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    VASILE CIRTOAJE VOQUOCBACAN TRAN QUOC ANH Inequakrties with Beautiful Solutions & B About the Authors Vasile Cirtoaje is a Professor at the Department of Au- tomatic Control and Computers fram Petroleum-Gas Uni + versity of Ploiesti, Romania, where he teaches university courses such as Control System Theory and Digital Control Ay Systems. He has obtained original scientific research results é in the fields of monotonic systems, contral algorithms based on process compensation, control system design by limiting the magnitude ratio, and, of course, mathematical inequali ties. Vasile Cirtoaje became interested in mathematical inequalities ac an early age, in high school. Since 1970, he published many solutions, problems and ar ticles in the Romanian journals Gazeta Matematica-B, Gazeta Matematica-A and Mathematical Review of Timisoara. During the last years, Vasile Cirtoaje has published many interesting problems and articles in Mathlinks Forum, Math- ematical Reflections, Crux with Mayhem, Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, A.M.M. He has collaborated with Titu Andreescu, Gabriel Dospinescu and Mircea Lascu in writing the book Old and New Inequalities, and he wrote on his own Algebraic Inequalities - Old and New Methods. Notice that Vasile Cirtoaje is the author of some well-known strong methods for proving and creating inequalities, such as Side-Convex Function Method, Equal Variable Method, Arithmetic Compensation Method. ‘Vo Quoc Ba Can is a student at the Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. As a high-school student, he par- F ticipated in many national contests obtaining several prizes. Though at the moment he is not studying mathematics, his activity in Inequalities has proved to be quite wide lately. Some of his problems were published in specialized jour- nals, but the biggest part of them became popular on the worldwide known MathLinks forum, On the same theme, he (co)authored several manuscripts, which were published in Vietnamese. Since 2008, he was invited to lecture and seminar on inequalities at many high schools for gifted students in Vietnam such as Le Hong Phong high school, Nguyen Binh Khiem high school, Ly Tu Trong high school, and also others. ‘Tran Quoc Anh js a student at Hanoi University of Tech- nology, As a young student, but he has many experiences in writing books and teaching inequalities. He takes part in Viernam and international mathematical forums a3 Collab- orator or Active member. Particularly, on the world mathe- matical website MathLinks, his creative inequalities have be- come brand which is known by many international friends for their mysterious beauty attached to impressive solutions, Vasile Cirtoaje Vo Quoe Ba Can Tran Quoc Anh Inequalities with Beautiful Solutions GIL Publishing House © GIL Publishing House 2009 ; INEQUALITIES WITH BEAUTIFUL SOLUTIONS. aater Neale Cirteaje, Vo Quoc Ba Can, Tran Quoc Anh ISBN 978-606-500-014-8 Copyright @ 2009 by Gil, All rights reserved, National Library of Romania CIP Description ‘CIRTOAJE, VASILE Inequalities with Beautiful Solutions / Cirtoaje Vasile, Vo Quoc B2.Can, Tran ‘Quoc Anh ~ Zalu : GU, 2009 TSBA 978-606-500-014-5 Grtoaje, Vasile “T27077U GIL Publishing House P.O. Bax 44, Post Office 3, 450200, Zaldu, Romania, tel. (+4) 0260/516314 fax.c (+4) 0260/616414 ‘e-mail: comenzigeail.ra www.gil.ro 727077 Foreword “Ler solutions say the method!” is the way this book is written. Readers don't find here the entire theory, strong theorems as well as detailed explanation of the methods. But you can find here a lot of beautiful problems with beautiful solutions, Most of these solutions are simple and elementary, the authors try to avoid as much as possible of using advanced methods of proving inequalities. The main weapons here are skilful technics of handling with algebraic expres- sions and virtuous applications of classical inequalities. tt makes the book more romantic rather than academic. And even a student of 8th, 9th grade can read most of the content of this book. Reading the book, you sometimes are surprising with the way the authors solve the problems. “How simple! Why didn’t I think about this?”, you ask, If you read this book for fun only, it is OK. But if you want to lean something from this book? Don't be rised only. You should ask more “Where does the solution come from? Why and how the authors think about the way?". The answer is not simple, and you may not to find it immediately in single solution. Try to gather the answer from several solutions, If you succeed, you are going on the right way, the way that the authors of the book want you to go, Tran Nam Dung Ho Chi Minh city University of Science _—— Preface “The only way to learn Mathematics isto fo Mathematics Paral Halas The inequalities appeared in Mathematics a long time ago, have developed and evolved stably in course of time, and even more in our days. As stated by Richard Bellman in 1978, “...there are at least three reasons for the study of inequal- ities: practical, theoretical, and aesthetic; .,.beaury is in the