e133

Fracture Resistance of the Bundle Post System and

Conventional Fiber Post with Different Lengths

İlhan Altınsoy, DDS, PhD1 Intraradicular fiber posts are used

Ulviye S. Buyukkaplan, DDS, PhD1 to provide retention for a definitive
Deniz Yanık, DDS, PhD2 coronal restoration in the reconstruc-
Nurullah Turker, DDS, PhD1 tion of severely compromised end-
odontically treated teeth.1 Fiber has
been the material of choice among
the available post materials due to
This study compares the fracture strength of teeth restored with conventional the similarity of its elastic modulus
round fiber post (CP) and bundle post (BP) in two different lengths. A total of 48 to dentin and its esthetic properties.2
mandibular premolars were selected. Endodontic treatment was performed, and However, the integrity of the interface
the premolars were divided into four groups (n = 12 per group): Group
between the fiber post and root canal
C9 = 9-mm CP; Group C5 = 5-mm CP; Group B9 = 9-mm BP; Group B5 = 5-mm
BP. Post spaces were prepared, and posts were disinfected with alcohol. Silane surface cannot be ensured in all canal
was applied, and posts were placed with self-etch dual-cure adhesive. The core morphologies. To increase the con-
structures were created using dual-cure adhesive and standardized core-matrix. tact of the post and canal walls and
Specimens were embedded in acrylic, and the periodontal ligament was simulated create a monoblock structure against
with polyvinyl-siloxane impression material. Thermocycling was performed, and masticatory forces, the process of
specimens were then loaded at a 45-degree angle to the long axis. The failure
post space preparation is required,
mode was analyzed with ×5 magnification, and statistical analyses were performed.
No statistical difference was found between post systems and post lengths especially for non-round canal mor-
(P > .05). Chi-square test revealed no statistical difference in the failure mode phologies.3 The compatibility of the
(P > .05). BP did not affect fracture resistance compared to CP. For the fiber post and canal morphologies
restoration of extremely irregular canals with a fiber post, BP can be used as an results in a minimal resin thickness
alternative system because it does not reduce the fracture strength. If necessary, and a homogeneous stress distribu-
longer posts can be used without decreasing the fracture resistance. Int J
tion.4 Thus, in situations when pre-
Periodontics Restorative Dent 2023;43:e133–e139. doi: 10.11607/prd.6399
fabricated fiber posts are used, root
canal anatomy is one of the most im-
portant factors determining the fiber
post survival rate.1–3
Root canal cross-sectional mor-
phologies are not only round but can
also be classified as oval, flatted, and
longitudinal according to their buc-
colingual distance.5 Fiber posts may
Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye.
1
not be well adapted into the root ca-
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Türkiye.
2
nal space due to these morphologic
Correspondence to: Dr Deniz Yanık, Antalya Bilim University, Downtown Campus, Faculty of variations. In the case of irregular
Dentistry, 07040 Antalya, Türkiye. Fax: +90 (242 2450100). Email: deniz.yanik@antalya.edu.tr canals and curved roots, excessive
dentin removal occurs during post
Submitted May 26, 2022; accepted November 19, 2022.
©2023 by Quintessence Publishing Co Inc. space preparation.1 However, this

