3.3.1.3 Principle of Superposition of Waves

Colonel Frank Seely School
Exampro A-level Physics Name:
(7407/7408) Class:
3.3.1.3 Principle of superposition of

waves and formation of stationary waves
Author:
Date:
Time: 203
Marks: 172
Comments:
Page 1
Q1.In the first diagram, PQ is a stretched string of length 0.34 m. When it is plucked, it vibrates
at a frequency of 440 Hz.
(a) (i) On the second diagram, draw the fundamental mode of vibration for the string.
(1)
(ii) State the wavelength of the standing wave produced when the string is
plucked.
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(1)
(iii) The same string is lightly touched at its midpoint and is plucked at the point X.
Draw the standing wave produced on the diagram below.
(1)
(b) The tension of the string is increased. State the effect this has on the fundamental
frequency of vibration of the string.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q2.(a) When an earthquake occurs longitudinal waves (P waves) and transverse waves (S
waves) are produced in the Earth’s crust. The P waves travel faster than the S
waves. A station, whose task is to detect and locate the position of earthquakes, is
at a distance d from the point where the earthquake originates (the epicentre).
The speed of P waves is 7.5 km s–1 and that of S waves is 5.0 km s–1 . For a
particular earthquake the station detects the P wave 1.5 s before the S wave.
(i) Write down expressions for the time it takes each wave to travel the distance d
from the epicentre to the station.
Page 2
Time for P waves ..................................................................................
Time for S waves ...................................................................................

(1)
(ii) Determine the distance of the epicentre from the station.

(2)
(b) The earthquake can set up resonant vibrations in bridges causing them to collapse.
The diagram below shows one such bridge. The modes of vibration of the bridge are
similar to those of a stretched string.
(i) Explain how a stationary wave is set up in a stretched string.
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(2)
(ii) The velocity of transverse waves along the bridge is 180 m s–1. Determine the
frequency of the vibrations produced by an earthquake that would cause the
central span of the bridge to resonate at its fundamental frequency (first
harmonic).
(3)
(iii) A designer assumes the highest frequency produced by an earthquake is 1.5

times the fundamental frequency and decides to modify the bridge by building
an extra support midway between the two existing supports.
Explain whether this modification would eliminate resonant vibrations caused

by an earthquake.
Page 3
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q3.The drawing below shows a standing wave set up on a wire of length 0.87 m. The wire is
vibrated at a frequency of 120 Hz.
(a) Calculate the speed of transverse waves along the wire.

(3)
(b) Show that the fundamental frequency of the wire is 40 Hz.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.The equation for the speed, v, of a transverse wave along a stretched string is:
where T is the tension in the string and μ is the mass per unit length of the string.
(a) State the quantities that would need to be measured in order to calculate a single
value for the speed of the wave using the equation. Name a suitable measuring
instrument for each quantity.
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Page 4
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(4)
(b) The apparatus shown in the diagram below could be used to measure a value for v.
Explain how this apparatus may be used to calculate an accurate value of the speed
of the transverse wave along the string.
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(4)
(c) With the signal generator in the diagram below set at 152 Hz, 10 loops fit the
vibrating length of the string exactly. The string is of length 2.0 m and the mass on
the end of it is 0.72 kg.
the Earth’s gravitation field strength, g = 9.8 N kg–1
Calculate the mass of the string.
Mass = ....................................................
(5)
(Total 13 marks)
Page 5
Q5. Figure 1 shows a stretched string driven by a vibrator. The right-hand end of the
string is fixed to a wall. A stationary wave is produced on the string; the string vibrates in
two loops.
Figure 1
(a) State the physical conditions that are necessary for a stationary wave to form on the
string.
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(3)
(b) Explain how you know that the wave on the string is transverse.
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(1)
(c) Compare the amplitude and phase of the oscillations of points A and B on the string.
Amplitude ........................................................................................................
Page 6
Phase ..............................................................................................................
(2)
(d) The length of the string is 1.2 m and the speed of the transverse wave on the string
is 6.2 m s . –1
Calculate the vibration frequency of the vibrator.
Vibration frequency ...........................

(3)
(e) The frequency of the vibrator is tripled.
Sketch the new shape of the stationary wave on Figure 2.
Figure 2
(ii) Show on your diagram three points P, Q and R that oscillate in phase.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 7
Q6. State two factors that affect the fundamental frequency of a vibrating stretched string.
Factor 1 ...................................................................
Factor 2 ...................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
Q7. (a) State the conditions necessary for a stationary wave to be produced.
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(3)
(b) The diagram shows a stationary wave on a stretched guitar string of length 0.62 m.
The speed of transverse waves along the string is 320 m s . Calculate the frequency –1
of the note being played.
Page 8
Frequency ..........................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q8. (a) Explain how a stationary wave is produced when a stretched string is plucked.
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(3)
(b) (i) On Figure 1, draw the fundamental mode of vibration of a stretched string.
Label any nodes with a letter N and any antinodes with a letter A.
Figure 1
(2)
(ii) On Figure 2, draw the fourth harmonic (third overtone) for the stretched string.
Label any nodes with a letter N and any antinodes with a letter A.
Figure 2
(2)
(c) The fundamental frequency of vibration, f, of a string is given by:
Page 9
f=
where T = the tension in the string