eyes of the in- equality beholder; ... it is generally agreed that certain pieces of music, art or mathematics are beautiful; there is an elegance to inequalities that makes them very attractive". We add two new reasons to the three ones already formu- lated by Bellman: fascination to create a new ‘strong and beautiful inequality, and happiness to prove such an inequality by an original and nice way. For all these reasons, the inequalities became very Popular in advanced and elemen- tary Mathematics, being very useful in level-transfer tests, in unive rsity entrance tests, and especially in national and international contests for excellent students. ‘This explains why a large number of people are so concerned with mathematical inequalities. Nowadays, many clever people find our a lot of new ideas and methods to deal with inequalities, and a lot of “modern style” reference books are Published. In our viewpoint, the methods for solving inequalities are very important, but above all, learning how to think for creating or solving an inequality is even more important, We wrote the book “Inequalities with beautifie solutions” having in view these things, as well as our desire to make known to the inequality lovers some new inequalities of the authors, With more than 200 problems, which are carefully and logically arranged, the book will help the readers form a general overview on the inequaliry field, as well as learn the secret of “finding way* to deal with inequalities and other mathematical problems. We look forward to receiving heart-felt comments from the readers to improve the book in the next republication. vii Finally, we would like to thank Dr. Tran Nam Dung, Ho Chi Minh Un ity of Nature, for his helpful suggestions, and our friends, Nguyen Van Dung, Tr Quang Hung, for their creative solutions and contribution in solving many puz ales. ‘The authors October 2009 Contents Foreword ¥v Preface vii 1 Two-variable inequalities 1 1.1 Statements é 1.2 Solutions .... 2 Three-variable inequalities 2.1 Statements . 2.2 Solutions . . ro Four-variable inequalities 3.1 Statements . Pee eae 3.2 Solutions .,.......... 4 Five and six-variable inequalities 181 4.1 Statements . ‘ * 4.2 Solutions .. 5 n-variable inequall 5.1 Statements . . 5.2 Solutions . . 6 More difficult inequalities 241 6.1 Statements ........... ie nite 6.2 Solutios .....2...... . 247 7 Some open inequalities 317 Glossary 325 References 331 Chapter 1 Two-variable inequalities at tn th 1.1 Statements 1.1, Leta and 6 be real numbers such that 9a? + 8ah+7 ? = 6. Prove that 7a +5b+ 12ab <9, L3. Leta and & be real numbers such that 3(a + b) 2 2lab + 1). Prove that Ha? +B ath? + 1]. 1.4. Let @ and b be nonnegative real numbers such that a? + 6? = 1. Prove the following inequality 3v3 ab+ maxfa, 4) < 225 Quoc Anh 2 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba 1.5. Let a and 5 be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a? +b" Prove that 3(a* +b") + 20%" <8. 16. Let a and b be nonnegative real numbers satisfying 2a? + b? = 20 + b, Prove that 1—ab> 1,7. Leta and b be positive real numbers. Prove that a+2b b+2¢ 8 y 5 + < i a? + 2b? b? +20? ~ Vath 1.8. Ifa and b are positive real numbers, then 1 1 2 + = j 1+ 1426 ~ ab+2 g 1.9. Ifa and b are nonnegative real numbers, then 1 4 1 re 1 Q+ay¥ 0 (1+bF * 1408" 1.10, Let @ and b be positive real numbers satisfying the condition a3 + b° < a” +b?, Prove that ; ae b 1 1.11, If@ and 6 are positive real numbers, then, Ly 2eapts Vv 3(1 +07 + B?). ab ‘Two-variable inequalities 3 1.12. Leta and b be nonnegative real numbers such that ab =r. z lfr>=, (a) fr & 3, then 1 1 sees Hh rate i l+ata? 1¥b+b? ~1+r¢r7 1 Qyfo 0. Prove that a 2ab 6 —— + + Valeb? yoat+b? ya?+b?- (9a? + 62 3 z 1.15. Leta and > be nonnegative real numbers, Prove that Vita+v1 +6?+ Ve? + (1b) = (14 V5) (1- 2b), 1.16. Let a and b be nonnegative real numbers such that a+b = 2. Prove that —hy? a anes (*) $2. 1.17, Leta and b be positive real numbers such that a+b =a"+54, Prove that ate’ <1 sap”. 4 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh 1,18. Ifa and 6 are positive real numbers such that a + b = 2, then a*+bts2 | 1.19. Let a and b be positive real numbers. Prove that (400) (agai) 1,20, Let x and y be positive real numbers such that x+y + le +2xy +32 = 4, Determine the largest value of x*y, 1.21. Let x and y be real numbers such that y > 0 and y(y +1) < (x +1)? Prove that yy-Nsx7. 1.22. Ifa and b are positive real numbers satisfying a* + 64 = 2, then dun ‘Two-variable inequalities _ 1.2 Solutions Problem 1,1. Leta and b be real numbers such that 9a? +8ab + 7b? < 6. Prove thar Fa+Sb+l2ab <9. (Titu Andreescu) Proof. it is easy to check that the desised inequality becomes equality for a = 1 i b= + Therefore, in order to have only second order homogeneous expressions 1 1 ih @ and b, we use the inequalities a < a? +— and b = b* +, which are equivalent to (2a — 1)? > 0 and (2b — 1° > 0, respectively, Thus, we have 7a+sb 1120b~9<7(a4 2) 45(o#+ 3) +2200-9 = 7a" + 5b" + 12ab- 6 = (9a? + Bab + 7h? - 6)— 2(a? + b? — 206) S-Ya-by <0. Problem 1.2. Let a.and b be positive real numbers. Prove that 11 4 _ aa{a?