Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Pure Mathematics 4

    Uploaded by

    alikhan.sarsenov.07
    7 views190 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views190 pages

    Pure Mathematics 4

    Uploaded by

    alikhan.sarsenov.07

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 190
    PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL ae Publohes by Pearson Eaueston Linaed, 0 Stand London, WO2R ORL, wa pearsenglobaechoos com Copies ofl spetcatons fora Person cuafctons may be ound on the ‘wate pe /quicatons person com Tet © Pearson Ecucaton Ltd 2019 Feta by Let Srce “Typeset Tach St Lis Gateshead, UK hig tuations © Person Escalon Lined 2019 Iatated by © Tach Set Lis, Gtesheas, UK Cover design by © Pearson Education Leite 2099 ‘Te gh of Crag Atwood, Jack Baracough ln teen, Lae Cope, Chares Gara Cox Kath alich, Duel Goldberg, Adar Macro, ‘ene Mester, Lee Mekelvy, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Dans Ove, Laurence Patoman, Joa Peer Kot Pea, Cong San, Joe Sakousk Hany Smith Gao Staley, Raber Woc:Penny and Dave Wiki to be Wetad ‘2 the authors af his work hive ban sate them accor wil ‘Cepyriht, Oesians and Patents Act 186, Frotpublahes 2010 m2212010 50907654921 Bt Library Gatalogurg i Publi Data ‘Acallogue recor forts books avlable fom the Bish Liay Isen ore 1200018 126 Copyright notice ‘Argh ose. No par of his may be reproduced h any frm or by ary means {cuca photocarying a string i ny medium y lactone reas end ‘shor ornat rast or ctor fo somo ote ue fhe austen) ‘thou the wtlen permission of th copyright ower, exept in accordance wit ‘a previcons of he Copan, Dens and Pateis Act 188 or undo the toes ‘of alence saled by the Copight Leerang Agency, Bama in 05 Fetor Line, London, EOAA TEN (nn Saco Appatons fr the copyright owner's ‘ton pemisson Should be acsossed the publ. Pinte by Neograa Siovekia Picture cred Treanor and puter would eto hank ths oloning cha and ‘gpnisatona fr parmison to veredicspholgraa! ‘amy Stock Phot: Tory Cay 16; Gety Images: mkedebel 0, Westena6t ‘7: Setence Photo Library: aard H. Sharp 66 Shutterstock.com: Key 8 Lopeea 1, Olvesved 30. ‘Coverages Fra: ety mages: Weme” Yan Sten Insite tant corer Shuertock crn: Diy Labanoy ‘At ethe lngous © Potson Education Lnted 2018 ‘Alartwork Pearson Education Lad 2099, Endorsement Statement irre o ensure Wat hs rscurce flr igh quay support or the sna ‘Parson qutiation tna bon ough a review proces bythe sarang oy ‘Ths proces confine that ie esoucs uly cover he eacing an ean content ofthe specfeston ar part ofa speccatn a which iis amed also Conf that darorstates a appro balarce between the develope ‘of subj sh, Knowledge and understanding, nadine preparation fer Endorsement det not covet any gudence on sesentmant actus of procescas (©3.prctice auscions er advo on how to answer asseasont questo) Ince the resource, nor oes preset ary particle speach fo he Iwaching or daar ofa ltd couse. ito the pubishers have made every atom to ensure that advice onthe ‘altcaion and ts aeeearent es accuria, e oftcalspectaton and ‘beosatadsssostmert gadarca raters eta onyaumortatve source ‘etomation ana encud aways be rere for otinave guidance, ‘xamnaten paper or whieh hay have esponsb ‘Examiners wi ot ee endorsad resources 2 sure of mst or ny sbsesrent el by Pasta Enos ofa tence Gaus ea thal he ‘esau i required oacheve this Pereon quiet, ror desi rmean att 'sthe on sutaberateral avaiable to suppor the aualfisatin, and any resource Se protien byte awa boys ce hea ob aes Coy COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 PROOF 1 2 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 6 3 COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y) PLANE 16 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION 30 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 46 5 DIFFERENTIATION 50 6 INTEGRATION 66 7 VECTORS 97 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 148 EXAM PRACTICE 153 GLOSSARY 155 ANSWERS 159 INDEX 179 iv COURSE STRUCTURE CHAPTER 1 PROOF 1 CHAPTER 4 BINOMIAL 1.1 PROOF BY CONTRADICTION 2 EXPANSION 30 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 5 4.1 EXPANDING (1 + x)" 31 4.2 EXPANDING (a + bx)" 36 CHAPTER 2 PARTIAL 4.3 USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS 40 FRACTIONS 6 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 8 2.1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 7 2.2 REPEATED FACTORS 10 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 46 2.3 IMPROPER FRACTIONS 12 CHAPTER REVIEW 2 4 CHAPTER 5 DIFFERENTIATION 50 5.1 PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION 5: CHAPTER 3 COORDINATE 5.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 54 GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y) 5.3 RATES OF CHANGE 57 PLANE 16 CHAPTER REVIEWS 61 3.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 7 3.2 USING TRIGONOMETRIC CHAPTER G INTEGRATION 66 IDENTITIES 21 6.1 FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE 3.3 CURVE SKETCHING 25 DEFINED PARAMETRICALLY 67 CHAPTER REVIEW 3 28 6.2 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION AROUND THE x-AXIS 68 6.