i + among things depeng es up those things. Differences 17 quality among is that makes up ; on the differences of quantity. eds joecass is vie Human worth, therefore, is of the human society- Il, Pythagorean Society @ } yn to the welfare vords — The oldest, the shortest wort : Yes and no —are those which require the most thought.” — Pythagoras A. Pythagoras ‘The practical side of philosophy was introduced by Pythagoras of ‘Samos (an Aegean island) (582 - 496 BCE). Regarding the world as perfect harmony, dependent on number, he aimed at inducing humankind likewise to lead a harmonious life. His doctrine was adopted and extended by a large following of Pythagoreans who gathered at his school in south Italy in the town of Croton. His followers included Philolaus (470 — 380 BCE), Alcmaeon of Croton, and Archytas (428 - 347 BCE). He established a community of followers who adopted his political views, which favored rule by the “better people,” and also the way of life he recommended on what seemed to have been more or less philosophical bases. The traditional view has been that the aristocracy, the “better people,” generally meant the rich. 5 The aim of human life, then, must be to live in hat i is : , then, mony with regulary, Out ives are merely mall portions oa greater whole snes ie reath) of human beings is divine air. Py sosed, iti b f uma , Pythagoras naturally immoral its existence naturally outlives the relatively nae 7 “transmigrates” inte onoay: Py thagoreans, therefore, believed that the soul transmigrate” into other living bodies a death, with animale one Participating along with human. beings ina Brand cycle of rej ae eau On religion and ethics, the belief in eee y , the tre igrati a basis for the Pythagorean way of life The files Sree Provided Pythagoras aught were largely tual es Fe religous life hat holy, wear white clothes, observe sexual purity, om sPeaking about the 20 forth, He seems also to have taught pus ‘music and mental activity later called Phi incamations, “To be like your Master’ was the challenge that he imposed on his pupa ultimate union with the divine cosmos ‘. r throu; yen Perbape order, became one ofthe leading ideas in his serge” SY Of the cosmic 60Further i veniee Grmore establishment of religious sect is brought by people's Teese Ply spiritual religion as means to purifying the soul and Religion could a3 - mortality because humans are immoral themselves. series of cistala Sout of spiritual power to overcome the pervading is theSantinit & a Se and the anxiety of death. The virtue of man Geer ns me ection of the nature of man. People with perfect life discipline and provider cals ae happy. But to achieve these, it requires . ase that it is necessary that one who is to be happy, and whose life is ‘0 be prosperous, should live and die in a country governed by equitable laws, relinquishing all illegality. At the same time what has been said is attended with necessity. For man is a part of society, and hence from the same reasoning will become entire and perfect, if he not only associates with others, but associates in a becoming manner. III, Ephesian School Cw) Lavan Heraclitus — “Character is destiny.” Heraclitus, also spelled Heracleitus, (born c. 540 BCE, Ephesus, Anatolia [now Selcuk, Turkey]— died c. 480), Greek philosopher remembered for his cosmology, in which fire forms the basic material principle of an orderly universe. Little is known about his life, and the one book he apparently: wrote is lost. His views survive in the short fragments quoted and attributed to him by later authors (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heraclitus). Heraclitus is also the first philosopher to affirm clearly that the soul or life believed in by the Greeks is also the principle that grounds humans as moral and intellectual agents. Heraclitus urges moderation and self-control in a somewhat conventional way (B85, B43). He also recommends the conventional Greek goal of seeking fame: “The best choose one thing above all, the everlasting fame of mortals; the many gorge themselves like cattle.” To die in battle is a superior kind of death, Those who drink to excess make their souls wet, and accordingly harm them, for a healthy soul is dry. Those who experience better deaths attain better rewards (B25). Those who lie will be punished. “For men who die there await things they do not expect or anticipate.” Some of these remarks tend to suggest an afterlife with rewards and punishment, although his belief ina continued existence is controversial (see Nussbaum, 1972). In any cast, Heraclitus views the soul as the moral and cognitive center of human experience. In political theory, hi maintains that one good man is worth ten thousand ordinary people. He criticizes his fellow citizens for banishing a distinguished Ieader Lb argued that excessive pleasure should be avoided and that self- principle commonly 61