l = the length of the string
µ = the mass per unit length of the string
A string has a tension of 180 N and a length of 0.70 m.
(i) What would need to be done to the length of the string in order to double the
frequency?
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(1)
(ii) What would need to be done to the tension of the string in order to double the
frequency?
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q9. Figure 1 shows a violin string. One way to produce a musical note is to pull the centre
of the string to one side and then release it quickly.
Figure 1
(a) Draw on Figure 1 the fundamental standing wave that will appear on the string
when the note is sounding.
(1)
(b) (i) Sketch on Figure 2 the standing wave that corresponds to a frequency of
Page 10
three times that of the fundamental.
Figure 2
(ii) State the name given to points on the standing wave where there is no
vibration of the string.
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(2)
(c) Children often learn to play the violin on a small instrument with shorter strings.
These shorter strings have to produce the same fundamental frequencies as those
on the full-size instrument. State two ways in which this can be achieved.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q10. The figure below shows a graph of displacement against time for two waves A and
B. These waves meet in phase and add to form a resultant wave.
Page 11
(a) State the amplitude of the resultant wave
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(1)
(b) Calculate the ratio
intensity of wave B : intensity of wave A.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q11. The figure below shows the appearance of a stationary wave on a stretched string at
one instant in time. In the position shown each part of the string has its maximum
displacement. The arrow at W shows the direction in which the point W is about to move.
Page 12
(a) (i) Mark clearly on the diagram the directions in which points X, Y and Z are about to
move.
(ii) State the conditions necessary for a stationary wave to be produced on the
string.
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(4)
(b) In the figure above, the frequency of vibration is 120 Hz. Calculate the frequency of
the fundamental vibration for this string.
frequency of the fundamental vibration...................................................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q12.Which one of the following statements about stationary waves is true?
A Particles between adjacent nodes all have the same amplitude.
B Particles between adjacent nodes are out of phase with each other.
C Particles immediately on either side of a node are moving in opposite directions.
D There is minimum disturbance of the medium at an antinode.
Page 13
(Total 1 mark)
Q13.Explain the differences between an undamped progressive transverse wave and a

stationary transverse wave, in terms of (a) amplitude, (b) phase and (c) energy transfer.
(a) amplitude
progressive wave ...........................................................................................
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stationary wave ..............................................................................................
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(b) phase
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stationary wave ..............................................................................................
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(c) energy transfer
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stationary wave ..............................................................................................
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(Total 5 marks)
Q14.The graph shows the variation of displacement of the particles with distance along a
stationary transverse wave at time t = 0 when the displacement of the particles is greatest.
The period of the vibrations causing the wave is 0.040 s.
Page 14
(a) Using the same axes,
(i) draw the appearance of the wave at t = 0.010 s, labelling this graph B,
(ii) draw the appearance of the wave at t = 0.020 s, labelling this graph C,
(iii) show an antinode labelled A and a node labelled N.

(3)
(b) (i) Describe the motion of the particle at V, giving its frequency and amplitude.
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(ii) State the amplitude of the particle at W and its phase relations with the particle
at V and the particle at Z.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)
Q15.Which one of the following statements about stationary waves is true?
A Particles between adjacent nodes all have the same amplitude.

Page 15
B Particles between adjacent nodes are out of phase with each other.
C Particles immediately on either side of a node are moving in opposite directions.
D There is a minimum disturbance of the medium at an antinode.

(Total 1 mark)
Q16.
frequency of vibration = 50 Hz
The diagram above shows a stationary wave on a stretched string at a time t = 0. Which
one of the diagrams, A to D, correctly shows the position of the string at a time t = 0.010
s?
D
(Total 1 mark)
Q17.A uniform wire fixed at both ends is vibrating in its fundamental mode. Which one of the
Page 16
following statements is not correct for all the vibrating particles?
A They vibrate in phase.
B They vibrate with the same amplitude.
C They vibrate with the same frequency.
D They vibrate at right angles to the wire.

(Total 1 mark)
Q18.Stationary waves are set up on a length of rope fixed at both ends. Which one of the
following statements is true?
A Between adjacent nodes, particles of the rope vibrate in phase with each other.
B The mid point of the rope is always stationary.
C Nodes need not necessarily be present at each end of the rope.
D Particles of the rope at adjacent antinodes always move in the same direction.
(Total 1 mark)
Q19.Which line, A to D, in the table gives a correct difference between a progressive wave and
a stationary wave?
progressive wave stationary wave
all the particles vibrate some of the particles do not

A
vibrate
none of the particles vibrate all the particles vibrate with

B
with the same amplitude the same amplitude
none of the particles vibrate

all the particles vibrate in
C in
phase with each other
phase with each other
some of the particles do not all the particles vibrate in

D
vibrate phase with each other
(Total 1 mark)
Page 17
Q20.A stationary wave is formed by two identical waves of frequency 300 Hz travelling in
opposite directions along the same line. If the distance between adjacent nodes is 0.60 m,
what is the speed of each wave?
A 180 m s−1
B 250 m s−1+
C 360 m s−1
D 500 m s−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q21.A microwave transmitter is used to direct microwaves of wavelength 30 mm along a line

XY. A metal plate is positioned at right angles to XY with its mid-point on the line, as
shown.
When a detector is moved gradually along XY, its reading alternates between maxima and
minima. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
A The distance between two minima could be 15 mm.
B The distance between two maxima could be 30 mm.
C The distance between a minimum and a maximum could be 30 mm.
D The distance between a minimum and a maximum could be 37.5 mm.

