SOLUTIONS TO MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM PAPERS BY THE REV. E. M. RADFORD, M.A. MATHEMATICAL LECTURER AT ST JOHN’S COLLEGE, BATTERSEA, FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE Cambridge : at the University Press TOTS£ tn of Oy A Pet . Dect. ; Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESSPREFACE HIS volume contains complete solutions to all the questions in the Second Edition of my Mathematical Problem Papers. In order to make the book as helpful and interesting as possible to private students of Mathematics, as well as to busy teachers, I have employed a great variety of methods, and have endeavoured .not to sacrifice clearness and soundness to mere brevity. No results are assumed, other than may be found in _ the standard text-books on the various branches of Mathe- matics involved. I have not considered it necessary to make much use of the methods of the Calculus, except in questions on that subject. Teachers who prefer to use these methods more freely will easily be able to modify many of the solutions accordingly. Ihave to thank my former colleague, Mr H. E. Lee, B.A., and my former pupil, Mr R. J. Fulford, BSc. for their kindness in reading the proof-sheets, aud verifying a large number of the solutions. As I have also myself carefully 609764vi Preface revised the solutions while in the Press, I hope they will be found free from any serious errors. Some of the earlier solutions have appeared in the Mathematical Gazette, but the issues containing them are no longer in print. They are reproduced by the courtesy of the Editor. E. M. RADFORD. St Jony’s CoLLeceE, BaTTERSEA, , February, 1915,1. Ler P be the given’ point and 4 the intersection of the given straight lines. Take points B and C, one on each line, such that P lies in the angle BAC, and 4B = AC =half the given perimeter. Describe a circle touching the lines at B and C, and from P draw tangents to this circle. Then evidently either of these tangents fulfils the required condition, provided P lies between A and the circle. There are also, in any case, two other solutions, obtained by drawing the inner tangents from P to the similarly described circles in the angles adjacent to that containing P. 2. Let S, S’ be the centres of the two circles, a and 3a their vadii, P the centre of the variable circle and 7 its radius. Then SP=a-r, S'P=ja+r, ©. SP+S'P= $a. Hence the locus of P is an ellipse with S, S’ as foci, and whose major axis is 2a, Also, since SS’=1a, it ‘easily follows that the eccentricity is 4, a the semi-minor axis Va and the latus-rectum $a. 3. Evidently 6—c, c—a, a—b are factors, and the remaining factor must be a symmetrical homogeneous function of a, b, ¢ of the third degree. We may therefore assume that the given expression is equal to T1(b-c).[p. 3a*+q. Sab + 7. abc], where p, g, 7 are numerical constants to be determined. Putting c= 0, we get a’) —b'a =b (—a) (a—b). [p (a8 + 8°) + q (a% + ab?) But since ab — b'a=ab (a — b)(a +b) (a? + 0°), it follows that p=q=-1. To find r, put a=2, b=1, c=—1. We then find 4p + 2q-—r=— 6, whence r=0. Hence the remaining factor is — (Sa? + 3a*) =— (Sa) (3a). R. K. 1nt Solutions to Problem Papers 4. We havé AGL DE =1l+4(- pete Daye. =1 = ty = ty — 10g — ++ Say. Then a, = "200000 ty = gly - $4 = 005000 uy= 2. 4u,=-000500 u,=22. fus= 000069 Us= 44. fu,=-000011 Ug = yn - $us = 000002 -205582. Hence (pt = 1 — 205582... = °7944 correct to four decimal places. 