+b°) Bt aah = (aaey (Tran Quoc Anh) First proof, Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we have 1i4ay, 4 .,/ff,ty* 4 ap) ate Via By ateh? ab Therefore, it suffices to prove that 4 _ 32{a? +67) ab~(a+by This inequality is equivalent to (a+ by* > Sabla? + 4%), which is true according to the identity (a+ b)* - Bab(a? + b7)=(a— by > 0. Equality holds if and only if a= b. Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran ‘Quoc Anh Second proof. Using the well-known inequality 4418 4... 8 0, oy atye we ger ja gue Ms 8 8 (a? +b?) © (2ab)? ~ (oF +b? + 2aby (ab by Multiplying each side of this inequality by a? and 3, respectively, we obtain a H a? io5 Sale be b? Bb? (a? +6?” (aby = f+ by (a+ 67)? ” Gable = fa+5)"" and by adding these two inequalities, we get _, S(a?+-b4) ~ (aby ‘This is equivalent to which is just the desired inequality: o Problem 1.3. that Let a and b be real numbers such that 3(a +b) > 2lab-+ 1), Prove a3 + 6) = Ja®b? +1). (Titu Andreescu) Proof. Since a7b? = ab+1> 0, we have (ab" +1] = (Cab + 1){a7b?—ab +1){ = fab + 1M(a2h? — ab + ) Slab + 1|[lab +1)? - ab), and from the given hypothesis, we get lab + lab -+27°—3a8) < 30+ 6) [30 +57 oa] 9 = gla + b)(3a + 20b +367), It follows that 9 la*e? +11 < gia + bia? + 206 +3B4), ities ‘Two-variabh Thus, it is enough to check the following inequality 8a" +b) > (a + b)(3a? + 2ab + 3b4) This is equivalent to S{a+ bia - by = 0, which is obviously true because a+b > 0, The proof is completed. Equality J a-75 $ 34+V% holds ifand olny ifa = b= —S—, ora =b = Problem 1.4. Let a and b be nonnegative real numbers such that a2 +b? = 1 Prove the following inequality av3 ab+maxfa, 6} = zt (Pham Von Tinean) Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a = max{a, b}. Using the AM-GM Inequality, we have nett 2 a 408 +3 abs and as. 2v3 av3 It follows that 2a? + 3b7)+ (407 +3) 6 Ay43 ava ab+max{a, b} =ab-+as ———__"— = ine ava 43 4 This proves the desired inequality. Equality holds if and only if (a, b) is a per ; v1 mutation of = Problem 1.5, Let a and b be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a® + b° = 2, Prove that stat +b) + 20*pt the conclusion follows. Thus, the proof is completed. Equality holds if and only ifasb=l. a Second proof. Fora = b = 0, the inequality is trivial. Otherwise, we write the inequality in the homogeneous form (2a? +b? ‘secs bi b)(2a7 + b*) (a+ bY = H2a+b} (a? +BY (a= ba? - b) (aatby "aoe ‘Two-variable inequalities 9 we need to show that (a — b){3(4a" — B*) = (2a + bY a* + b7)] > 0, ‘This is equivalent to the obvious inequality (a - b)*(40? + Sab + 2b") = 0. Problem 1.7. Leta and b be positive real numbers. Prove that [azie, form [8 Vaan” Vaea2a? ~ Varb (Tran Quo Luar) Proof. Using the known inequality YX + 4'¥ © yf2lx +y) (which can be easily proved by squaring), we see that it suffices to prove that the stronger inequality none at2b b+2a 4 This inequality is equivalent to (a+bXa+2b) a? + 267 Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we have (a+bya+2b) _ Sab <1. 3ab = Po ata (ebb? ab +b? Jatb Therefore, we need to show that a b 2 sat =>, 2a+b 2b+a which is equivalent to (a—b)? > 0. Also, we can prove the last inequality without expanding, as follows, By the Cauchy-Schwarz. Inequality, a 2a s¥(z 1 1 ) 1, 4a + ==+ - 2a+b aat(ath)+(atb) 9 a+b atb 9 a+b) and hence a b 4a 1 4b a 1 ab | pea 9 * a+) 9° Kaew) b, Equality holds if and only ifa = 727077 10 Vasile Cirtoaje - ¥o Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoe Anh Problem 1.8, [fa and b are positive real numbers, then 1 “ 2 — +— > —_ 1420 * Te2b 7 aba" First proof. Applying the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequi ity, we have 1 Fen thh a? ——+>— = +——_ fare 2a¢1 "2641 ~ Bat 2ebea? = Saba s eT and thus, it suffices to prove that (+i 2(2a°b + a? + 2a 41) ab+2 , ‘This inequality is equivalent to fo—1ytz Math tet 42041) ab ne or (a-17 2 tea ab+2* Since q < Eand (a~ 1)? 3 0, the last one is true and our proof is com pleted. Eaual ity holds if and only ifa'=b = 4, a Second proof, By i gil) 1 . # Y replacing 4 and 6 with 7 2nd F, the Inequality becomes a b 2ab +— > a+2 42" dapaT lets=a +b and p=ad. By the Cauchy-Schwars Inequality, we have ee @ (a+ap en +2° ofa42)4 40643) 32 +25-2p° ‘Therefore, jt suffices to show that a+ s 7 5? 4 2s—3p Since 5*(2p +1) - 2p(s? + 26-29) = (5 — 2p? = 0, the proof is completed, ‘Two-variable inequalities U1 Third proof. Seung s= a+ b and p = ab, we can write the inequality as l+s 1 ae Se 1+2s+4p ~ 2+p or 1+ps=3p. ‘This inequality follows immediately from the AM-GM Inequality, since L4ps=3p =1+a7b +ab7—3ab = 0. Problem 1.9, ifa.and b are nonnegative real members, tent 1 1 1 —— Q+a? +b ~ lab First proof. If one of @ and bis zero, then the inequality is obvious. For positive aand 4, by applying the Cauchy-Schwar Inequality, we have b (ae1P< + 1) (ab+1), and (b+ pes (2+1)t0+0. Therefore \ 1 1 1 tg ty = G+a¥ "(1 +by +1) (@b+1) ram 2 Oo Equality holds if and only ifa = b= 1 s obvious. For Second proof. [f one of a and b is zero, then the inequality 1 1 positive a and b, by replacing a wish —, and with =, the inequality becomes 12 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh ‘Therefore, it suffices to show that 2 2 ae, 2° + 25+] =p? pty] which is equivalent to (2s— p+ pip? —2) 2 0, For the nontrivial case p < V3, we have B—p*> 2p=p*? =p(2~p)>0, and hence (2s— p?)