//Implementation of Destructors//

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int count=0;
class test{
public:
test(){
count++;
cout<<"\nConstructor Msg:Object number "<<count<<" created..";
}
~test(){
cout<<"\nDestructor Msg:Object number "<<count<<" destroyed..";
count--;
}
};
int main(){
cout<<"Inside the main block..";
cout<<"\nCreating first object T1..";
test T1;
{
cout<<"\nInside Block 1..";
cout<<"\nCreating two more objects T2 and T3..";
test T2, T3;
cout<<"\nLeaving Block 1...";
}
cout<<"\nBack inside the main block..";
return 0;
}

Output:

Inside the main block..

Creating first object T1..
Constructor Msg:Object number 1 created..
Inside Block 1..
Creating two more objects T2 and T3..
Constructor Msg:Object number 2 created..
Constructor Msg:Object number 3 created..
Leaving Block 1...
Destructor Msg:Object number 3 destroyed..
Destructor Msg:Object number 2 destroyed..
Back inside the main block..
Destructor Msg:Object number 1 destroyed..
//Overloading using Binary Operators//
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class complex{
float x, y;
public:
complex(){}
complex(float real, float imag){
x=real;
y=imag;
}
complex operator+(complex);
void display(void);
};
complex complex::operator+(complex c){
complex temp;
temp.x=x+c.x;
temp.y=y+c.y;
return(temp);
}
void complex::display(void){
cout<<x<<" +j"<<y<<"\n";
}
int main(){
complex C1, C2, C3;
C1=complex(2.5, 3.5);
C2=complex(1.6, 2.7);
C3=C1+C2;
cout<<"C1+";
C1.display();
cout<<"C2=";
C2.display();
cout<<"Sum C3=";
C3.display();
getch();
return 0;
}

Output:

C1+2.5 +j3.5
C2=1.6 +j2.7
Sum C3=4.1 +j6.2
//Overloading using Unary Operators//
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class space{
int x, y, z;
public:
void getdata(int a,int b,int c);
void display(void);
void operator-();
};
void space::getdata(int a, int b, int c){
x=a;
y=b;
z=c;
}
void space::display(void){
cout<<"x="<<x<<" ";
cout<<"y="<<y<<" ";
cout<<"z="<<z<<"\n";
}
void space::operator-(){
x=-x;
y=-y;
z=-z;
}
int main(){
space S;
S.getdata(10, -20, 30);
cout<<"S: ";
S.display();
-S;
cout<<"-S: ";
S.display();
return 0;
}

Output:

S: x=10 y=-20 z=30

-S: x=-10 y=20 z=-30

(Output for Multilevel)

Output:

Roll Number:111
Marks in Subject 1=75
Marks in Subject 2=59.5
Total=134.5
//Multilevel Inheritance//
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class student{
protected:
int roll_number;
public:
void get_number(int);
void put_number(void);
};
void student::get_number(int a){
roll_number=a;
}
void student::put_number(){
cout<<"Roll Number:"<<roll_number<<"\n";
}
class test:public student{
protected:
float sub1, sub2;
public:
void get_marks(float, float);
void put_marks(void);
};
void test::get_marks(float x, float y){
sub1=x;
sub2=y;
}
void test::put_marks(){
cout<<"Marks in Subject 1="<<sub1<<"\n";
cout<<"Marks in Subject 2="<<sub2<<"\n";
}
class result:public test{
float total;
public:
void display(void);
};
void result::display(void){
total=sub1+sub2;
put_number();
put_marks();
cout<<"Total="<<total<<"\n";
}
int main(){
result student1;
student1.get_number(111);
student1.get_marks(75.0, 59.5);
student1.display();
return 0;
}

//Counting Objects in a File//

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<cstring>
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class emp{
char name[30];
int ecode;
public:
emp(){}
emp(char *n, int c){
strcpy(name, n);
ecode=c;
}
};
int main(){
emp e[4];
e[0]=emp("Amit",1);
e[1]=emp("Joy",2);
e[2]=emp("Rahul",3);
e[3]=emp("Vikas",4);
fstream file;
file.open("Employee.dat", ios::in | ios::out);
int i;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
file.write((char *) &e[i],sizeof(e[i]));
file.seekg(0, ios::end);
int end=file.tellg();
cout<<"Number of objects stored in Employee.dat is "<<i<<endl;
sizeof(emp);
return 0;
}