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e134
approach causes the loss of solid den-
tin tissue and reduces the mechanical
resistance of the tooth; consequently,
the tooth is more vulnerable to frac-
ture against occlusal forces.6
Both over-preparation of the
post space to reduce post and ca-
nal mismatch and inserting the post
too deeply into the canal jeopardize
the fracture resistance of the tooth.1,3
Although the adhesive properties of
fiber posts allow them to be inserted
less deeply into the canal than metal
cast posts, it is impossible to apply
the fiber post to the appropriate
length without removing the intact
dentin tissue in cases of the sharp
root curvature involving the entire
root.7 Further, in addition to polym-
erization shrinkage stress in the post
space where the configuration factor
(c-factor) is already high, conventional
posts present a single block structure
and decrease contact with the dentin
walls, especially in non-round canals.8
A bundle post system (Rebilda
Post GT, Voco) was developed to al-
low more tissue-protective clinical
approaches for curved roots and
extremely irregular canals. This sys-
tem consists of fine individual posts
(0.3-mm diameter) and adapts to dif-
ferent canal morphologies, according
to the manufacturer. A previous study
that investigated the stress distribu-
tion of a bundle post system via fi-
nite element analysis demonstrated
that the bundle post system caused
higher stress in the root.9 However,
there is insufficient information in the
literature on the bundle post system.
Thus, the present study compared
the fracture strength of mandibular
premolar teeth restored with fiber
posts and bundle posts inserted in
The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry
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NO PART MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
two different lengths. The null hy-
potheses were that neither the post
type nor length would influence the
fracture resistance.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Re-
search Ethics Committee of Akdeniz
University (no. 302). The protocol was
accomplished in accordance with the
guidelines outlined in the Declara-
tion of Helsinki. To determine the
sample size, according to the pres-
ent pilot study values containing 5
specimens for each of the four groups
(a total of 20), a power analysis was
performed using the G*Power soft-
ware (version 3.1, Heinrich-Heine-
Universität Düsseldorf), with an ef-
fect size of 0.84, a confidence level
of 0.05, and power of 95%. The ob-
tained minimum sample size for each
group was 8. However, 4 specimens
were added to account for loss in lab-
oratory tests. Thus, the total sample
size for the present study was 48
(n = 12 per group).
Forty-eight human mandibular
first premolars extracted for peri-
odontal or orthodontic reasons
(without fractures) were selected.
The specimens were stored in 0.1%
thymol solution until needed for the
in vitro procedures. Two periapical
radiographs were obtained for each
specimen (at mesiodistal and bucco-
lingual angles) to verify the absence
of the second canal, internal root
resorption, canal calcification, and
fractures. External root surfaces were
examined with optical magnification
for the presence of root fracture. In-
clusion criteria of the mandibular first
premolars were as follows: standard-
ized mesiodistal and buccolingual
root thickness, straight root, and type
I canal configuration. Premolars were
excluded from the study if they met
any of the following criteria: presence
of internal root resorption, canal calci-
fication, fracture, Vertucci type other
than type I, canal ramifications, root
concavities, root caries, or previous
endodontic treatment.
The teeth were cleaned of peri-
odontal soft tissue, calculus, and
debris and were decoronated at the
cementoenamel junction perpen-
dicular to the longitudinal axis using
a diamond rotary cutting instrument
(DNA Dental) on a high-speed hand-
piece (Super Torque 625, KaVo). All
roots were cut to an equal length of
approximately 14 mm. The root sur-
face of all specimens was cleaned with
a periodontal scaler.
Endodontic procedures were
performed in all groups by one endo-
dontist (D.Y.). A no. 15 K-file (Dentsply
Malleifer) was used to determine the
working length, and 0.5 mm was re-
tracted after the tip was visible at the
root apex. The root canal instrumen-
tations were performed with nickel-
titanium files (Protaper Next, Dentsply
Sirona) in the sequence of X1, X2, and
X3 files with the crown-down tech-
nique, and canals were irrigated with
5 mL 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The
canals were obturated with X3 gutta-
percha points (Dentsply Sirona) and
a sealer (AH26, Dentsply Sirona). All
specimens were stored in 100% hu-
midity for 1 week. After the storage
period, the teeth were randomly di-
vided into four experimental groups
(n = 12 per group) according to post
system and post length: Group C9
 e135

(9-mm post length and conventional

fiber post); Group C5 (5-mm post
length and conventional fiber post);
Group B9 (9-mm fiber post and bundle
fiber post); or Group B5 (5-mm post
length and bundle fiber post) (Fig 1).
To prepare the fiber post space,
post system burs (Rebilda Post GT,
Voco) were used. Two post space
depths were prepared (5 and 9 mm).
In all groups, it was confirmed that
there would be at least 5 mm of gutta- a b
percha in the apical part of the root
canal. All canals were irrigated with
5 mL saline to remove residual gutta-
percha and sealer.
Posts were disinfected with alco-
hol, and silane (Ceramic Bond, Voco)
was applied with a brush. For post
placement, the self-etch dual-cure
adhesive (Futurabond DC, Voco) was
applied to post spaces and air-dried
for 20 seconds, following the manu-
facturer’s recommendations (Fig 2).
For luting, in all experimental groups, c d

dual-cure adhesive core material (Re-
bilda DC, Voco) was inserted into the
canal. Conventional fiber posts and
bundle posts were placed into the ca-
nal with finger pressure according to
the specimens’ assigned study group.
All specimens were polymerized via a
light unit (VALO Cordless LED Curing
Light, Ultradent). The core design of all
specimens was structured with stan-
dardized dimensions using the core-
matrix: 5-mm total height with 1 mm
of composite resin that covers 3 mm
of post height (Fig 1). All specimens
were polymerized for 40 seconds.
To simulate a periodontal liga-
ment, the roots were wrapped in
aluminum foil and embedded in self-
curing acrylic resin (Meliodent, Kulzer)
immediately after post insertion and
Fig 1 Dimensions of post-core structures of specimens in (a) Group C9 (9-mm conven-
tional post); (b) Group C5 (5-mm conventional post); (c) Group B9 (9-mm bundle post); and
(d) Group B5 (5-mm bundle post).
core design. To stabilize the long axes formed on the specimens. The speci-
of the specimens during placement mens were exposed to 5,000 thermal
in the self-curing acrylic resin, par- cycles in water baths of 5ºC to 55ºC
affin discs (Set Up Modelling Wax, with 20 seconds for each bath (Fig 2).
Cavex) were used (Fig 2). After resin To measure fracture resistance, the
polymerization, a light-bodied polyvi- specimens were tested with a univer-
nyl siloxane impression material (Elite sal testing machine (Shimadzu). Each
HD+, Zhermack) was injected into the specimen was aligned at a 45-degree
acrylic resin root chamber, and roots angle relative to the long axis of the
were inserted manually. tooth (Fig 2). The static compressive
After the polymerization pro- load (500 N) with a cross-head speed
cess, the specimens were stored in of 0.5 mm/minute was exerted on the
deionized water (37°C) for 3 days. To facial surface of the buccal cusp until
simulate temperature changes and fracture occurred. The fracture resis-
masticatory force in the oral cav- tance was measured in Newtons. After
ity, thermocycling loading was per- mechanical tests, the failure mode was