5. The left-hand side = 3 (4 — cos 24° - cos 42° — cos 78° — cos 96°) = } (4 — 2 cos 60° cos 36° — 2 cos 60° cos 18°) = 2(4 —cos 18° —cos 36’) =1+sin? 9° +sin? 18°. 6. Here ais 3PA,=2R. 3 sin (« + =) r=0 n i n-In\, w si Ta tin (et at) sn (ma) sin cos i) sin —— = 2B (cos a cot +sina). 2nSolutions to Problem Papers 3 7. The equation to any conic circumscribing this triangle must be of the form . (y + kx)(y — ke) + (a cosa +y sin a—p)(la+ my) =0...(i). Using the conditions for a circle, we find lcosa—k?=msina+1 and Jsina+mcosa=0, whence l m — =—— =1+F. cosa ~—Sina Substituting in (i) and simplifying, we obtain the equation given. 8. If P be the point m, and P’ the point m’, the equations to PP’ and P’Q are respectively 2a —(m+m')y + 2amm’ =0 and 2a — (m! — m) y — 2amm’ =0, and if the first of these passes through (~a, 0), the second passes through (a, 0). 9. Let the true weight of the first article be Q, that of the second #, and the apparent and true weights of the third article X and W respectively. Let a and 6 be the lengths of the arms, S and S’ the weights of the pans, w the weight of the instrument, a the distance of the centre of gravity from the fulcrum, Then we have the equations (Q +S)atw.x=(Q,4+8')b, (Q+ Slat+w.x=(Q +8')b, (W+S)a+w.x=(X+S%b, (X+S)at+w.x=(W+8')b, whence (W~ 0) a=(X~Q)8, (X-Q)a=(W-Q)b, z Way Wa onitarly. This gives the required value of W.4 Solutions to Problem Papers 10... Let ABCD be the square, A the corner of the square in contact with the wall, B the corner to which the string is attached. Draw BN perpendicular to the wall, and let the direction of the string meet the horizontal through A in O. Then O must be vertically below the centre of the square. Let the distances of B, Cand D from the wall be x, y, z respectively. Then AO = 2x. Also g => = distance of centre from wall = 2x, whence and evidently AW =z, so that the angle required is : z 4 acter cot"! = = cot 13, 11. When the wedge is at rest, let 7’ be the tension of the string, 2 the reaction between the plane and the mass m’. Then, if f is the acceleration, T-m'gsina=mf, mg—-T=mf, _ mm’ (1 +sina) mm * Also R= m’g cosa, and the horizontal force on the wedge is whence T m’ cosa (m' sin a —m) Rsina- Teosa= 7 mem and to kcep the wedge from moving, a force equal land opposite to this is required. 12. Ifa is the angle of projection, and the angle of the plane, the vertical altitude above the plane after time ¢ is ina. t—1gt?— i i _Sin (a= 8) _ 2 uwsina 39t?—(u cosa, t) tan B=ut B ggt Now, whatever A may be, wr? Ur \* ut. A-LgP =i. —-} (e+) Br Sa 9 7 ’ . A wr and therefore its greatest value is } . SaasSolutions to Problem Papers 5 Hence the greatest value of the above vertical altitude is 1 W#sin?(a— B) 3'—gess =~ saa gll 008 2 (0 Bb) But for the maximum range ee . Hence the above is low . T goose (t —sin B), ie. } of the maximum range. II. 1, Produce AD to E, making DF either = 24D or 34D. Draw EC parallel to AB, meeting AC in C. Produce CD to meet AB in '‘B, Then BC is the line required, since BD: DC=AD: DE. 2. Let ABCD be the parallelogram; F, F, G, H the middle points of the sides. Then ¥ and @ are the middle points of parallel chords, therefore EG passes through the centre of the conic, and similarly for FH. Hence the centre of the conic is the intersection of £G, FH, which is also the intersection of the diagonals. 