1) Display rules are the culturally defined rules regarding which nonverbal behaviours are

appropriate to display or not. And these display rules differs across the cultures. To
understand the emotions is related with encoding and decoding processes. And for facial
expressions there are 6 emotions which are expressed in the same way and also receieved or
understood as the same. These major emotions are, anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disguts
and sadness. These 6 major emotions are cross-cultural. If an Amerian man is happy also a
person in New Guina can understand it from his face. Similing woman in Japanase is not
encoureged.

For Non -verbal communications there are a lot of different types which can be different in an
another culture. Some nonverbal behaviours means smt in our culture but it does’t mean that it will
be existing in another culture or in the same meaning. For example; eye contact and gaze differs in
different cultures; it is valuable in American culture to have an eye contact but in Nigeria it is smt
disrespectful to have eye contact especially with superiors. No they have different meanings. Also for
personal Space and Gaze: Sout American high contact. North American low contact.

Hand and head gestures: The OK Sign: US. In France Zero

Nodding the head: US-up and down means yes side tos ide NO. But in Africa the opposite is exist.

2) Primacy effect: Kevin and Keith example. First impression and words are stronger. Whet it
comes to forming impressions the first traits we perceive in others influence how we view
information that we learn about them later.
3) Attribution Theory: A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own
and people’s behaviour. People try to understand others and they are like a scientist and
collecting information from others behaviours and trying to understand why do they behave
like that and they do that until they find a reasonable explanation. Example : a father who
yells to his daughter. According to internal attribution: it is realated with his personality or
attitudes. According to external attribution: something in this situation can cause that
position . Maybe her daughter just stepped to Street without looking. And this two different
perspective also effects our impression regarding this father. If we make an internal
attribution we will label the father in a negative side.
4) Covariation Model: (Internal versus external attributions.) Kelleys Model: It is realated with
making these kind of judgements we notice and think about more than one piece of
information. Example if you ask your friend to lend her car and she didn’t accept it. Then you
will have a question mark like why she didn’t accept. According to coveration model, you will
filter a lot of behaviours from different times and situations to answer this question. If she
also did it before, does she lend it to others, does she normally lends her things to you and so
on. So what we are doing is that we are gathering these kind of informations together. What
kind of informations we examine according to Kelley is there are 3 types: Hannah and boss
example:
Consensus info: how other people behave toward the same stimulus: Hannah. Do other
people also yell Hannah. If yes maybe it is related with Hannah’s performance if no maybe
boss is blame.
Distinctiveness info: Refers to hot the actor responds to other stimuli. Is the Hannah only
employee that boss criticizes. Iy yes what she has got that making him angry. If not he is
responsible for the confrontation.
Consistency info: refers to frequency with which the observed behavior between the same
actor and the same stimulus occurs across time and circumstances. Does the boss criticize
Hannah regularly and frequently.
 According to Kelly a clear attribution can be made when we can combine these three
sources of information into one of these patterns.
People are most likely to make an internal attribution when the consensus and the
distinctiveness of the act are low but its consistency is high. People are most likely to make
an external attribution if concensus, distinctiveness and consistency is high. When
consistency is low we can not make a clear internal or external attribution.

5) Fundamental Attribution Error: Rosa Parks in 1955 refused to give her seat on city bus to a
White man. And it was against the law at that time. She was fined due to her this behaviour.
In 1956 the law changed. When she died in 2005 and to her honor; buses in majör cities
across the country designated to one seat behind the driver to kept empty. To alert riders,
signes were posted on Windows with her photo and saying. The fundamental theory most of
us have about human behaviour is that people do what they do because of the kind of
people they are, not because ot the situation they are inç this tendency to overestimate the
extent to which other people’s behaviour is due to internal, dispositional fators and to
underestimate the role of situational factors is called the fundamental attribution error. It is
valid in all cultures as a basic process but the level differes between cultures. But it is higher
in individualistic cultures then collectivistic cultures.
6) Perceptual Salience: The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s
attention. Research example: conversation between A-B. 6 observers sit the assigned seats
and listen. Who faced student A thought that she lead the conversation. Perceptual saliance
plays a role in how we view higher stakes conversations as well.
7) Two steps process of attributions: 1) Make an internal attribution: occurs quickly and
spontaneously 2) Adjust attribution by considering the situation: May fail to make enough
adjustment in second step, requires effort and attention. You think carefully before
judgement, if you are motivated to reach an accurate a judgment. Defensive attribution:
explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and morality. Belief in a just
World. You deserve what ge tor you get what you deserved.
8) Origin of self concept: We are as human being only speices that has a self. There are also
some different kind of researches that shows us some animals have a basic self concept.
Mirror example in a cage for animals. Orangutans and chimpanzees discover this painted red
dye intjeir ear or brow. They realize that the image in the mirror is their self. Human self
recognition develops at around 18-24 month. Self concept: The overall set of beliefs that
people have about their personal attributes. As we mature; we place less emphasis on
phsyical characteristics and more on psychological states. Function of the self 4: self-
knowledge, self control, impression management,self-esteem.
9) Independent view of the self: It is a way of defining one self in terms of one’s own internal
taoghts, feelings and actions and not in terms of the thoughts feelings and actions of other
people. Many Western cultures people have an independent view of the self. In Asian it
interdependent.
10) Introspection: The process whereby people look şnward and examine their own thoughts
and feelings and motives. It is one way to understand ourselves how can we know who we
are. We look our inside to understand our inside information. Just think about a moment
that you’d stopped and think how you felt like that. We can use it to examine our self. To
study lesson or watch Netflix.