Since 2016 ¢/)) MG E-LEARNING Learn conceptually, smartly & innovatively TODAYS TOPIC:- LARGE INTESTINI face from the damaging action of the solid) fecal mass. JAlthough the large intestine does not igestive enzymes, the digestive process wes in its lumen as a result of the activity of the enzymes already present in the food material asitreaches t Intestine. The Bacteria which ‘are normally present in the large intestine also facilitate the digestive process by decomposing the food materials. The final products of digestion are absorbed by the enterocytes. @leczction of some gastrointestinal hormoned|by the enteroendocrine cell: © ibahestnaboceris a0 produce many vitamins | ‘which include riboflavin, thiamine vitamin Bz and vitamin . 010s _ ARTE. ‘The large intestine is subdivided into cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The vermiform appendix is @ ‘small, worr-like diverticulum of the cecum, ‘The cecum and colon are indistinquist ee hence, are discussed as a single entity titled as colon, ‘the colon has no plicae circulares and no villi, but contaigs large num! hn epithelium on the mucosal surface +7 consists of absorptive cel (enterocytes) and goblet eThe of n that descend from the mucosal surface and extend ‘through the full thickness of the mucosa and reach the cularis mucosae,(fhe upper one-third of each _ Intestinal gland contains ent ; an However, the lower two-thirds of the intestinal glands Scanned with CamScanner sively by the goblet ce iso occur in the deeper parts of “The lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and submucosa ofthe colon depict the same structural features as those of the smaill intestine. is externa pf the colonalso consists of the maner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth ‘muscle but is unusual in that most of the muscle fibres ofthe gute longitusina leper arerpateted ito SEE thick flat bands called teniae coll. These three muscular bands are equidistant and are: ‘separated from each other bya very thin layer of longitudinal smooth musclefibres ‘The constant tonusin the strong teniae coli produces folding ofthe colon into sacculationscalled)austza col The! le 23 Nie’ b rN ‘The intraperitoneal part of the colon (\.e., transverse colon) is surrounded by a serosa, whereas the retro~ peritoneal parts tt, ascending colon and descending colon) are surrounded by adventitia. The serosa of the the presence of numerous small the cecum. The Wall of the appendix consists of all the four typical Coats of the digestive tube: guicosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa... In cross sections, the appendix is characterized bya thick’ ~ wall but a relatively narrow lumen which fs stellate or irregular in outline, Intestinal vill are absent. The mucosa is lined mainly by absorptive ou few goblet cells are present. intestinal glands. er, farina propiidof the appendix is heavily inflated with lymphocytes and contains numerous lymphoid nodules, which form the most cdnspicuous histologic feature of this organ. These lymphoid nodules show germinal centres and are fined t6 the lamina propria, but penetrate t mucosae to extend tissue of the into the submucosa. The222 and perianal skin. The submucosa | contains a plexus of small veins. Patho of these submucosal veins constitutes hem Submucosa yf appendix is characterized by the abundance of fat cells. hungance cklenceu The(muscularis externa df the appendix is thin but shows the usual inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle‘ feniae coll are absentYSerosa Yprms the outermost coat of the appendix. REE crum o aves CANA Thefmuscularis externabf the anal canal consi: ‘ inner circular and outer lon itudinal Eyed of s' muscle, At the level of anal columns the inner layer becomes thickened to form the sngennal soa sphincter. The external anal sphincter consists of eee muscle that belongs to the musculature of the pelvic “Histologically, the rectum resembles the colon except fewer but deeper crypts of Lieberkuhn, (ii) the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa does hot shaw teniae coli, and No serosa is.present and the outermost coat consists only of adventitia (because the rectum is.entirelyfretroperitoneal ~The anal canal is the terminal part of the alimentary {yact. It begins where the rectum suddenly narrows. Itis about 4cm long and ends at the anus. ——2 queteacond of the anal canal shows a number of Saumnoeror longitudinal folds called The depressions between anal columns are called Jinal'sinuseg The lower ends of the anal columns are joined to one another by ae ae transverse mucosal folds Known ad analivalves| Above the level of anal valves, the mucosa is lined by the same 2 Gpitheliumyps rest of the large jntestine, i.e, simple columnar epithelium consisting of absorptive cells and goblet cells. Below the level of the anal valves the lining epithelium is of|stratified squamous nonkeratinized variety which becomes continuous with the epidermis of skin at the anal orifice. TheVamina propria ont ins crypts of Lieberkuhn above the level of anal valves, but below this levelithe crypts are completely absent. The O ecomes: gradually indistinct and got be feeoay Qwer part of the anal canal. The[submucosa]of the anal canal consists of loosely arranged cot issue. At the level of anal valves, the submucosa lodges about six simple branched tubular glands that usually @ into the muscularis externa. These glands, called secrete mucus onto the ; 9 ducts that are lined . These glands are gland may become an abscess may between the anal floor. | GLANDS ASSOCIATED “THE DIGESTIVE TRACT SALIVARY GLANDS The salivary glands are divided into two main groups: 1. The major salivary glands which include the paired parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. 2. The minor salivary glands which are buried in the connective tissue of the lips, cheeks, tongue and palate. These glands produce about 5% of the total ‘Salivary output. 2 The minor salivary glands have been discussed in the description of the relevant regions in the preceding Pages. An account of the structure of the major salivary glands follows. The major salivary glands are compound tubuloacinar glands whose ducts open into the oral cavity. Each of these glands is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule thatis rich in collagen fibres. From the capsule, connective» tissue septa extend into the gland and divide it inté lobe and lobules. The blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, ‘and the excretory ducts of the gland course through the connective tissue of the septa. The secretory acini are © surrounded and supported by very fine loose connective tissue, which contains a rich population of lymphocytes and plasma cells. The connective tissue surrounding the acini ultimately bl h the connective tissue of the a,a, nay Sbdle. ll Jot oe.dibuln Gbord Subson _