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e136

a b c

d e
Fig 2 (a) Placement of the bundle post. (b) A core matrix was used to standardize the dimensions. (c) Paraffin discs were used to stabilize the
axes. (d) Samples underwent a thermocycling process. (e) After thermocycling, the specimens were loaded to measure fracture resistance.

evaluated and analyzed with optical Results tween restorable or nonrestorable

magnification. Failure modes were
classified as restorable (the fracture
line was above or 1 mm apical to the
cementoenamel junction) or nonrestor-
able (vertical root fractures, with the
fracture line > 1 mm apical to the ce-
mentoenamel junction), based on the
study by Scotti et al.10
Statistical analyses were per-
formed using SPSS 23.0 software
(IBM). Shapiro-Wilk test and two-way
ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni
test were used to evaluate the effect
of length or post type. Pearson chi-
square test was used to analyze the
categorical data of failure modes.
The level of significance was set at
P < .05.
Table 1 lists the mean, median,
minimum, and maximum fracture
resistance values for each group.
According to two-way ANOVA, no
statistically significant difference
was detected between post lengths
(P = .73). There was no statistical dif-
ference between conventional and
bundle post groups (P = .26) (Table 2).
In the failure mode analysis, 7
restorable (58.3%) and 4 nonrestor-
able (41.7%) fractures were observed
in each group. Pearson chi-square
test revealed no statistically signifi-
cant difference in the fracture pat-
terns among the groups (P = .42).
Table 3 shows the relationship be-
fractures and the forces that are
needed to generate fractures.
Discussion
There is insufficient information in
the literature about the bundle post
system, and the effects of the bundle
post on fracture resistance have not
yet been demonstrated. Thus, the
present study evaluated the fracture
resistance of a novel type of bundle
post system compared to the con-
ventional round fiber post. The first
null hypothesis was accepted, as
the fracture strength of the bundle
post system was similar to that of the

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 e137

Table 1 The Fracture Resistance of Bundle and Conventional Fiber Posts at Different Lengths
Study group Mean (SD) Median Minimum Maximum
Group C9 391.39 (± 76.96) a
380.7 270.9 518.6
Group C5 408.49 (± 97.13) a 442.2 233.4 520.8
Group B9 384.79 (± 103.85) a 333 261.1 535.4
Group B5 435.55 (± 162.03) a
464.05 241.9 700.5
Group C9 = 9-mm conventional post; Group C5 = 5-mm conventional post; Group B9 = 9-mm bundle post; Group B5 = 5-mm bundle post.
All values are presented in Newtons.
aSame superscript letters were not significantly different (two-way ANOVA; P > .05).

Table 2 Two-Way ANOVA Fracture Resistance Results

Source of variation df Sum of squares Mean square, N F P
Post type 1 13,817.653 13,817.653 1.289 .262
Length 1 1,256.653 1,256.653 0.117 .734
Post type × Length 1 3,400.333 3,400.333 0.317 .576
Error 44 471,582.697 10,717.789
Total 48 8,364,877.420
Corrected total 47 490,057.337

Table 3 Relationship Between Fracture Types and Forces

Fracture type n Mean (SD) Median Minimum Maximum P
Nonrestorable 20 424.46 (± 125.38) a
403 257.8 700.5 .42
Restorable 48 392.12 (± 102.39) a
389.8 233.4 536.2
All values are presented in Newtons.
aSame superscript letters were not significantly different (Person chi-square test; P > .05).