(Total 1 mark)
Q22. In testing a particular type of guitar string, a string is stretched and vibrated for a long
period of time using a mechanical vibrator as shown in Figure 1. The right-hand end of
the string is fixed. A stationary wave is produced on the string; the string vibrates in two
loops.
Figure 1
Page 18
(a) State the conditions that are necessary for a stationary wave to form on the string.
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(3)
(b) Explain how you know that the wave on the string is transverse.
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(1)
(c) Compare the amplitude and phase of the oscillations of points A and B on the string.
Amplitude ....................................................................................................
Phase ..........................................................................................................
(2)
(d) The length of the string is 1.2 m and the speed of the transverse wave on the string
is
6.2 m s . –1
Calculate the vibration frequency of the vibrator in Hz.
Vibration frequency ...........................Hz

(3)
Page 19
(e) (i) The frequency of the vibrator is tripled.
Sketch the new shape of the stationary wave on Figure 2.
Figure 2
(ii) Show on your diagram three points P, Q and R that oscillate in phase.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q23. Figure 1 represents a stationary wave formed on a steel string fixed at P and Q
when it is plucked at its centre.
Figure 1
(a) Explain why a stationary wave is formed on the string.
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(3)
(b) (i) The stationary wave in Figure 1 has a frequency of 150 Hz. The string PQ has
a length of 1.2 m.
Page 20
Calculate the wave speed of the waves forming the stationary wave.
Answer ........................... m s –1
(2)
(ii) On Figure 2, draw the stationary wave that would be formed on the string at
the same tension if it was made to vibrate at a frequency of 450 Hz.
Figure 2
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q24. Figure 1 shows a side view of a string on a guitar. The string cannot move at either
of the two bridges when it is vibrating. When vibrating in its fundamental mode the
frequency of the sound produced is 108 Hz.
(a) (i) On Figure 1, sketch the stationary wave produced when the string is vibrating
in its fundamental mode.
Figure 1
(1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the fundamental mode of vibration.
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answer = ........................................... m
(2)
(iii) Calculate the speed of a progressive wave on this string.
answer = ...................................... m s –1
(2)
(b) While tuning the guitar, the guitarist produces an overtone that has a node 0.16 m
from bridge A.
(i) On Figure 2, sketch the stationary wave produced and label all nodes that are
present.
Figure 2
(2)
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the overtone.
Page 22
answer = ...................................... Hz
(1)
(c) The guitarist needs to raise the fundamental frequency of vibration of this string.
State one way in which this can be achieved.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q25. (a) (i) A piano string has a tension of 681 N. It vibrates with a fundamental
frequency (first harmonic) of 92.5 Hz and has a mass per unit length of 1.87 ×
10 kg m .
–2 –1
Calculate the length of the string.
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length of string ...................................... m

(3)
(ii) The figure below shows a string stretched between fixed ends.
Draw onto the figure the first overtone (second harmonic) mode of vibration.
Page 23
(1)
(iii) State how you could make a string on a stringed instrument vibrate in this
mode of vibration.
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(2)
(b) Describe how you would investigate the variation of the fundamental frequency (first
harmonic) of a string with its length.
State which variable(s) you would need to control and how you would do so.
You may wish to assist your account by drawing a diagram.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q26. (a) State two differences between stationary waves and progressive waves.
first difference ................................................................................................
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second difference ..........................................................................................
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(2)
(b) A violin string has a length of 327 mm and produces a note of frequency 440 Hz.
Calculate the frequency of the note produced when the same string is shortened or
“stopped” to a length of 219 mm and the tension remains constant.
frequency ................................................. Hz
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 25
Q27. The figure below shows a continuous progressive wave on a rope. There is a knot in
the rope.
(a) Define the amplitude of a wave.
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(2)
(b) The wave travels to the right.

Describe how the vertical displacement of the knot varies over the next complete
cycle.
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(3)
(c) A continuous wave of the same amplitude and frequency moves along the rope from
the right and passes through the first wave. The knot becomes motionless.
Explain how this could happen.
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Page 26
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q28. When a note is played on a violin, the sound it produces consists of the fundamental
and many overtones.
Figure 1 shows the shape of the string for a stationary wave that corresponds to one of
these overtones. The positions of maximum and zero displacement for one overtone are
shown. Points A and B are fixed. Points X, Y and Z are points on the string.
Figure 1
(a) (i) Describe the motion of point X.
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(2)
(ii) State the phase relationship between
X and Y .................................................................................................
X and Z .................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The frequency of this overtone is 780 Hz.
Page 27
(i) Show that the speed of a progressive wave on this string is about 125 ms . –1
(2)
(ii) Calculate the time taken for the string at point Z to move from maximum
displacement back to zero displacement.
answer = ................................... s
(3)
(c) The violinist presses on the string at C to shorten the part of the string that vibrates.
Figure 2 shows the string between C and B vibrating in its fundamental mode. The
length of the whole string is 320 mm and the distance between C and B is 240 mm.
Figure 2
(i) State the name given to the point on the wave midway between C and B.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of this stationary wave.
answer = ................................... m
(2)
(iii) Calculate the frequency of this fundamental mode. The speed of the
Page 28
progressive wave remains at 125 ms .–1
answer = .................................Hz
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q29.Sound waves cross a boundary between two media X and Y. The frequency of the waves
in X is 400 Hz. The speed of the waves in X is 330 m s-1 and the speed of the waves in Y
is 1320 m s-1. What are the correct frequency and wavelength in Y?
A Between two nodes the amplitude of the wave is constant.
B The two waves producing the stationary wave must always be 180° out of
phase.
C The separation of the nodes for the second harmonic is double the
separation of nodes for the first harmonic.
D Between two nodes all parts of the wave vibrate in phase.
(Total 1 mark)
Q30.Figure 1 and Figure 2 show a version of Quincke’s tube, which is used to demonstrate
interference of sound waves.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Page 29
A loudspeaker at X produces sound waves of one frequency. The sound waves enter the
tube and the sound energy is divided equally before travelling along the fixed and
movable tubes. The two waves superpose and are detected by a microphone at Y.
(a) The movable tube is adjusted so that d1 = d2 and the waves travel the same distance
from X to Y, as shown in Figure 1. As the movable tube is slowly pulled out as
shown in Figure 2, the sound detected at Y gets quieter and then louder.
Explain the variation in the loudness of the sound at Y as the movable tube is slowly
pulled out.
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(4)
(b) The tube starts in the position shown in Figure 1.
Calculate the minimum distance moved by the movable tube for the sound detected
at Y to be at its quietest.
frequency of sound from loud speaker = 800 Hz

speed of sound in air = 340 m s-1
Page 30
minimum distance moved = ............................... m

