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    Cambridge IGCSE Math Studentbook Y10-Units 16-19 (1)

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    5 views98 pages

    Cambridge IGCSE Math Studentbook Y10-Units 16-19

    Uploaded by

    rosaura

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 98
    Graphs of functions Topics Level @) Quacratic graphs © Reciprocal graphs @ More graphs @ Exponential graphs © Estimating gradients In this chapter you will learn how to: Construct tables of values for functions of the form + 2° + ax + b, (x + 0) where a and b are integral constants. (C2.10) Draw and interpret such graphs. (C2.10) Solve quadratic equations approximately by graphical methods. (C2.10) Key words es quadratic graph, quadratic equation, parabola ea reciprocal (ecrences| cubic, exponential functions _ecrenoeo} ‘exponential growth, exponential decay “ecrenoso| graxtient, tangent Construct tables of values and draw graphs for functions of the form ax” where a is a rational constont ond n = ~2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. (E2.10) Construct simple sums of not more than three of the above and for functions ofthe form a where a is a positive integer. (£2.10) Solve associated equations approximately by ‘graphical methods. (€2.10) Estimate gradients of curves by drawing tangents. (E2.11) A graph with a U or M shape is a quadratic graph. ‘A quadratic graph has an equation that involves a ‘squared’ term, such as x”. ‘equations and each would produce a quadratic graph. All of the following are quadrs yo? yer es yor ~3r yar + 5x46 yar 42-5 EXAMPLE 1 Draw the graph of y= x" for -3 ie oye nat 1S 1a (© Write each fraction in index form. Z 10 5 8 3 a3 fF oF ae 23 (G] Find the value of each number, ax=5 te axe i 4et brt=4 ie i? ae 5r* co m=2 im iim it Ome! d@ w=10 i we aw ith 25? CANFTER 18: Incas @® To different numbers can be written in the form 2" ‘The sum of the numbers is 40. ‘What is the difference of the numbers? ©@ «and y are integers. v-y=0 ‘Work out possible values of x and y. @® Vou are given that 8’ = 2097152. ‘Write down the value of 8”. @® Pur these in order from smallest to largest: woox xe 2 when x is greater than 1 when x is between 0 and 1 © when.x=-10. ‘When you multiply powers of the same number or variable, you add the indices. For example: 3439 2395? Bxrxra2? 10% x 107 = 10? 10° x 107 = 10% axd= (e+) When you divide powers of the same number or variable, you subtract the indices. For example: 108+ 107 = 10% GCUPTER 18: ircices ‘When you raise a power to a further power, you muttiply the indices. For example: @p= (ay aye (ay Here are some examples of different kinds of expressions that use powers. 2a? x 3a* = (2 x 3) x (a x a) =6xa°=6a° 4a’b? x 2ab? =(4 x 2) x (a? x a) x (b? x b?) = bab V2a® + 3a? = (12 + 3) x (@? ea’) =4a° (2a*? = (2) x (a)? =8 x a® = 80° G@ Write these as single powers of 5. a x5 b 5x5? a 58x59 ee 5?x5? ©&® Wiite these as single powers of 6. b 6456 2 626 © Simplify these and write them as single powers of «. eaxa b axa a dea eata @e ox =a" Write down a possible pair of values of x and y. b dsa=a" Write down a possible pair of values of x and y. © 5? x5t co axa? # deat QUT 18: rics eed ©&® Write these as single powers of 4. e (ay bap a (4)? . &® Simplify these expressions. a 20x 30° b 3a*x 3a? 2a? x 3a? fe -4a° x-2a° @&® Simplify these expressions. a 6a? + 2a? b 12a" +3" © 15a +5a @ 18a? = 307 © 240° + 6a? £ 30a +6a° &® Simplity these expressions. = 2a? x 40° b Sab‘ x 2ab* © 6a'b? x Sa%h® 1206S = bab sab? 2 24a%b* @&® Simplify these expressions. a 60°? 2ab 2aPbe? x babe* ® 4abe ce Babe x 4a°b'c x 667 ‘9a°be @® Write down two possible: ‘= multiplication questions with an answer of 12x°y* 'b division questions with an answer of 1227y°. @® a,b and c are three different positive integers. ‘What is the smallest possible value of a*b'c? @® se the general rule for dix number raised to the power zero is 1. esha mena iding powers ofthe same number, $F = a, 10 prove that any (HAPTER 18 indices es of the form } ider the problem 7* x 7* = ye a7 a7 = 2v=1 x=} Cor This can be written as; If you now substitute x= back into the original equation, you see that: Putter This makes 7! the same as V7. You can similarly show that 7" is the same as ¥7. And that, generally: xf = WE (ath root of x) So in summary: Power Fis the same as positive square root. the same as cube root. Power bis the same as nth root. For example: aFaV=7 B= ¥e=2 10000!=*hoo00 = 10-36 t= W366 If you have an expression in the form (g you can calculate it as 2 and then write it as a fraction. EXAMPLE 3 Write (8) 26 a fraction “fou can find the power of the numerator and denommater separately. i : (GW Fraluate each number. = 25! » 100! e oat aa = 625! #278 3 64 10008 1 tas} a si2d ke 14a 1 400! m 625! n ait 2 100000! p 729 a 32? 1024¥ = 1296! e 216! e167 vet w rt x 31254 y 1000000% €& Baluate each number. 25) 100 64\t iy} 25)4 ° (36) ® (36 . (ai) - (3) . (a) 27+ ayt 1000)$ 64 \ 512)} (is) s Gi) ® ( 64 ) ‘ (335) i (32s) (GBD Use the general rule for raising a power to another power to prove that x" is equivalent to Vx. (GD Which of these isthe odd one out? 164 ort ot Show how you decided. {GBD Imagine that you are the teacher. Write down how you would teach the class that 27° is equal to} @ ey} Find values for x and y that make this equation werk. €D Solve these equations. a e=8 b o=2 3 164 @ 100'=10 f BIF=3 9 16'=2 i 1000"=10 5 400°=20 51-8 4 128-2 Indices of the form 5 Here are two examples ofthis form. Bedet ane art = A@Ty =3? = 27 Ifyou have an expression of the form (3) ‘you can invert it to calculate it as a fraction. (6)"-(@) CHAPTER 18: ios SS eee EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate each number, a 164 bp aot When dealing wrth the negatwe index remember that tt means reciprocal Work through problems like these one step at. a time Step t: Rewrite the calculation as a fraction by dealing with the negative power Step 2: Take the roct of the base number given by the denominator of the fraction Step 5: Raice the result to the power alven ky the numerator of the fraction. Step 4: Write out the answer a6 a fraction Step 2: c= Ve=2 Step B:2'=2 Step 416% = (a5) Stop 2:32! = VE2=2 Step 3: 2 =16 Step 4324-4 BSS (et Evaluate these, «32 B 125F © 1296" a 2438 BD Rewrite these in index form. av oe e W ae G@ Evaluate these. ast » 273 e 16 a 2st CMAPTER 18: sco (G&D Evaluate these. a 2st ee! e 167 a art GS) Evaluate these. a 25? eet 0 ort a 37t GB) Evaluate these. = 1007 2 1s! eat 327 ‘ h raat go? oat 169 (9) Which of these is the odd one out? ie? oat Show how you decided. at (GBD Imagine that you are the teacher. ‘Write down how you would teach the class that 27”! is equal to 5, ES) Write these as fractions. = (9) o (4 : = (3) CHAPTER 18: incices (40) Write these as fractions. ey ey ° (5) «Gy “ly «Gy ols) m» G5)" ay « (a) is)”

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