3. By the ordinary rule of partial fractions, at =3 a 1 (w—a) @— 6) (a@—c) ~~ (@—b)(a—c)' xa" Putting x=} (a+5+c), the given identity easily follows. 4. If coe Zab=9, Yabe=r, then 4 S = p* —3pq +37. Hence Sa* — 3r is divisible by p, the quotient being — ~~ pi—3q¢= 3a? Rab.6 Solutions to Problem Papers 5. (i) Since in any triangle <= cot} B+cot}C with similar formulae, we have (F:—e0t30") G ~cot 3) =cot $A;. cot} A, 7 Te . =1, since }4,+34,= 90°. (ii) Using the same formulae, a-c =cot iC — cot} A,=cottC — tan 3A, 2 _cos$(C+4,)_ sing B, “sini@costd, sini cos} 4," a sin $(B, + Also Sneath, scot 30= Se HOE) 1 2 Aysing cos $4, gin 2B, sin 30" Multiplying these, the result follows. _ 6 Since 1—3cos*A - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 0, and since : 1-2 cos* Osin? P= 1— sin? + & sin? sin? = (1 —sin?6) (1 — sin®¢) (1—sin?y) 7 + sin?6 sin’ ¢ sin?y = II cos? 6 + II sin? 6; | it follows that TI cos*6 + II sin? 6 — 211 sin 6 cos = 0, ie, (II cos @— Tisin 4)? = 0, or TI tan @=1. 7. The polar of (X, Y)isaX+y¥Y=a*, Transferring to (h, k) as origin, this becomes aX+yV=a-hX-kY .... while the equation to the circle is now 7 a+ yt +2he + Why +h? +P—aP=0.... (ii).Solutions to Problem Papers reg Forming the equation to the lines joining the origin to the intersections of (i) and (ii) by the ordinary rule, and writing down the condition that these are perpendicular, we obtain the required locus of (, Y). 8. For the intersections of wat _9-¥ _, with y= cos = sing =” With y= 4am, we have (r sin 6 + y')? = 4a (r cos 0+ x). Tf (a’, y’) is the middle point of the chord, the values of r given by this equation will be equal and opposite, ee y’sin 6 =2a-cos 6, i.e. the equation to the chord is y (y—y') = 2a (w -2'), If this passes through (A, k) we have y (h-y') = 2a (ba), so that the locus of (2’, y’) is y(k—y) =2a(h—-2). 9. If ¢ be the eccentric angle of P, we have SP=a-—e.acos¢?, SQ=ate.asin ¢, os (SP — SQ) = ae? (sin $ + cos $)*. Also PQ?= a? (cos f+ sin p)? +b? (sin ¢ —cos ¢)’, o PO —(SP-SQP =? (cos } + sin $)? + 5? (sin ¢ — cos p) = 20% : i 10. Let A be the upper end of the rod, @ its middle point, N the point of contact with the circle (centre 0), a the angle AOM, @ the angle the rod makes with the vertical. Then if OV and the direction of the string meet in X, GX is vertical. : AN tanAKN cot2a baad GN tan GEN ~ oto” - But tana="4, ae ton @=7". tan 2a = -—. b8 Solutions to Problem Papers 11. Let A, fz be the accelerations of m along and perpen- dicular to the face of the wedge; 4, /, those of m’; f the horizontal acceleration of the wedge; @ and J’ the pressures. Then mfy=mgcosa-—R, mif,=m'g cosB— k’, Ar =fsina, S,=—fsin Bp. Mf=Rsina— k' sing =m (g cos a—fsina) sina =m (9 cosB +fsin B) sin B, giving the required value of /- : ‘19, With the usual notation we have (MYL PL]? =F. 240m. Ceo) LAV(ZP LIT, LOVE PLZ)? = 32. 5504. [ALP [7], UCV[ZAVCT? = 32. 2240n. I (Z)[7]. Multiplying the first equation by the square of the third, and dividing by the square of the second, we get the required value for [ df’). III. 1. Since 7DBC and UEBC are cyclic, ‘i .: TRU =T8c+ UBC = Adc + UBC " = 360° - 2DAB - (180° - DAB) =180°— BAU, since DAB = BAU. o. ABrs ABU + BAU = 180°, «. ABT = AGB and BAT = BAU, ; 2. APB = ABO, and the triangles A7B, ABU are similar. Hence the result. 2. If PM, QN are the ordinates, we have MG?_PM?_AM ~ Gi GIR aSolutions to Problem Papers 9 . (AG- AMY _ 24M, AG _ AG? + AM? "(AN _ AG)? 