(3)
(c) Quincke’s tube can be used to determine the speed of sound.
State and explain the measurements you would make to obtain a reliable value for
the speed of sound using Quincke’s tube and a sound source of known frequency.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 31
M1.(a) (i) one loop shown

B1
(1)
(ii) 0.68 m
B1
(1)
(iii) two equal length loops shown

B1
(1)
(b) frequency increases

B1
(1)
[4]
M2.(a) (i) d / 7.5 and d / 5.0 (denominator may be in m s )

–1
or d / 7.5 and d / 7.5 + 1.5
or d / 5.0 – .5 and d / 5.0

B1
(1)
(ii) d / 7.5 + 1.5 = d / 5.0

C1
22.5 (22 – 23) km

A1
(2)
(b) (i) interference / superposition of waves (condone waves superimpose) of:

same frequency travelling in opposite directions
or an incident and a reflected wave

B1
Page 32
idea of a resonant length
eg length of string is a whole number of half wavelengths of the wave
or length such as to produce nodes and antinodes
or fixed ends are nodes

B1
(2)
(ii) wavelength of fundamental = 64 m

C1
v = fλ
C1
2.8 Hz
A1
(3)
(iii) (natural / fundamental) frequency of oscillation of the new spans
= 2 × (ii) (5.6 Hz) or twice original frequency
or wavelength is half the original wavelength(= 32 m)

M1
clear link and conclusion shown between the new natural frequency of
the spans
and the max frequency of the earthquake
examples:
second calculation plus conclusion that resonant vibrations would

not take place
or calculation and comparison of the wavelength of the

earthquake wave travelling along the bridge and the resonant
wavelength (42 m and 32 m)
A1
(2)
[10]
M3.(a) λ = 0.58(m) or (2 / 3 × 0.87)

C1
c = fλ or substituted values
C1
69.6 (70) m s–1
Page 33
A1
(3)
(b) λ = 0.87 × 2 or λ = 1.74 or in formula

M1
69.6 / 1.74 or 70 / 1.74 = 40.2

A1
(2)
or
The drawing shows third harmonic (second overtone)
M1
so 120 = 3 × f0 so f0 = 40 Hz
do not allow just 120 / 3
A1
[5]
M4.(a) tension – newtonmeter

B2
or tension – from mass on balance
B1
and – multiply by g
B1
mass – balance / scales
B1
length – rule / tape / ruler
B1
(4)
(b) frequency read from signal generator when standing wave produced / use of
strobe etc.
B1
measure λ using several loops or full length of string
B1
node → node / each loop = λ / 2
B1
use of c = fλ
B1
(4)
(c) λ = 0.40 (m)

C1
Page 34
c = 60.8 (m s ) e.c.f. from λ
–1
C1
T = 7.06 (N)
C1
μ = 1.9(1) × 10 (kg m ) c.a.o.
–3 –1
A1
m = 2 × μ value (= 3.8 × 10 kg or equivalent unit) e.c.f. s.f.p. applied only at
–3
this answer
B1
(5)
[13]
M5. (a) Reflection implied /2 waves in opposite directions/fixed

end (not ends)
B1
Similar amplitude/little energy loss at wall
B1
frequency constant or same frequency/wavelength or correct

wavelength condition specified
B1
3
(b) displacement perpendicular to rest/average/mean position

of string
or string displacement perpendicular to energy propagation
direction OWTTE
B1
1
(c) A larger than B
B1
A180° /π out of phase with B OWTTE
B1
2
(d) λ = 1.2
Page 35
B1
c = f λ; allow e.c.f. from wrong λ
M1
f = 6.2/1.2 = 5.2 Hz
A1
3
(e) (i) diagram correct (6 loops)
B1
1
(ii) Q and R correctly in phase with P; must be a

position where vt occurs
B1
1
[11]
M6. Two of
B1
Mass or mass/unit length
B1
Tension
Length
Temperature
[2]
M7. (a) superposition (of progressive waves)
B1
Page 36
incident wave and reflected wave/wave reflected through
180 /waves travelling in opposite directions
O
B1
same frequency/wavelength
B1
in same medium.
B1
Any 3 out of 4 points

3
(b) f = c/λ
C1
λ = 1.24
C1
f = 258 Hz
A1
e.g. f = 512 gets 1 mark

3
[6]
M8. (a) idea that there are waves in opposite directions
B1
because of reflection at end of string
B1
the two waves interfere with each other/superimpose
B1
3
Page 37
(b) (i) one loop
M1
with N at each end and A in the middle
A1
2
(ii) 4 approximately even loops
B1
all nodes and antinodes correctly marked for their

number of loops
B1
2
(c) (i) length halved/0.35 (m)
B1
1
(ii) tension greater
C1
T = 720 (N)/increased by a factor of 4
A1
2
[10]
M9. (a) single loop/half of sine wave shown between fixed points
B1
1
(b) (i) 3 loops shown
B1
(ii) node
Page 38
B1
2
(c) greater mass per unit length of string/thicker string
B1
less tension/loosen string/slacken string
B1
2
[5]
M10. (a) 4 mm
B1
1
(b) 3:1; 3/1
C1
9 or 9:1
A1
2
[3]
M11. (a) (i) Z down
B1
X and Y up
B1
(ii) any two of:
Page 39
same frequency/wavelength not ‘it has same frequency’
moving in opposite directions,
reflected at end of string,
same/similar amplitude
integer no of ½ wavelengths between walls
B2
4
(b) indicates f is 3 times fundamental in some way or that

length is 3λ/2
C1
40 Hz
A1
2
[6]
M12.C
[1]
M13.
amplitude: each point along wave (1)