conventional post. Because the bun-
dle post system comprises fine indi-
vidual posts, it acts as a customized
post and creates a more uniform struc-
ture in the canal due to the distribution
of the entire post space. Depending
on its properties, it is expected that
by forming a monoblock structure in
the root, the intense strain areas will
decrease, and the fracture will not oc-
cur at a specified high-stressed point.11
However, in the present study, it
was observed that the bundle post
in the canal formed a monoblock
and did not increase the root frac-
ture strength. In a previous study
evaluating the monoblock struc-
ture, it was reported that creating
a monoblock in the canal improved
fracture resistance.12 On the contrary,
another previous study evaluating the
effect of the morphologic structure
of the fiber post showed that form-
congruence does not affect fracture
strength,13 which is congruent with
the results of the present study. In
the present study, the results may be
affected by the post space prepara-
tion in both study groups. In order
to directly evaluate the effect of the
novel bundle post and to standard-
ize the remaining dentin tissue, post
cavities were prepared for the teeth
with the same cervical diameter in
all groups. Otherwise, the remain-
ing dentin would differ among study
groups, and the fracture resistance
would be positively affected in the
bundle post group.
Prefabricated round fiber
posts, which have a structure that
is mismatched to the canal space,

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e138
create a leverage effect and make the
teeth more susceptible to fracture.
However, fiber posts decrease frac-
ture resistance, as they require canal
space preparation to adapt prop-
erly.14 In a previous study examining
tooth deformation caused by differ-
ent procedures, it was reported that
the most deforming procedure was
the parallel-sided post preparation.15
The deviations generally occur in the
natural course of the canal during
post space preparation of the teeth
with very curved roots.16 The post
type evaluated in the present study
allows post-core treatment without
deforming the canal.
The present study showed that
there was no significant difference
in fracture strength according to
the post lengths. Thus, the second
hypothesis was accepted. This re-
sult is in congruence with previous
studies that evaluated the effect of
post length.17,18 Although the pres-
ent study showed that post length
did not affect fracture strength, the
shorter fiber post (which was, at mini-
mum, the same length as the clinical
crown height) that was luted to the
root canal with adhesive results in
less removed dentin, which is direct-
ly related to the tooth survival rate.16
Contrary to the results of the present
study, previous studies showed that
shorter fiber posts negatively affect
fracture resistance.13,19,20 These stud-
ies indicated that fiber posts with an
elastic modulus similar to dentin act
as a hydraulic system when subjected
to compressive forces. Therefore, the
longer fiber post absorbs more force
rather than transmitting it to the root
dentin, which positively affects the
fracture resistance, while the short
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NO PART MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
post distributes the stress to the
limited area.19,20
The specimens of the present
study presented no ferrule or crown
prosthesis. The use of a crown pros-
thesis has been suggested in order to
adequately replicate the clinical con-
ditions when evaluating fracture resis-
tance.21 However, the presence of a
crown prosthesis and ferrule design
affect the fracture resistance more
than the post-related factors. It has
been reported that the crown pros-
thesis creates a ferrule effect on the
tooth and covers the effect of other
factors.22–24 In order to evaluate the
effect of post-related factors more
clearly, crown prosthesis and ferrule
design were excluded from the pres-
ent study’s methodology, as reported
in previous studies.23 In addition, ex-
cluding the crown prosthesis enabled
a loading point to be created on the
core structure, preventing the tip of
the universal testing machine from
dislodging.
According to the results of the
present study, in all groups, restor-
able fractures were more common
than nonrestorable catastrophic frac-
tures. This might be related to the
fiber post that reinforces the cervical
area and distributes the occlusal forc-
es all along the root. In the present
study, the periodontal ligament was
simulated in order to better repre-
sent the anatomical structure of the
tooth. This representation ensured
the movement of the specimen dur-
ing fracture formation against force,
just like a natural tooth within a peri-
odontal ligament. Thus, more realis-
tic results were obtained using this
more biomimetic model compared
to the model without the periodontal
ligament.25,26 Further, the periodon-
tal ligament simulation is effective in
the failure mode. A previous study
showed that more catastrophic frac-
tures were observed in models with-
out the periodontal ligament.27
The main limitation of this study
is the inability of an in vitro investi-
gation to adequately replicate oral
conditions. A static load and no fer-
rule design symbolize worst-case
scenarios, not adequately represent-
ing the oral cavity and the best treat-
ment option.21–24 As is the nature of
in vitro fracture-strength studies, the
results of the present study are appli-
cable to clinical use with the scope of
only short-term to medium-term ag-
ing, while the long-term behavior re-
mains unknown. Further in vitro stud-
ies that focus on different mechanical
properties are needed to understand
this bundle post system, and clinical
studies are needed to understand the
long-term results of this material.
Conclusions
Within the limitation of the present
study, the results demonstrate that
root restoration with the bundle
post did not reduce the mechanical
resistance of the tooth compared to
the conventional round fiber post.
Post length did not affect fracture
strength.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Akdeniz
University Scientific Research Projects Coor-
dination Unit (grant no. TDH-2017-2791). The
authors declare no conflicts of interest.
 e139

10. Scotti N, Borga FAC, Alovisi M, Rota 19. Lin J, Matinlinna JP, Shinya A, Botelho
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Volume 43, Number 3, 2023

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