24. AG ~ AN? + AG?’ . AG?+ AM? AN?+ AG? AN?-AM? aa "AN ~ AN-AM : =AN+AM. | “ A@=AM. AN, whence the property in question immediately follows. "3, The ene ee at? is RHA D(H =B4+D) gee Ge (-42) 11.14... (8n+2 — =(-1) nue (yaa 11.14... (8n +2) “F(a” The given form is obtained by multiplying ‘numerator and denominator by 2.5.8. 4, Let be the number. Then by Fermat’s Theorem, = Tm+1, | N= (Tm+1)y ; = M(49) +1, by the Binomial Theorem. 5. Let L, i, N be the points of contact. Then if A’ be the area of LMN, we have | A’ =4}r?. Sain A = 27°. Hoos 4 3g? and A=2R?. Msin A. Also r=4R.ttsin4, whence «4 =", 2? nce BOR - 6 Tf " f(a) = cot 2 — 4a, | Qr we have S(0)=0, t(§)= 3-3: which is negative. Hence the root lies between 0 and z From the graphs -y=cotw and y=4s, its value is approximately -48,10 Solutions to Problem Papers 7. If the tangent x cos 6 + y sin 6 = @ coincides with the pola xa! + yy! =b (a +2'), we have a-b_ oy _ bet cosO sind a’ whence ; te —y+y2= (2), giving the required locus for (a', y’). 8. The intersection of the tangents at m and m’ is the point amm’', a (m +m’), and the intersection of the normals is a(m?+mm'+m")+2a, —amm' (m+m’). Now amm'=c. Hence, putting m+m’=), the latter point is waa(¥—2) +20, yar, Eliminating A, the result follows. : 9, The abscissae of the intersections of 1.- . 7 at —+3,=1 and =.= ev are determined by the equation a fal? y? Dora’ y?_ a (qt) ~ gr thao If ,, x, are the roots of the equation, and if (x’, y’) lies on pr . 7 + g = 4, we have 1, +a,=}2". Hence if (%, 7) be the centroid, B=$(m+a,+2')=ha', Similarly 7 = 4y/, so that ; 2 ac? at pot (a +) a2 10. With the usual notation WsinB=7+pR=T7+ pWeosB and T= Wsiny +pR' = Wsin y+ pW cos y, “. W (sin B-sin y) = pW (cos B + cos y), whence p= tan} (8 -y). :Solutions to Problem Papers 11 - 11. Let 7, 7’ be the tensions of the strings round the axle and wheel respectively, and /, /” the accelerations of the - weights. Then T-39=3, g-M=f, fats, THAT, whence 3g + 3f = 49 — 4" =49 -16/, “Sato 12, Taking the point of projection as origin, and 6 as the angle of projection, the equation to the path is Ea y=atend-}9. pr Soag? and to the line of the plane y= tana + cseca. Eliminating y, we get 4g. room +a(tana—tan6)+c¢seca=0, Hence, if the intersections are real, 2g Vcost ° 886% : 2 cosa ie, V?> 29. Fa (a= 6)’ (tan a— tan 6) > which is impossible unless V? > 2cg cosa, . Iv. 1. Let @ be the middle point of AB, and draw PN per- _pendicular to AB. Call AB unity, and let oF Then PQ=44(1-b=38- Hence QN?— AN? =(3-kP-# Crary and QV +AN =}. ‘. QN—AN=$- 6h, - *, AN = 3k — 2. But AV =3AP=1k, *, 3k -2=3k, whence k=4.12 Solutions to Problem Papers 2. Let P, P’ be the two points, and let PP’ meet the directrix in Z, Then SZ is the external bisector of PSP. Hence, if PP’ is divided internally in Y in the ratio in which Z divides it externally, the locus of S is the circle on YZ as diameter. 3, Here @+P=}(utv), ab=i(u-v), *, af + bf = (a? + 6)? - 2a? =f(utoy—-h(u-vy Also af + D8 = (a? + 6°) [(a? + b*)? — 3a?) =} (w+) (4a —u? - 2%). 4, Since e+2 _ (2+%)(1—-a) = #eeet loa Pee the result follows from the Binomial Theorem. 5, The given expression =2 008 2 cos 8 + 2 cos. cos 27 15 "15 15 ~~ 15 Qe 8r Qe = 2 008 =F (cos FE ip * os i) Qa 7 oF = 2 cos = . 2. cos = cos x Qe . Tr T =2 cos = z cos F= 2 sin 7. cos F Poca =2 5-1 S541 eta ; =2.