has same amplitude for progressive wave
but varies for stationary wave (1)
phase: progressive wave, adjacent points vibrate with different phase (1)
stationary wave, between nodes all particles vibrate in phase
[or there are only two phases] (1)
energy transfer: progressive wave, energy is transferred through space (1)

stationary wave, energy is not transferred through space (1)
[5]
Page 40
M14.(a) (i) B line along distance axis (1)
(ii) C negative sine wave starting at O (1)
(iii) A, N (1)
(3)
(b) (i) s.h.m. [or particle stationary] (1)

amplitude = 20 mm (1)
= 25 Hz or s–1 (1)
(ii) 10 mm (1)
W, V phase difference π [or antiphase or 180°] (1)
W, Z in phase (1)
(6)
[9]
M15.C
[1]
M16.C
[1]
M17.B
[1]
Page 41
M18.A
[1]
M19.A
[1]
M20.C
[1]
M21.C
[1]
M22. (a) reflection implied/2 waves in opposite directions/fixed end (not ends) (1)
similar amplitude/little energy loss at wall (1)
frequency constant or same frequency/wavelength or correct wavelength

condition specified (1)
3
(b) displacement perpendicular to rest/average/mean position of string
or string displacement perpendicular to energy propagation

direction owtte (1)
1
(c) A larger than B (1)
A 180° (or π rad) out of phase with B (owtte) (1)

2
Page 42
(d) λ = 1.2 (1)
c = f λ; allow e.c.f from wrong λ (1)
f = 6.2/1.2 = 5.2 Hz (1)

3
(e) (i) diagram correct (6 loops) (1)
(ii) Q and R correctly in phase with P; must be a position where

movement occurs (1)
2
[11]
M23. (a) (progressive waves travel from centre) to ends and reflect (1)
two (progressive) waves travel in opposite directions along the string (1)
waves have the same frequency (or wavelength) (1)
waves have the same (or similar) amplitude (1)
superposition (accept ‘interference’) (1)

max 3
(b) (i) wavelength (= 2 × PQ = 2 × 1.20 m) = 2.4 m (1)
speed (= wavelength × frequency = 2.4 × 150) = 360 m s (1)–1
(answer only gets both marks)
(ii) diagram to show three ‘loops’ (1) and of equal length and
good shape (1) (or loop of one third length (1))
4
[7]
Page 43
M24. (a) (i) one ‘loop’ (accept single line only, accept single dashed line)
+ nodes at each bridge (± length of arrowhead)
+ antinode at centre (1)

1
(ii) λ = 2L or λ = 0.64 × 2 (1)

0
= 1.3 (m) (1) (1.28)

2
(iii) (c = f λ) = 108 × (a)(ii) (1)
= 138 to 140(.4) (m s ) (1) ecf from (a) (ii)

–1
(b) (i) four antinodes (1) (single or double line)
first node on 0.16 m (within width of arrowhead)
+ middle node between the decimal point and the centre of the
‘m’ in ‘0.64 m’
+ middle 3 nodes labelled ‘N’, ‘n’ or ‘node’ (1)

2
(ii) (4 f =) 430 (Hz) (1) (432)

0
or use of f = gives 430 to 440 Hz correct answer only, no ecf

1
(c) decrease the length/increase tension/tighten string (1)

1
[9]
Page 44
M25. (a) (i) rearrangement of f = to give l = C1
correct subs l = or 92.5 =
C1
1.0(3) (m) condone sf
A1
3
(ii) 2 loops roughly equal
B1
1
(iii) (lightly) stop (in centre) B1
pluck or bow B1 2
(b) keeps tension or mass per unit length constant
B1
way of measuring frequency or producing vibration of known f
B1
way of measuring length (at resonance)
B1
use of suitable graph (f vs 1/l or l vs 1/f) to display results
B1
marks may be awarded for information seen on diagram

4
[10]
Page 45
M26. (a) max 2 from
in progressive waves, all points have the same amplitude (in turn),
in stationary waves, they do not
B1
in stationary waves, points between nodes are in phase, in progressive

waves, all points within one wavelength are out of phase with
each other
B1
in stationary waves, there is no energy transfer along the wave,

in progressive waves, there is
B1
stationary waves have nodes and antinodes but progressive waves do not
B1
where there are single relevant statements but no clear comparison

between stationary and compressive waves, award 1 mark for
two such statements
2
(b) f α 1/l orƒ= or fl = const
C1
657/660 (Hz)
A1
2
[4]
Page 46
M27. (a) the maximum displacement (of the wave or medium)
from the equilibrium position
accept ‘rest position’, ‘undisturbed position’, ‘mean position’

2
(b) (vertically) downwards (¼ cycle to maximum negative displacement)
then upwards (¼ cycle to equilibrium position and ¼ cycle to maximumpositive

displacement)
down (¼ cycle) to equilibrium position/zero displacement and correctreference to

either maximum positive or negative displacement or correctreference to fractions
of the cycle
candidate who correctly describes the motion of a knot 180 degrees out ofphase
with the one shown can gain maximum two marks(ie knot initially moving upwards)
3
(c) max 3 from
stationary wave formed
by superposition or interference (of two progressive waves)
knot is at a node
waves (always) cancel where the knot is
allow ‘standing wave’

3
[8]
M28. (a) (i) oscillates / vibrates
(allow goes up and down / side to side / etc, repeatedly, continuously, etc)
about equilibrium position / perpendicularly to central line

2
(ii) X and Y: antiphase / 180 (degrees out of phase) / п (radians out of phase)
X and Z: in phase / zero (degrees) / 2п (radians)

Page 47
2
(b) (i) v = fλ
= 780 x 0.32 / 2 or 780 x 0.16 OR 780 x 320 / 2 or 780 x 160
THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT MARK
= 124.8 (m s ) correct 4 sig fig answer must be seen