Output:

Number of objects stored in Employee.dat is 4

//Arrays of objects//
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class employee{
char name[10];
float age;
public:
void getdata(void);
void putdata(void);
};
void employee::getdata(void){
cout<<"Enter Name: ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter age: ";
cin>>age;
}
void employee::putdata(void){
cout<<"Name:"<<name<<”\n”;
cout<<"Age:"<<age<<”\n”;
}
const int size=3;
int main(){
employee manager[size];
for(int i=0;i<size;i++){
cout<<"\nDetails of the Manager:"<<i+1<<"\n";
manager[i].getdata();
}
cout<<"\n";
for(int j=0;j<size;j++){
cout<<"\nDetails of the Manager:"<<j+1<<"\n";
manager[j].putdata();
}
getch();
return 0;
}

(Given below-Output for static member function)

Output:

Count:2
Count:3
Object Number:1
Object Number:2
Object Number:3

(Given below-Output of arrays)

Output:

Details of the Manager:1

Enter Name: Krishna
Enter age: 25

Details of the Manager:2

Enter Name: Yamuna
Enter age: 36

Details of the Manager:3

Enter Name: Katherine
Enter age: 30

Details of the Manager:1

Name:Krishna
Age:25

Details of the Manager:2

Name:Yamuna
Age:36

Details of the Manager:3

Name:Katherine
Age:30

(Given below-Output of multiple constructors)

Output:

A=2.7+j3.5
B=1.6+j1.6
C=4.3+j5.1

P=2.5+j3.9
Q=1.6+j2.5
R=4.1+j6.4

//To illustrate the implementation of static member //

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class item{
int number;
static int count;
public:
void getdata(int a){
number=a;
count++;
}
void getcount(void){
cout<<"Count:"<<count<<"\n";
}
};
int item::count;
int main(){
item a, b, c;
a.getcount();
b.getcount();
c.getcount();

a.getdata(100);
b.getdata(200);
c.getdata(300);

cout<<"After reading data"<<"\n";

a.getcount();
b.getcount();
c.getcount();

getch();
return 0;
}

(Given below-Output of static datat members)

Output:

Count:0
Count:0
Count:0
After reading data
Count:3
Count:3
Count:3
//To implement the multiple constructors or overloaded constructors//
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class complex{
float x, y;
public:
complex(){}
complex(float a){
x=y=a;
}
complex(float real, float imag){
x=real;
y=imag;
}
friend complex sum(complex, complex);
friend void show(complex);
};
complex sum(complex c1, complex c2){
complex c3;
c3.x=c1.x+c2.x;
c3.y=c1.y+c2.y;
return(c3);
}
void show(complex c){
cout<<c.x<<"+j"<<c.y<"\n";
}
int main(){
complex A(2.7, 3.5);
complex B(1.6);
complex C;
C=sum(A, B);
cout<<"A=";show(A);
cout<<"\nB=";show(B);
cout<<"\nC=";show(C);
complex P, Q, R;
P=complex(2.5, 3.9);
Q=complex(1.6, 2.5);
R=sum(P, Q);
cout<<"\n";
cout<<"\nP=";show(P);
cout<<"\nQ=";show(Q);
cout<<"\nR=";show(R);
return 0;
}
//To illustrate implementation of static member function//
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class test{
int code;
static int count;
public:
void setcode(void){
code = ++count;
}
void showcode(void){
cout<<"Object number:"<<code<<"\n";
}
static void showcount(void){
cout<<"count:"<<count<<"\n";
}
};
int test::count;
int main(){
test t1, t2;
t1.setcode();
t2.setcode();
test::showcount();
test t3;
t3.setcode();
test::showcount();
t1.showcode();
t2.showcode();
t3.showcode();
getch();
return 0;
}