—7—-. yt 6. If the fjrst circle touches JZ in NV, we hare r= IB=IN+NE=ptan4 +p, Aa _ A on a te: : A B Cir eee et A But since g3t5+ 95 Zeot 7 =H cot 5. Hence the result.Solutions to Problem Papers 13 7. Let the straight line be le+my=k.’ Then P is G , 0) - and any line through P is y=¥( -; . If this is perpendicular 4 to x+py=0, we have A—p=(Ap—1)cose, ie. A(1—peosw)=p—cosw. © Hence the line is (1-p cosw) y= (p— cos w) ( -F Similarly the line through Qis =~ (1 —q 008 w) = (q—008 w) (y — ) Eliminating &, the locus of the intersection is (q¢—cos w) [(1 - pcos w) 1 +( p— cos w) m] y = (p— cos w) [(1 - ¢ cos w) m+ (q— 00s w) I] x. 8 Let the parabola be y?=4ax. Then the equations to 4, and é may be taken in the forms @ CoS a, + ysin a, + @ sin a, tan a, = 0, & COS og + y SiN a, + @ Sin a, tan a, = 0. The equation to A is found by adding these, and is thus & COS Fs ysin UM a a(sin a, tan a, +sin a, tan a) _ =0, ay a; 2cos 2 whence also the equation to ¢ is + : . - : woos 5% + ysin US? + asin 5 tan 95% — 0, The perpendiculars from (a, 0) on A and ¢ are @, +a, sina, tana, +sina, tan a, +4, ae tne —S et \ and asec 5, 2 cos © 24 Solutions to Problem Papers and the product of these is @ (i + sin a, tan a, + sin a, tan *) ea. Sec a, + SeC a; COS a; + COS a, COS a; + COS ag = a? sec a, SEC ay, which proves the result, since the perpendiculars from @ 0) on t, and ¢, are a sec a, and @ sec ay. 9, If the points (acos ¢, 6 sin p), (—asin d, bcos) both lie on the second ellipse, we have Poos*> b?sin?d _ 1 @sin?d Ecos? d a whence, adding, = +—=2. a 10. In general, the centre of gravity of a quadrilateral coincides with that of four equal particles at the angular points and a fifth equal negative particle at the intersection of the diagonals, Hence in this case the centre of gravity of the four equal particles at the angular points must be at the intersection of the diagonals, and this can only be when the diagonals bisect each other, i.e. when the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. =1, 1l. Let ff be the downwards and upwards accelerations in space of the masses 5 lbs. and 3lbs., and 7’ the tension of the string. Then 5g-T=5f, T-39=3/. Also, since the accelerations of the two masses relative to the lift are the same, we have feaaf-2, ie, f’-f=4. Hence = 3-9) -(9 -§)- =4, Le oo “P= AEE9, ie, the tension is 3$4 Ibs. wt.Solutions to Problem Papers 15 Also, substituting for 7’ in the first two equations, we. find : fag and f= 4} ft./(sec.)*. 12. We have ; +o *, i cinta et iain gcse 11 vw =2go, 29 g whence the possible values of A are the roots of hi ee 3 (1-3) =i or itch F=0. Hence, since 6 is the difference of the roots, P=c_-a’. Vv. 1. Since the quadrilaterals AA’B’B and aA’B’B are both cyclic, x 4 A'AB = 180° —A’B'B = A'a8. Therefore a8 is parallel to AB, and ‘similarly for the other sides. 2. Let ABCD be the quadrilateral, and let each of the tangents from A subtend an angle a at the focus, each of those from B an angle 8, and so on. Then, since AC and BD are straight lines, a+ B= y+6. But : Q(a+B+y+8)=360; 2. a+8=90", ie. the diagonals are at right angles. Further, since 2a + 28 = 180°, each of the lines joining the points of contact of opposite sides is a focal chord. Therefore the extremities of the third diagonal are on the directrix.16 Solutions to Problem Papers 3. The series 1 -a,+a,—... to (n+ 2) terms is the absolute term in the product of (1+), and the series 1 nt? 1 1-(-1)""—, =o — yen Wogtao oe tC" gas l+- x and is therefore the coefficient of +? in (1 + x)™-1 [a+ —(—1)*4?] SS seeeeeceseeeceetttestenenee (ST) (1 4 )-1 (2n=1)! “CI Ga ii@ot ayr 4, Let a be the distance of the cutting plane from the centre. Then, regarding the spherical cap cut off as the differ- ence between a spherical sector and a cone, we have 4. 