–1
(ii) ¼ cycle
T = 1 / 780 OR = 1.28 × 10 –3
0.25 × 1.28 × 10 –3
= 3.2 × 10 (s)
–4
Allow correct alternative approach using distance of 0.04m
travelled by progressive wave in ¼ cycle divided by speed.
0.04 /125 = 3.2 × 10 (s)

–4
(c) (i) antinode

1
(ii) 2 x 0.240
= 0.48 m ‘480m’ gets 1 mark out of 2

2
(iii) (f = v/λ = 124.8 or 125 / 0.48 ) = 260 (Hz) ecf from cii
1
[13]
M29.D
Page 48
[1]
M30.(a) Initially the path difference is zero/the two waves are in phase when they meet/the
(resultant) displacement is a maximum ✓
Alternative:
Constructive interference occurs when the path difference is
a whole number of wavelengths and the waves are in phase
1
As the movable tube is pulled out, the path difference increases and the two
waves are no longer in phase, so the displacement and loudness decrease ✓
Destructive interference occurs when the path difference is
an odd number of half wavelengths and the waves are in
antiphase
1
When the path difference is one half wavelength, the two are in antiphase and
sound is at its quietest. ✓
Initially the path difference is zero and the sound is loud
1
As the path difference continues to increase, the two waves become more in
phase and the sound gets louder again. ✓
As the pipe is pulled out the path difference gradually
increases, changing the phase relationship and hence the
loudness of the sound
1
(b) Use of wavelength = speed / frequency

The first mark is for calculating the wavelength
1
To give: 340 / 800 = 0.425 m ✓
Path difference = one half wavelength = 0.21 m ✓

The second mark is for relating the wavelength to the path
difference
Page 49
Path difference = 2 (d – d ) = 2 (distance moved by movable tube)
2 1
Distance moved by movable tube = 0.10 m. ✓

The final mark is for relating this to the distance moved by
the tube and working out the final answer.
1
(c) Start with d1 = d2

(Alternative mark scheme involving changing frequency and
measuring to first min for each one can gain equal credit)
Measure distance moved by movable tube for each successive minima and
maxima✓
Start with d1 = d2
Measure distance moved by movable tube for first minimum.
1
Each change in distance is equal to one quarter wavelength. ✓

Distance is equal to one quarter wavelength
1
Continue until tube is at greatest distance or repeat readings for decreasing

distance back to starting point. ✓
Repeat for different measured frequencies.
1
Use speed = frequency x wavelength ✓

Use speed = frequency x wavelength)
1
[11]
Page 50
E3.(a) The majority of candidates were able to calculate the speed of the transverse wave,
correctly calculating the wavelength and multiplying their value by the frequency.
(b) Candidates going on to use their value of speed were usually successful. However
those candidates trying to argue in terms of fundamental and third harmonic (or
second overtone) were often unconvincing and rarely gained credit for their
answers.
E4.(a) The majority of candidates were able to suggest what quantities needed to be measured in
order to calculate the speed of the waves however many of these failed to give suitable
measuring instruments with which to make the measurements.
Surprising few candidates suggested using a newton meter in order to measure the
tension in the string.
(b) This was often too loosely answered with insufficient detail of how multiple loops
should be used in order to measure an accurate value for the wavelength. Again
many candidates failed to explain that the calibrated signal generator would give a
value for the frequency of the wave.
(c) This was often the part most successfully answered by candidates. Although many
gave a value for the wavelength of 0.20 m, with error carried forward this still gave
access to the remaining four marks. Only the strongest candidates tended to
multiply the value for μ by the 2 m that gave the total mass of the string.
E5. Candidates showed a misunderstanding of the concept of a standing wave throughout