? + p?(p? — 2) > (2p — p?}? + p(y? — 2) = 2p2(p— 1)? > 0. Third proof. Using the notations above, we can write the inequality as 4974 45-+2— 2p? 1 Qs+1+pP > T+p7" aps? ~ ap'— 2p? +1 —_—— eS (1+p?)2s4+1+p7) ~ This inequality is true, since a. 4p?s? — ap — ap? 4-1 = p(s? — p?) 4 (p21)? oa Problem 1.10. Let a and b be positi ‘ ss 68 S0?+82, Prove char Positive real numbers satisfying the condicion a3 + 1 +b? b tele (Gabriel Dospinescu) Proof. We see that equality in the desired inequality holds fora = b = 1. Us- ing the AM-GM Inequality, we will reduce the powers a? and 63 to a and b? respectively : 3a? 41s) +a?+1230%, and 2b'43=b540549> 567 ‘Two-variable inequalities Thus ‘ pet 1, sb ee eg z Combining this with the given hypothesis, we have in succession Sat 5b =3 re : aty b> > a? 43h? <4, a+b? < 4-267 <4=2(2b —2b—17 s6-4b, 1 1 a+b” 6-40 Therefore, peat dey et gg e+e 27 6=-4b 2 3-2b Equality holds if and only if Problem 1.11. [fa aad b are positive real numbers, then 1S pat fatale bd. a 6b First proof. Write the inequality as La f+") = 301 +07 +57). a b By squaring, we get 1 2 2 14 42h — 2 -=, ate (» +2b 3475 Bb +3 Ee Since i s \ Wh Ob 34 oy ab 34 = b+ -3E0, we may apply the AM-GM Inequality to get 1 1 1 atat(s'+26-3+55] Bay bt+2b-94 5. 14 toaje - Vo Quoe Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh Thus, it suffices to prove that 2yf bt + 2b ; V ® +(o¢+20-24 4)» (x 3-2)" pe tee This inequality’ is equivalent to 2 2 b+a- > r which holds if be 264 4-45? - 7h 4420. or b(b? - 17 +.4(b-17 > 0, The last inequality is ete. ¢ i Sas als to aed arly true, and the proof is completed, Equality | lds if Second proof. Fora it —— of, For any positive real number m, applying the AM-GM Inequality, l+a*+e? am 2V3(1 +a? +b?) 200] (a? + b5)' = 20 b7(a? + 4°), ‘of equivalently, Since a? + 6° = (a3 +55 Ka® — a3b? + bf) and a® +b? > 0, it is equivalent to (a? + o°)* 2 24a b%(a® — gb + BS), Two-variable inequalities = Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we have Via? — ab? +b) = (ath? F(a = ob? + b8) Hath + (aS — a+ H8) _ (ah +P 4 4 Therefore wer) @+by | eS a? b*(a® — ab" +65) = | = ‘The proof is completed. a Problem 1.14. Let a and b be real numbers such that a? + b* > 0. Prove char a b 2ab a 3 Vesti fotabt Jatt vorem 2 (Gack Garfunkel) Proof. Since a ={a| and b =]5), it suffices to prove that lal |b] 2hailb) 4 et va? 7F v¥'9a7 +b? Vo? +b? y90? +b Setting now a? = x and 6? = 37. The inequality is equivalent to x ¥ xy 1 3. *Woray 7 yaax “Vsang sae = Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we have Be Eg Ee x+3y ety x+3y yaa “x+y y tae ‘4 7 8xy ued tet By Wy + 3x) ~ Get Sy ly $x) 2 Adding these three inequalities, we can see that che left hand side of the above inequality does not exceed a 2 2. ty ety Bry a) eaay * year | Gea eaey 13 Vasile Cirtoaje - Yo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoe Anh and thus, it is enough to prove that xe xt Co ey pe weedy yt3x (x+3y My 43x) — 2 But this is true because B_ety sty | Bxy _3 a(xt+yP+8xy 2oxt3y yt3x (+9) 43x) 27 Fay) san) -yF - ayy =O, 2(x + 3y)(y + 3x) ‘The proof is completed. Equality holds if and only if b = /3a > 0. o Problem 1.15. Leta and b he nonnegative real numbers. Prove that Vitate V1+08+ VG a? +0 ~ By 2 (1+ V5) (0 ab) Proof. We claim that Vitals Vit? +ab>14 ¥1+(a+ op, q@ and va? 41-574 VSab2 V14(1—-a—bp. @ Proof of (1). Let Asl+ Vl +(atbP + ¥l4a?+ V14r, b= V1+(+bP+ VO4+e +b. and Since. 1+ Vi+(e+b!-Vied-viee= 2b +2[ Viv @+bF- Varah] = rrr A ab + 222 = ab) cab 4 18 = = < A “A ic suffices to show that git 58 sezgtt ‘Two-variabte inequalities 19 But this is true because A > 4 and B 2 2. Proof of (2). The inequality is equivalent to v$ab > ¥1+(1-a—bF =v (1 =a) +(1-bF, or 2ab ¥Sab = ~ f1+0—a-bF + ff =aF4(1— bP Since ab > 0, it suffices to prove that v1+0-a-b) + V-aP += bp But this is true because als VivG-a- bP 21> Now, by combining the inequalities (1) and (2), we see that it suffices to prove thas the following inequality holds anid 1+(a+b)? + ¥1+(1 -a—b) = V5. However, this is clearly true aceording 19 Minkowski's Inequality /I+(a+bP + ¥140—a—bF 2 VO41F +atb41—2— bP = v5 1 The proof is completed. Equality holds if and only ifa= > and b=0, ora =0 1 no and b= =. o Remark, Actually, the stronger inequality Vidats Vi+b? + ¥—aP +(i— bP + (1+ v2) ab 21405 holds for any nonnegative real numbers a, b. Problem 1.16. Let a and b be nonnegative real mumbers stech chat a +b Prove tha a—b\? a 46% 4 (=) <2 si (Vasile Cirtoaje) 2 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh Proof. Without loss of generality, assume that a 2b, Since O02 a—1< 1 and O< b <1, by Bemoulli’s Inequality we have a 21+b(a—-1)=14b-42, and Ys bb! < ofl 4 (a— 1b —1)] = 2 ~ 0), Therefore, a—by? om ems (25°) -25(1+b-b7F + b42- bP + (b= 17-2 =5(b-2\b=1)% <0. Equality holds fora = 6 =1, fora =0 and b=2,andfora=2andb=0. O Problem 1.17. Let a and b be positive reat numbers such