20 (1—a@) — dan (1-22) =}, since the volume the cap is 4 that of the sphere. This equation at once reduces to 2°—3x+1=0, and the root between 0 and 1, determined from the graphs y =a and y = 3a—-1, is about -35. 5. Since A=r+B-y, C=r+0-B; . Bs-rty-a Hence the identity to be proved is Ssin (8 — y) cos 2a +[% sin (8 — y)] [Ecos (8 + y)]=0. Now 2sin (8 —y) cos (8 + y) =sin 28 —sin 2y, 2 sin (@ — y) cos (y +a) =sin (a + 8) -sin(2y+4—- 8), 2sin (8 —y) cos (a + 8) =sin (28 + a—y)—sin (a+ y). Hence the second term of the identity is clearly equal to 3 [Ssin (20+ y—8)—S sin (2a+8—-y)], while the first term is $[Ssin (2a + B-y)— sin (2a + y-)}.6. If 4’B’C’ is the triangle formed, A'B"? = } sec? 0 [a? + b* — 2ab cos (C — 26)] = } sec? 9 [c* — 4ab sin 6 sin (C — 9)}, Hence, if the triangles are similar, c?—4ab sin Osin(C-6)_c_ bsin(C -6) cil Solutions to Problem Papers 7 | | : = dca sin Osin(B-6) 6 csin(B—6)’ ’ ©. sin? Bsin (C — 0)= sin’ C sin (B — 6), tan B tan C (sin? B— sin? C) ‘sin? Btan B sin? ( tan C * | The denominator is ; tan B - tan C — 3 (sin 2B - sin 2C), Hence, dividing through by sin (B—C), we have tan Btan C'sin A sin A sin Bsin C “T+ cos A cos # cos 0" +cos A whence tan 0= | tan 6= cos B cos 7. The lines being y — m,z=0, y—m,c=0, the co-ordinates _ of M are given by and similarly for 4. Hence, since the remaining angular point is the origin, the area of the triangle is yes my) (a' + my’) (1+ m') (T+ m7)” 2, which, remembering that m,+m,=— = and mm, =F reduces £m my to the given expression. 8. The condition that the chord m, m' of y?=4ar should coincide with the normal at m is sin a sin (a + a’) =— 2 cos?acosa’, ie. cos a’ — cos (2a +a’) =— 2 (1 + cos 2a) cos a’, ie. 3 cos a’ + cos (2a —a’) = 0, | | mit : 2 m+m* Since m=tana, m’ = tana’, this becomes RK. 218 Solutions to Problem Papers 9. Any tangent to the hyperbola is of the form mx — 2me+y=0. and this will be a tangent to the ellipse if Gm + PAO ME cece eteeeceeeee (ii). ‘We have therefore to eliminate m between (i) and (ii). Now from (i) (mPa + y)? = 4e%m?, Le. mia? + (Qay— 4e*) m+ y?=0 ...ceereeeeeeee (ii). From (ii) and (iii) m* m? 1 =4ey? — 8 ay — 40) at — att” @ Bay —4e) + ea’ whence the required equation follows. 10. Let A, W be the points of contact of the ruler with the wall and rail respectively, and draw NO, AO perpendicular to the axis of the ruler and the wall. Then O must be vertically * beneath the centre of gravity of the ruler. Hence . AO =lsin 6 + a cos 6, ON = OA cos 6 — 2a =Lsin 6 cos 6 + a cos* 6 — 2a. b= 0A -ON cos 6 =Isin 6 + a cos 6 — (I sin 6 cos 6 + a cos? 6 — 2a) cos 6 =lsin® 6 + a cos 6 sin? @ + 2a cos 0. 11. The second ball reaches the ground in time Me . and rebounds with velocity ¢./gh. Let ¢ be the time after the rebound at which the balls pass each other. The upward distance described by the second ball is ex/gh.t—4gt?, and the downward distance described by the first is 4g (/ ate): The sum of these is 4, whence we obtain 1 i trary s/hSolutions to Problem Papers 19 and therefore e 1 1 elgh.t—tott= say hg aap? | 424 4e—1 ~ 8(1 +e)? 