the whole question.
(a) Many ‘physical’ conditions were encountered in scripts, most of them spurious and
incorrect. Candidates seemed unable to distinguish between a standing and a
travelling wave. Responses here indicated that an understanding of reflection, or
two waves in motion, or the need for appropriate boundary conditions, or even the
requirement for constraints on frequency were rare.
(b) General misunderstandings carried through to this part also where statements
intended to show an understanding of why the wave was stationary were poor and
unfocussed.
Page 51
(c) A sizeable minority were unable to compare the amplitude of A and B correctly.
Comments such as ‘A and B are not quite in phase’ indicated further
misunderstandings of exactly what the wave is doing.
(d) The calculation was carried out well even by those who could not translate the
diagram into a correct wavelength (2.4 m and 0.6 m were both popular distractors).
(e) (i) Many candidates were able to draw a correct new shape for the stationary
wave. Those who failed usually drew three ‘loops’ rather than six.
(ii) The crucial point in the question was that the three points had to oscillate in
phase. Those candidates who identified nodal displacements points penalised
themselves accordingly.
E6. There were many correct answers to this question. Incorrect responses were usually
couched in terms of the amplitude of the wire and the frequency of the signal.
E7. Part (a) was generally not answered well; in part because the conditions were not
known, but also as result of poor writing skills.
Failure to realise that the wavelength was twice the length of the guitar string was a very
common error in part (b). Of the candidates who did get the calculation right, many lost a
mark for quoting too many significant figures in the final answer.
E8. (a) Most candidates had some idea of the formation of a standing wave. They were
unclear about where reflection occurred or failed to mention the superposition of the
two waves. Some candidates thought that the two waves were always 180° out of
phase.
Page 52
(b) (i) This was usually correct.
(ii) This was not done quite as well as some candidates misidentified the fourth
harmonic and some failed to label all of the nodes.
(c) (i) This part was usually done correctly.
(ii) A large number of candidates correctly stated that the tension should be
quadrupled. A few simply stated that it should be increased and some others
thought it should be doubled. Both of these responses gained partial credit.
E9. (a) Almost all candidates were able to draw the pattern of the fundamental standing
wave on a stretched string.
(b) (i) The drawn standing wave patterns for a frequency three times higher were
good.
(ii) The use of the word ‘node’ as a descriptor for the point of no displacement
was recognised well, only a handful were wrong.
(c) Again, many were able to translate their knowledge of the factors influencing the
frequency of the string to this slightly unusual case of the miniature violin. They
fluently and concisely described appropriate changes to the mass per unit length of
the string (increase) and to the tension (decrease). Some, however, lost marks
because they simply stated the factors rather than the direction in which they
needed to change. The question clearly implied a requirement for this and this was
recognised by the vast majority of candidates.
E10. Many candidates were able to complete the task of adding together two amplitudes
Page 53
from the graph. For the minority, 2 mm rather than 4 mm was a very common error. Graph
labels provided a substantial number of unit errors in this question.
Few of the candidates were comfortable with the calculation of intensity ratio from the
graph. Examiners saw many examples of 3:1 (the amplitude ratio), usually with no
explanation for the origin of the ratio. In other cases the ratio was calculated the wrong
way around (1:3 or 1:9) or candidates worked on the basis of an inverse-square law
calculation.
E11. (a) (i) Almost half the candidates revealed that they could not describe the
motion of a stretched string exhibiting a stationary (standing) wave.
(ii) However, the written description of the necessary conditions for the string to
demonstrate the motion was better with many candidates giving a
comprehensive list (two correct conditions were required as a minimum for full
marks).
(b) Correct calculations of the frequency of the fundamental were surprisingly rare.
There is widespread confusion about the wavelength conditions for the stationary
wave. Common incorrect answers included 80Hz (where the candidate thinks the
string is 3λ long) and 360Hz (candidate multiplies rather than divides by 3).
Examiners were surprised to find that a significant minority understood the physics
and implied that they intended to divide 120 by 3, but commonly obtained an answer
of 60 Hz for the result.
E13.It was evident that the depth of knowledge necessary to answer this question was not
available to the majority of candidates. Even the energy transfer section in part (c) was the
source of wrong or vague or inadequate answers.
E14.In part (a) there was much confusion with progressive waves and only the better
candidates showed B correctly.
Page 54
In part (b)(i) few candidates said that the particle at V performed simple harmonic motion.
Credit was given if it was stated that the particle was instantaneously at rest. In part (b)(ii)
most candidates knew the meaning of amplitude but the question about phase often
defeated weaker candidates. with more confusion with progressive waves
E23. A large number of candidates struggled with part (a). This was mainly due to a lack
of understanding of the fact that two waves must be travelling in opposite directions in
order for a standing wave to form. They seemed to be describing one wave reflecting back
and forth. Those who understood how the stationary wave formed and added further detail
went on to score two or three marks fairly easily.
Some candidates in part (b) (i) did not multiply by two and only scored one mark out of the
two available.
A majority gained two marks in part (b) (ii). A few candidates knew what to do but their
sketch lacked acceptable accuracy, for example, the ‘loops’ were not of similar length.
Only a quarter of candidates got the wavelength wrong.
E24. In part (a) (i), about 60% of candidates drew one ‘loop’ and picked up the mark.
However, we were fairly lenient on the shape of the ‘loop’ and students need to practice
drawing these shapes.
Part (a) (ii) was expected to be a little easier than it was. 42% scored no marks on this
despite the benefit of an error carried forward from an incorrect part (a) (i). Many did not
realise the wavelength was found from the length of the string and knowledge of the
shape of the fundamental. Some candidates used λ = v/f with v = speed of light. In
contrast, most candidates found part (a) (iii) a very easy calculation.
The majority of candidates got four antinodes in part (b) (i), but then nearly half of those
lost the second mark by either not sketching the curve carefully enough or, more
commonly, forgetting to label the antinodes.
In part (c), the vast majority correctly suggested tightening or shortening the string. A few
thought that plucking harder would increase the pitch and some suggested increasing the
length, using a thinner string, increasing the wave speed, or even ‘play faster’.
Page 55
E25. Most candidates did the calculation well. Those that did not usually did not correctly
rearrange the equation. Once again, those who set out calculations well tend to be more
successful than who are untidy or who miss out steps. Candidate’s drawings of the
oscillation tended to be correct. A few got it wrong because they could not identify the
correct oscillation but more lost the mark because their loops were obviously far from
equal in size. Candidates should be advised to take care with their answers. Measuring
the sixes of loops would not be inappropriate. Few candidates answered part (a) (iii) well.
Stopping was mentioned and allowed even when the candidates did not indicate that this
should be done lightly.
Part (b) was extremely badly done. There were some diagrams that showed more or less
appropriate experimental apparatus but more that showed unfamiliarity with any sensible
experiment. Candidates tended not to know the names of apparatus such as oscillators or
signal generators. Very few mentioned that the length of the vibrating string should be
measured using a metre rule or suitable alternative. Those that mentioned that a graph
should be drawn almost always failed to suggest an appropriate graph that would yield a
straight line. When describing experiments, candidates should be aware of the need to
state the measurements that should be made; the measuring equipment used; which
variables to control and how; how to display the results in a straight line graph.
E26. In part (a), many students could not make a distinction between progressive and
stationary waves, instead making generalised, unspecific and often inaccurate
descriptions of aspects of waves. For example, some thought that all stationary waves
were transverse. References to phase and amplitude were rare and confused.
Part (b) was done more effectively by many. Those that failed to gain credit tended to
invert the ratios. Students could get the correct numerical answer using the general wave
equation but this approach was not credited.
E27. Many students had learned the correct definition in part (a) but some gave a
description, for example ‘the greatest height of the wave from the middle’. This did not
gain marks.
Surprisingly in answer to part (b), many students referred to the equilibrium position as the
‘node’ and maximum amplitude as the ‘antinode’ on a progressive wave. Many use
fractions of a cycle to describe the position of the knot but some use angles or fractions of
a wavelength which are not appropriate. The biggest loss of marks occurred in the first
Page 56
mark where a large number thought that the knot would be travelling upwards initially.
Part (c) was a fairly easy question with students only needing to state that the ‘knot is at a
node on a stationary wave which is caused by superposition’ to get three marks. Most
students managed to get two of the marking points. Many did not understand how a node
is formed, believing it is the sum of a peak and a trough only, or that the whole rope is
stationary, or that the rope is only stationary at a node when cancellation occurs between
waves that are 180° out of phase. The two waves that form a stationary wave are not
always 180° out of phase in order to cancel at the nodes. Nodes are where the wave
always cancels but the phase difference between the waves repeatedly varies from zero
to 2π. Cancellation everywhere on the stationary wave only occurs when the waves are in
antiphase but cancellation always happens at the nodes because the displacements of
the waves are always equal and opposite at those points (or displacements are both zero
when in phase and in antiphase). This is a complex situation but there are many
simulations available on the internet that help to get these ideas across.
E28. Part (a)(i) was almost universally misinterpreted due to a similar question appearing
on a previous paper. Many students interpreted the question as ‘describe the motion over
the next cycle’. Those who did this often failed to point out that there was a continuing
oscillation taking place. Part (a)(ii) was very poorly answered which was a surprise. A
common answer was ‘out of phase’ for X and Y which is not equivalent to ‘antiphase’.
Phase was often given in terms of number of wavelengths, e.g. ½λ. There was little
understanding of the difference between phase difference along a progressive wave and a
stationary wave. Many had measured the fraction of a wavelength between the points and
converted this into an angle as you would for a progressive wave. It is suggested that
phase difference along a stationary wave be demonstrated by referring to the many
simulations available.
Part (b)(i) presented few problems for students. In part (b)(ii) many students did 1/780 and
obtained the time for one complete cycle but did not recognise that they needed to divide
by 4 to get the time for ¼ of a cycle. A significant number thought that the time between
maximum displacement and reaching the equilibrium position was half a cycle. Some
divided 780 by 4 which makes the answer 8 times greater than it should be.
For part (c)(i) most students got ‘antinode’ but a significant number put ‘node’/ ‘amplitude’/
‘max displacement’ / ‘stationary wave’ / ‘equilibrium’ / ‘maxima’. Part (c)(ii) presented few
problems for students. In part (c)(iii) quite a few students left this blank because they were
unable to answer the previous question. However, many of those who scored the mark did
so by using an incorrect answer to (c)(ii). Students should be encouraged not to give up;
the final part of a question is not necessarily the hardest.
Page 57