thar a 4b =a" +b4 Prove that ab ei 0. ‘To prove the right inequality, we use the ‘inequality In y > 1 - ; ¥ > 0, which follows from Inx 1 is true if a+ >a? +b? Using the hypothesis a+b = a* + 64, we can write this inequality in the homo- geneous form (a+ bMa? +9)" 2 (a" + btKa? +b?) which is equivalent to A-aB 20, where A= (a+ bya" +b"}=(a" + b* Kae +b), B=a* bat + b* Ma? + be) — alba + bia? + 87). Since A= ab(a® — b5)(a° - b*) and 8 = a*b'{a— ba* = b*), we ger A-38 =ab(a—b)'(a* — bY) > 0. This completes the proof. Both inequalities turn into equalities if and only if a=b=1. o Problem 1.18, Jf a and 6 are positive real numbers such that a+b = 2, then a“ +b7 <2, (Vasile Cirtoaje) Proof. For a = b, equality holds. Without loss of generality, assume that 0 < b <eF(a-1), and 6-126 (b—1), Thus, it suffices to show that aF@-+hF@-)20. Since a — 1 = 1 — b> 0, we only need to prove that at sp, 22 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh sey it which is equivalent to (ab) < 1. This inequality is true since from a +b > 2Vab, we get Vab = 1. Equality occurs for a = b= 1. Lemma, Let p and ¢ be positive real numbers. If e sither p > 1 and c > 1, O 0, where S(e) =e -1 pes fe-1) We have f'(c) = 5p Pate) where ale)= 2c -(p+1)e+p=1, a')=(p+1)(cF~1), Since g"(e) > 0, gle) is strictly increasing. In the first case x (namely ¢ > 1), have gle) = g(1)= 0, f'(c) > 0, f(c) is strictly increasing, and hence je) = J) = 0. th the second case (namely 0 < ¢ = 1), we hi = SC)50, fle) ie srictly decreasing, and hence fe /Uea Problem 1.19. Let a and b be positive real numbers, Prove that (+8) (Fees ere) <2 (Michael Rozenberg) Proof. By the AM-GM Inequality, we have and ‘Two-variable inequalities FE) Similarly, we also have Therefore (60) (a are) sale Equality holds if and only ifa = b. o Problem 1.20, Let x and y he positive real numbers suche that xcby +2 + 2xy + By? = 4, Determine the largest value of x2, (Michael Rozenberg) Proof. From the given condition, we see that x+y <4, Therefore, it can be written as 2x? 42xy +3y? =(4-4-¥F, which is equivalent to (e+4F + 2ly +27 = 40, 2 a(a+Z) +@+yP=20. By the AM-GM Inequality and Hélder's Inequality, we have (2+2)'+(2+8) +e? 23 [(2 + *Jern]' 23 (2+) . From this, we get 2 a/x7y woza(2+ a 7 3 a == #ys22( 5 i). or 24 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh Since we have equality for x= 2y = 4 (3 - :) . this means that ; omitnan( (i) Problem 1.21, Let x and y be real numbers such that + FE y ty = : ¥ and y(y #1) 3 ry-Ds Proof. For the sake of contradiction, suppose that y(y~1)> x2."Then, we have y> Land — yy=)+2x41> (+17, ‘Combining this with the inequality (x +1)? > y(y +1), we get yy -1)#2x+1> y(y¥ +1), or 2e>2y—-1>0. It follows that 4x? — yfy = 1)] > (2y 1) -4y -1)=1>0, which is a contradiction. So we must have yiy —1) Sx? as desired. Equality holds for x = y =0, Problem 1.22. Ifa and b are positive real numbers satisfying a’ + b4 = 2, then (Vo Quoc fa Gan) 25 Proof, The inequality is equivalent to Sa" + 3b* > Ba*b. Since Sa" + 3b¢ = (a! + b*) + 4a? +204 = 2(204 + b* +1), this inequality can be written in the form a’ +at+b4+12 4a7b, which is obviously true according to the AM-GM Inequality. Equality holds if lyifa=b=1, o Remark. Ac! the sharper inequality holds: Ifa and B are positive real numbers satisfying a! + 6'9 = 2, then 26 loc Ba Can - Tran Quoe Anh Chapter 2 Three-variable inequalities ‘As 10 inequatinies, the simple Statements 2.1. Ifa, b,c are positive real numbers such that ab + bc + ca = 3, then aoe 3b? + fe +. 2.4. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that b? yb? #c7)c? +07 Yat+b+e}? > Hath 27 CC — ee 28 Vasile Cirtoaje Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoe Anh 2.5. Leta, b,¢ be nonnegative real nuimbers such that a+b +-¢—3. Prove that atab+2abe <2, 2 2.6. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers satisfying @ 4b -4+¢=3, Prove that be et as a He ab =. = 2:7. Leta, 5, ¢ be real numbers. Prove that (b+e~a? | (eta-b? (a+ b—ep soe da*+(b+ey ” 2b? 4(ceap * a2 + (a+ bP W 1 z 28. Leta, boc be nonnegative real numbers such that (a+bMb+cWe+a)= Prove that (a? + be\(0 + calc? +ab) <1, 2.9. Leva, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such thar +i eiatbee, Prove that O78? + bc? + Fa? < ob + be Hea, 2:10, Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that Satm bic? 4b?@— 8g? acta? gt abt) * eee) * aan S 3 2.11, Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers, Prove that otbee4 1p Mabtbetea sip abe ™ (a +bMb+eiera) Three-variable inequalities a 2.12. Leta, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that iG ius ab atbte — Zatb+e ab+e+a Utat+h 4 2.13. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers satisfying a + 6 +0 = 3, Prove that i 1 z eth te abo ee | seat + be 2.14. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers such that a? +b? +c = 1, Prove that be ca ab a+ “piebetea cf tcatah 2.16. Leta, b, © be nonnegative real numbers sweh that ab + be -+ea = 3. Prove that 2.17. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that a? — be bce tab 3 4a abe tet ab tae tat” 4 + 402 +o 2.18. Leta, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that a b : — +} ge 4a+4b+e 4b+4de¢a ) 4e+4a+h™ 3 20. Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quee Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh 2 9. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero, Prove that 1 1 1 9 oes to et +ab+? Pabet+e @teatat = (a+becP 2.20, Leta. by € be nonnegative real numbers, no two of them are zeta. Prove that a Bt 2 a he gi @+rabte Prbet+e @acapaiel 2.21, Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that a c Kab + be +ca) Te tot ee > Mtb the +) a@+abebe | b+ bedea e@teatah” (a¢bach 2.22, Leta, b,c be the side-lengths of a triangle. Prove that Ja+b 3bte 3e+a tate 2bta* Rab * 2.28, Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that Jath 2b+e | deta date bea Rape 2.24. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers, Prove that ate bP +c? ab be eee ca ab+betea ——- + — B+be+e Tteasa? a tahp oe 2.25. Ifa, b ¢ are nonnegative real numbers such that Fa? +b? +0) 1l{ab+ be +c), then Sis mB ie Sh bee tina tage > Three-variable inequalities 31 2.26. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers such that ab + be +ca = 3. Prove that 1 1 1 3 wpm dea ein a 1 peel * 1 72 2.27, Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that a bt ss ce gl (2a + b)(Qa +c)” (2b+e2b+a) © (2e4ai2ce+b) ~ 9 2.28. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers such thar a +b -+¢ = 1. Prove that ab beat 1 Jab+ab+e 3beskeva kat2a+h 4 2.29. Leta, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that 3 e 3 a et et +h abe bee sake +a? Habe 2.30, Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that 1 Ll 3 Bg + = avath bvb+e eveta™ v2abe 2.31, Leta, 6, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that boc = ca tb b+e +1 b+e ath ah b 2.32. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that c ta-cP >3+———_.. +o2S+ ae pberea + cia ale Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh 2.33, Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers such that abe = 1. Prove that 8iCa? + 1)(b7 + 1)c* +1) <8la+ be cy. 2.34, Leva, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a 4 b +c = 2. Prove that (a? + ab + b7)(b? + be te? Xe? +0407) 5 3 2.35. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove that (b+cP (etaP (a+b)? a +be b+ ca ab ~ 2.36. Ifa = b= 2d > O such that abed = 1, then a 1+ Vabe™ 1 1 + wigs Ita 146° l+c~ 2.37, Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that a+ bet ab be ca abtbetea @tbetca Bteatab | Gaabthe 2.98, Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers, Prove that a a — Larwh V3(a? + ab + be) 2.39. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers such that a + 6 +c = 3, Prove that a b ¥ a 23 + lea+ab ‘Three-variable inequalities 33 2.40. Ifa, b, ¢ are positive real numbers, then. 11 9 po ea grg)zeeyieliere +c") 2.41, Leta, b,c be nonnegative real mumbers such that ab + be +a =3. Prove that alb?+e%) b(c?+a7) cla? +68) | abe | Bitcaq bab 2.42. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a +b +¢ = 1. Prove that ay 4b? +c? + bv4e? +04 +e de? 4b? a1 2.43. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a + be = 3. Prove that ha ‘ ab+8 tol me be +8 2.44. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that a tb} ec + Sabe = aby Bat +b) + bey 2b? +e) + ca 2(c? +07). 2.45. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers, Prove that 4abela* — bP Leta -bye-c)2 (rb +cat bb +ele+a) 2.46. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a + b +¢ = 3. Prove that + a+] b+1 c+] et Meta) ole | > dab + be -+ea) + 3abe. Nasile Cirtoaje + Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh 2.47. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that a 2 a oe catbte va Veit Jira Jena v2 2.48, Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such that a + bo 4c — 307 h4c? = 1, Prove thar a* +b? +¢"—3abe < v2 2.49. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers such that | farb-a(: a (at +b* + (3 + a Prove that 2.50, Leta, 6, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers, Prove that (a +b + beXb* + be + caffe? + ca eab) = (ab 4+ be + ca). 2.51 Ifa, 5, c are positive real numbers, then 2b TR I Vore* Vera =* ‘2.52. Let a, b, ¢ be real numbers. Prove that (a? +b? +7)" > 3(a7b + BFe +e), . Prove 2.53. Leta, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zen that a b c 3, %a “F bee cta ath” 2° Wlab+be+ea) 2.54, Let a, b,c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1. Prove that Ae 1 (+a? ‘Tae 2.55. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove that 1 1 9 rep ray] 4 (ab+ be veal + hy 2.56. Leta, b,c be positive real numbers such that ab+be+ca = 1. Prove that 257. Leta, be 2.58, Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such that a + b +¢ 3. Prove (2+ab?F(2+ be*A(2+e 2.59. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that f 2a\? ay? 2c\? _ Stee b+ey 14—) +(14—]) +[1+ 2 & c a ab+be+e 2.60, Let a, b,¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that 36. Vasile Girtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - ‘Tran Quoc Anh 2.61. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that 4o*btc? > (a+ b-cKb+e—ale+a—bXa? +b 48 4abe) 62. