A.A. Soliman et al., Pressure carrying capacities of thin walled
pipes suffering from random colonies of pitting corrosion. Int. J.
Press. Vessels Pip. 166, 48–60 (2018)
View publication stats
7. Shah, U. and P. Prasad. Fitness for Service Assessment of Carbon
Steel Vessel With Localized Deformation During PWHT. In:
ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. 2019
8. T. Jacquemin et al., Contribution of finite element analyses to
crack-like flaw assessments in a gas pipeline. Int. J. Press. Vessels
Pip. 161, 41–49 (2018)
9. Han, Z., et al. Fitness-for-Service of a Column Equipment Con-
taining Dent Defects Based on API 579 Level 3 Analysis and
Considering the Dynamic Loads. In: ASME 2016 Pressure Ves-
sels and Piping Conference. 2016
10. Konosu, S. and N. Mukaimachi. Plastic Collapse Assessment
Procedure for Vessel With Local Thin Area Simultaneously
Subjected to Internal Pressure and External Bending Moment. In:
ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference.
2006
11. Yuan, H., et al. Investigation on Tendency of Stress in Local Thin
Area of Shell Plate of Oil Storage Tank. In: ASME 2006 Pressure
Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. 2006
12. M.S. Attia et al., Assessment of corrosion damage acceptance
criteria in API579-ASME/1 code. Int. J. Mech. Mater. Des. 12(1),
141–151 (2016)
13. Peng, J., C. Zhou, and Q. Dai. Interaction and Assessment of
Multiple Local Wall Thinning Defects. In: ASME 2013 Pressure
Vessels and Piping Conference. 2013
14. Yamaguchi, A. Investigation of Burst Pressure in Pipes With
Square Wall Thinning by Using FEA and API579 FFS-1. In:
ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. 2013
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
123