3.3.1.3 Principle of Superposition of Waves

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3.3.1.3 Principle of Superposition of Waves

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Colonel Frank Seely School

Exampro A-level Physics Name:

3.3.1.3 Principle of superposition of

Time for S waves ...................................................................................

(ii) Determine the distance of the epicentre from the station.

(i) Explain how a stationary wave is set up in a stretched string.

(iii) A designer assumes the highest frequency produced by an earthquake is 1.5

Explain whether this modification would eliminate resonant vibrations caused

(a) Calculate the speed of transverse waves along the wire.

(b) Show that the fundamental frequency of the wire is 40 Hz.

the Earth’s gravitation field strength, g = 9.8 N kg–1

Calculate the mass of the string.

Calculate the vibration frequency of the vibrator.

Vibration frequency ...........................

(e) The frequency of the vibrator is tripled.

Sketch the new shape of the stationary wave on Figure 2.

of the note being played.

(c) The fundamental frequency of vibration, f, of a string is given by:

where T = the tension in the string

A string has a tension of 180 N and a length of 0.70 m.

(a) State the amplitude of the resultant wave

(b) Calculate the ratio

intensity of wave B : intensity of wave A.

frequency of the fundamental vibration...................................................

Q12.Which one of the following statements about stationary waves is true?

A Particles between adjacent nodes all have the same amplitude.

C Particles immediately on either side of a node are moving in opposite directions.

D There is minimum disturbance of the medium at an antinode.

Q13.Explain the differences between an undamped progressive transverse wave and a

progressive wave ...........................................................................................

stationary wave ..............................................................................................

progressive wave ...........................................................................................

stationary wave ..............................................................................................

(c) energy transfer

progressive wave ...........................................................................................

stationary wave ..............................................................................................

(a) Using the same axes,

(iii) show an antinode labelled A and a node labelled N.

Q15.Which one of the following statements about stationary waves is true?

A Particles between adjacent nodes all have the same amplitude.

C Particles immediately on either side of a node are moving in opposite directions.

D There is a minimum disturbance of the medium at an antinode.

A They vibrate in phase.

B They vibrate with the same amplitude.

C They vibrate with the same frequency.

D They vibrate at right angles to the wire.

B The mid point of the rope is always stationary.

C Nodes need not necessarily be present at each end of the rope.

progressive wave stationary wave

all the particles vibrate some of the particles do not

none of the particles vibrate all the particles vibrate with

none of the particles vibrate

some of the particles do not all the particles vibrate in

Q21.A microwave transmitter is used to direct microwaves of wavelength 30 mm along a line

A The distance between two minima could be 15 mm.

B The distance between two maxima could be 30 mm.

C The distance between a minimum and a maximum could be 30 mm.

D The distance between a minimum and a maximum could be 37.5 mm.

Calculate the vibration frequency of the vibrator in Hz.

Vibration frequency ...........................Hz

(a) Explain why a stationary wave is formed on the string.

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the fundamental mode of vibration.

(iii) Calculate the speed of a progressive wave on this string.

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the overtone.