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers such that ab + be-+ea = 1. Prove that Ca'+1P (Cb? 41 (24177 Bea eat tgtaet = 2.63. Leta, b,c be real numbers such that a+ b-+¢= 3. Prove that @abe | B—ca cab ‘oes Biya tps eo 2.64. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers such that a+ b+c = 3. Prove that ab be , ca 3 9-8 9-at " 955? 8° 2.65. Prove that, for any positive real numbers a, b, ¢, the fallowing inequality holds z | # 2 igre agen fia « 3 Ba(e+a) aataroF F+Ose 2.66. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers ats hea 1 Drove thar such that a > 0, b+¢ > Qand B+c3 a va 2.67, Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that (&)+(2 t fae yt b+e cra +(3) zs ‘Three-variable inequalities _ 39 2.68. Leta, b, ¢ be nonnegative numbers such that ab+be +ca = 3. Prove that 2 2 i ——— +> 21 @ebee’ P+eha tate 2.69. Leva, b,c be nonnegative numbers. Prove that (a2 +b? 4e7P 2 (at b+e)ab+betcaya’ +b? +e). 2.70. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that 3 ae oe! 3 11,1 2.71. Ifa, b,c are positive real numbers such that a+ bokc ate +t then 4 1 i (inabey (arses 2-5 =) 20 eh for any positive Integer n. 2.72. Ifa, b, ¢ are positive real numbers such that abe = 1, then at @® a ‘a sg peel ©) [pant + Tab * 28 * 2.73, Ifa, b, ¢ are nonnegative real numbers, then a +4abe bY +4abe c4+4abe aan Salbec + bake * Pa le+al tebe © 4 (a+ by + Gabe 2.74, Ifa, b, ¢ are positive real numbers such that abe = 1, then Wat? Webs? let? . Qot+1 2b241 0 2+ 1 38 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Que Anh 2.75. Leta, b,c be positive real numbers such that abe = 1. Prove that 1 1 1 4 st os + > 4+ —___ (+e? 4b¥ +e +a+b+e} = 2.76. Leta, b,c be nonnegative numbers such that a? + b? + ¢* 1+ 4abe = 5min{fa, b, ch. 2.77. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove that 1 4 1 + 1 > 1 2 Qa? tbc 2b bea” Hab ab+betea a+ be4 5. Prove that 2.78. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers such that : 7b eee gave bre 2.79. Leta, b, ¢ be positive real numbers, Prove that Satb+e)=2be | 3ble+a)-Zea | _efatb)—Zab_ _ 3 Qa+beclb+o) Gbterale+a) Ge+athhath) ~ ral 2.80. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that a? — be bF=ca b ——— + + 3 ja+b+e Sbt+e+a Jcta+h 2.81. Ifa, 6, ¢ are positive real numbers such thar Yabe = r < 1, shen 1 1 1 3 i ce a oh eae lta+b ltbec lacta~ 143r Three. ible inequalities : as = a 2.82. Ifa, b,c are distinct real numbers, then , (e3) (4) + (4) 2 fay by z _, Slab +be+ a) o ()+(5) +S) oe aaa b, e be positive real qumbers such thar abe = 1. Prove that 2.83, L be ca ——5 + = as Bete abc! cf +a? + deta 2.84. a,b, ce (0, 1), then a(i— 7) + o(1 <7) +e(1-a" 2.85. Leta, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that 3(a? — ab + b?)(b? = be +e*)(c? —ca+07) = abe(a® +b +09) 2.86. Leta, b, ¢ be distinct real numbers such that a+ b-&c = 3. Prove that atthe? bh+cta? chtath poe es oak * G-oF Tte-oF = 2.87. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers such thata © 1< b =e. (a) Wa+b+e=3, then a?b + Sabe +2; (b) Ifab+ be +00 =3, thena®b + b¥e + c7a > 3, 2.88. Leta, b,c and k be positive real numbers. Prove that kate kb+a ket kb+e keta ka+e a bic ctr t= boca 40 Vasile Cirtoaje « Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh 2.89. Leta, b, c be distinct real numbers such that a+b +e =O, Prove that the following inequality holds (ab+be+cay? 1 ay * Ga By i) 2.90. Ifa, b, ¢ are real numbers, then dabe + 2a? + bb? + Ke + a8) Z (a+ bY +eNc +a) 2.91. Ifa, b, ¢ are real numbers, then (a? tab+b? yb? +he+e8 Ke? +ca+a%) > 3(a7b+ bee + ca Kab? + be? + ca"), 2.92, Ifa, b, ¢ are nonnegative real numbers, then 3a? = be a 3b? —ca ae? ab 2a? bee? * 2b? + eat” ach eat + BF 3 st, 2 2.93. Ia, b, ¢ are the side-lengths of a triangle, then (a+b + (bc) +(e a) = at + bo +04), 2.94. Leta, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such that. a + b +c = 6, Prove that a? + 2b? 43? +abe > 24, 2.95. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers such that a+ b +c = 3. Prove that 8 sae be Fea) Vab + be+ea = (a+ bel b+cal(c +ab), 2.96. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that C+a+b+e)l +ab+ be +ca) 2 4y/ 2a + be)(b + cape + ab). Three-variable inequalities Bil 2.97. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers such that a + b+¢ = 1. Prove thar i 25 -2———. co 1+48abe © eas ab 2.98, Ifa, b, ¢ are the side-lengths of a triangle, then (a2b + b?c +e7a}’ 2 abe(a + b+c)(a" +B? +07). 2.99. Ifa, b,c are positive real numbers satisfying abe = 1, then a/ a 7 c Vrvae * Vevae * Vavas 21 2.100. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no all are zero. Prove that a b c Vabae) b+ Valera) ct Vtaeb) 2.101, Lec a, b,c be real numbers such that ath b+e c t Prove thar +h 4c G+a7 os € a +6(ab 4+ be+ca) > (a? +b? +e"). 2.102, Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers such that a + b +¢ = 3. Prove thi that % 5 be+16 t+ 16 2.103, Let a, 6, ¢ be positive real numbers such that abc = 1, Prove thar a b 4 Vbb+2e yet?42a0 Yat+2b eee, Eee a2 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh: 2.104. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that 1 1 1 2 Qatb * db+e ’ De laa Bbc) i cet Vila + bb + elle +a) 2.105. Let x, y; be positive real numbers satisfying x+y #4 = 2 Prove that ‘ (xy +ye+ex) (V5N + V7E+ vey? 227, 2.106. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers. Schur's inequali and fourth degree state that (a) afa- byla—c)+blb-e)b—a) + ele - ale —b) = 0, tb) (a ~ bac) + b(b—e)(b a) +e%e—aNe—b) = 0. Prove that {b) is sharper than (a) if 2s Of third va Vb+ vez 2max{ va, vi, ve}. 2.107. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that for any n 2 1, the inequiality holds grt! pitt Po ji a+b ee" atbjV¥ 3 2.108. Let a, b, ¢ be distinet real numbers. Prove that the following inequality hobds " abt be? 41 eta? 41 (a—b * oF * ear 2.109, Let x, ¥, ¢ be real numbers. Prove that 4 & 4-3) a) (Sve — }oxtyz) = [Eso++) -255 Three-variable inequalities 43 2 be real numbers. Prove that 2.110. Let x, ¥, 2.111. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove that 1 av $e 2 ve+as Vab+bctea 2.112. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that 5(a+b +eza(vaat rhe + Vat tea vi4e +a 2.113. Leta, b,c be real numbers such that a?+ b? +¢* = 2(ab+ be +ea) > 0. Prove that lb- le=al la-5) +} + Fe? vat+2be Vee 42ea vc8+20b 2.114, Leta, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such that a +-2b + 3¢ Prove thar (ath + be-+c%a + abe)lab* + be? + ca* +abe) <8. 2.115. Let @, b, ¢ be real numbers satisfying @ +b -+c = 2. Prove th: (a+b—ab)(b-+e~beXe+a—ca) <1 -abe 2.116. Leta, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero, Prove that 2.117. Let a, 6, ¢ be positive real numbers, Prove that a Bf -] Pepe sooo ooo soe a@eabtb? b+bete? cf beaba? a+b+e “4 Nasilt Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba 2.2 Solutions 4+ V2(1+a7)(1 + b7)(1+c7)> (14 aNd +b) Proof. By the AM-GM Inequality, we have 3=ab+be+ea 2 aVathte?, and hence abe < 1. Since (140°) +57) = (a+b) +0 - ab), and Al+e = (1 +e +(c-17, we can apply the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality to get ¥2(1-+a7)(1 + b#)(1 407) > (a+ bY +e) 4+ (1—a ‘Then, it follows that 44 V21+08)(1 48201 +2) 4+(0+ b+ 0401 2 (a+1)(b+ iNe+1), ‘which is just the desired result, Equality holds if a + be + ca (a + byte — 1) = (1+ (1 — ab). The last condition reduces From 0= 2(a + b+)" —6(ab + be + ca) get a= b= ¢. Therefore, the original inequality becomes equi a=ebec=] Problem 2.2. Ifa, b, ¢ are positive real numbers, then ‘Tran Quoc Anh Problem 2.1. {f-a, b, ¢are positive real numbers such that ab + be 4-ca = 3, then 1+e). (Wolfgang Berndt) bye — 1). ~ab)(e-1) = 20 ~ abe) +(a + 1b + 1)le +1) 3, abe = 1 and twath+e=3. a—b) +(b=)' +(c-a}', we ality if and only if a 1 1 1 — + et SE 34 tS *y eta) clare => 6? 47 * ra a? +b? (Uasite Cirtoaje) Three-variable inequalities Proof. Since (b-+c}® = 2(b? +¢*), we get a(b+c) i 2a _ at bee) bec? ~ bec bee and hence, it fellows that 1 bec a alb+e) 2Fatbeey TEE et Similarly we have 1 ct+a 1 a+b era) Harbrcy ™ > aatb) Hatboro 2+ ae a+ Adding up these three inequalities, we get the desired result. 11 is ensy to see that equality holds if and only ifa = b =e. a Problem 2.3. Let a,b,c be nonnegative real numbers such thar a+b+e > 0. Prove the inequaticy A 2 2 i BO i iy 3° P* 3p +(erap 324+ (atoy 2 Sa? + (b +c} (Ve Quoe Ba Gan) Proof, It is easy to see that 3a? + (b-+e)? < 3a? + 2(b? +c%) < Ha? +b? +c*) and hence ‘ i e a ag AI eee Ba? +(b +e} ~ aa? +b? +07) ‘Therefore, a oF ‘ Ga > tee Sat a(bach 3s rak 3e+esby sere +e) F ig proved. Equality holds when two of a, b, ¢ are zero. For , we will prove that ‘The left inequali the right inequ: a io +(b+c}* ~ 2atote) Then, a a rf e atb+e 1 Zo e(beee Se atevae det atbp Barbee) 2" le Cirtoaje - Yo Quoc Ba Can « rin Quoc Anh ile Proves our inequality: Now, we see that the above claimed inequality is true i 4a? +(b+c} = dala +b +c), Since 3a+(b-+e)*—2a(a +bh+c)= (b+ce-a/, thisis clearly true. The proof is completed, Equality holds if and only if a = b,c =, or any cyclic permutation thereat, a Problem 2.4, Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove thet Ba? +07 \(b? +07 Ke? + a2 atb +e)? > ia +b) (b+cPle+aP (a? +62 +e2) (Vo Quoc Ba Can) Proof. The desired inequality can be written as 2a? +B) 20h #2) ale? 402) > Matt b4c2) (a+bP (b+cP (eral = Ya+beee _ | Ma? +54) (a= bP Siete sat Garay f Sequivalent to (a=bF (b= cP (e-aP] | Xa? +67 +0? 1 a 6° +c") [ ‘SR [+ Se] ae (a+b Now, notice that for any nonnegative real numbers x.y, 2, we have (l+s90+9)0 +272 l+x4yts, so that (a-bF (a=bP (b-cF (c-aP 14 fazer oF t-eF a n[ + eaop] ete Soe Got oe 214 Gr bee b-eP + e-eF _ aot +p te) (a+b+cP (atb+eP * as ae The proof is completed, Note that equality holds if and only if a=bse, oO Problem 2.5, Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such that a+b +¢ = 3. Prove that 9 a+ab+2abe < - abe <=. ‘Three-variable inequalities Therefere, it suffices to prove that i After some simple computations, we can write thi: (4=a}(2a=37 3 which is obviously true. Equality holds if and only if (a, b,c) G. 1 Second proof. Replacing b= 3—a—c, the inequality can be written as 9 a+ta(3 ~a—c)+2ac(3-a-c)

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