12. Letf,, fz be the accelerations of the masses perpendicular to the respective faces of the wedge, f the horizontal acceleration of the wedge, # and X’ the pressures. Then 1 mg 3- R=mSy 1 i 1 mg ay F =m 4, At. (RR). =f @), fie- SF: From these R=m(@-f). 45, R=m(g+S)- 5, whence (i) gives the required value for f. VIL 1. Since BED = B, and CED =C, therefore BBC = 180° — A, ie. H is on the circle ABC. Produce AD to meet this circle in F. Then BFD=C=CED. Hence evidently F must be the reflection of # in the line through D perpendicular to BC, ie. DE=DF. But AD.DF=BD.DC. Therefore AD. DE= DC. 2. Let U be the intersection, Y the foot of the perpendicular from S on the tangent. Then the triangle SYU is given in species ; one vertex (5) is fixed, and another vertex (Y) describes a circle, viz. the auxiliary circle. Hence the locus of the third vertex U is also a circle. 2-220 Solutions to Problem Papers 3. We have (3x) — 3a? = 3. I (y +2). But the expression (32)*"*! — 32?"#1 vanishes identically when y=—4%, ie. (y+) is a factor, and similarly for (# +a) and («+y). Hence the result. 4, Ifm 2 @ra) nena) Ve Expanding each side, and equating the absolute terms and the coefficients of 7 the other two results follow. 5. Using the graph y=cosa and the circle 2+ y?= 2, (wand y being, of course, on the same scale), we obtain the approximate value x= 1-4 at the intersection. To obtain a closer approxima- tion, assume «= 1-4 + ¢, retaining only the first power of é, and using the identity cos*a = 4(1+cos 2a). This leads to the closer value x= 1-405. 6. Leta= a and call the given product 2 Then 40: cos a = 2 sin 2a sin 3a sin 5a = (cos 3a — cos 7a) sin 3a =4sin 6a = }cosa, since Ta=5, a=}. 7. The line y= 3a+¢ meets the given conic where 2a? — a (3e+0¢)4+3(3e+e=1, Le. 2627+ 17ca + 3c?—-1=0. Henee, if (%, #) be the middle point of the intercept, % = (sum of roots) =— 236. Also ¥y=38E+c=7he, Le. Z=—17Y.Solutions to Problem Papers 21 8. The chord joining m, m’ on y* = 4am is 2a—(m+m')y + 2amm' =0, and the tangent at p to y*=4a'x is a—py+a’'pt=0. Tf these coincide, we inust have p= 7 But ~=cot 6, m= cot 6,, m’=cot6,. Hence the result. 9. If P is (x', y’), the tangent at P is wy y= 1, and the equation to CQ, CR is B ve(G-S Hence the equation to the bisectors of the angle QCR is aly’ eat ty? wae P+ (Ge Ge + 1 ay=0, and these will coincide with (ay’ — ya’) (ax’ + yy’) = 0, provided ath? ‘Cg’? jz ee (Gr -¥ +1)= w- a? ie. if e(a+ Boh remembering that % v- Se 1. 10, Let 7 be the tension of the string, S the pressure on either peg, and let be the angle which each of the lower portions of the string makes with the horizontal. Then evidently ; T(E 2c) cos $= 7, * sin g = 2-20), 7 Ww l-e Also 2T sing = W, “ Pat, 2 _, ‘ 2° Ji —3e) and * 2 ar, as ae T° is a JE a v s@a35 2c)"22 Solutions to Problem Papers 11, Let J be the length of the wire, r the radius of the quadrant, Then 2 com : are gral Le. r=a50 The weights of the straight and curved portions are in the ratio 2 Fe and the distances of their centres of gravity from the ; 2/2 centre along the middle radius are respectively 8 and —~ ana Hence the distance of the centre of gravity of the whole from the centre is Yr. 4 JI Tat?" 3% v3 947 440 (44ryh 2 12, The horizontal distance of the point of intersection of the paths satisfies the equation Fad - a wtana— 39. ca eogtg = tne BI - eco al? : : ie. a(tana—tana’)=2g. S (tan? a—tan’ a’), Qu whence tana+tana’=—. Bus t=", wa“@™*, maT tana uCOSa mye 2 »_2u? Hence Ti+T't =, (tana ttana)=—.