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION 74 6.4 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 78 6.5 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 81 6.6 SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 84 6.7 MODELLING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 88 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 92 Gls Gan CHAPTER 7 VECTORS 97 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 148 7A VECTORS 98 7.2 REPRESENTING VECTORS 102 73 MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION 106 EXAM PRAGTIGE 153 7.4 VECTORS IN 3D 109 7.5 SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS GLOSSARY 155 IN TWO DIMENSIONS: 114 7.6 SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS ANSWERS 159 IN THREE DIMENSIONS 417 7.7 POSITION VECTORS 124 7.8 3D COORDINATES 123 INDEX 179 7.9. EQUATION OF A LINE IN THREE DIMENSIONS 125 7.0 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 131 7.11 SCALAR PRODUCT 133 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 140 ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, 50 they can be applied alongside your learning, 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle ‘+ Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated cr specify the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interprets a + Challenge questions provide extra stretch U exe J 3. Transferable skills repretem information + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book Pye Bas eu chper repped we specificaton content for 225), reference Each chapter stats witha Ist of Loaring objectives “The Por knowledge check helps make ure you are reagy to sar the eraptee ‘Te real wold applications of aed the maths you are about to Yeam ‘are highightec atthe start of the cnapier Glossary torms wil be kdentied by bold lus text on thal fst appearance CLL e ci Breese questions tte carey graded — foincresse in afiouty ‘and gradually being you up to exam Standard Fanstonbie suis ae signposted wnere they naturaly occur Inthe exereses and eamles ‘xarces are packed ‘with exam ste {questions to ensure you 219 ready forthe exams Sreprby-sten worked ‘eam focus on the key types of questions Exam-style questions youl need'to tackle are flagged with © Problem-solving Each chapter ends with a Chapter review questions areflagged anda Summay of ey points with ® Each soction bons ‘ith an explanation ‘and oy leaming points Froblen-saWing boxes prove hints, tips and Satagies, and Watch ut boxes hhight freas where suds ‘fen lose marks in thair exams ‘ve you a chance {tackle some more sifict questions ater every few chapters, a Review exercise helps you consotate your teaming with ————_= lots of exarmstyle questions Exam practice Further Mathematics ternational ‘Advanced Level. Pre Mathematics 4 Review exercise 1 ES merce [A tl practice paper atthe back of the book helps you prepare forthe rel hing viii QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 4 (P4) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview ‘The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, a co 165% of IAL, hour 30 mins | January, June and October Paper code WMAL4/01 First assessment june 2020 IAL: International Advanced A Level. Assessment objectives and weightings a ae IAS and IAL Recall select and use thelr knowledge of mathematical fects concepts and techniques va ao variety of contexts. ud ‘Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements, ‘p02. ||lsicl deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expression, ane including te construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form Recall select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical model to represent shos_ | Stations inthe real world recognise and understand given eprsentation involving 10% standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms of the original situation, including discussion ofthe assumptions made and refinement of such models. ‘Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of ‘804 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context and, where appropriate, read om + 2 = odd + even = odd So there exists an odd integer greater than This contradicts the assumption that the greatest odd integer is m. Therefore, there Is no greatest odd Integer GEE 2) ELE wrsome Prove by contradiction that if n? is even, then 1 must be even. that a? is Inthis case integers j and k exist such that We = Bjandn = 2k +1 — ‘Substituting for m we have: as integer so there is a contradiction. Therefore our assumption that there exists a} number n such that mis even and n is odd is FALSE. , itten as 4 ; * Arational numbercan be written as, where aand bareintegers. — QEEEEED os ne © Anirrational number cannot be expressed in the form“ , where a eS sh ae and bare integers. numbers, fg Caton Prove by contradiction that v2 is an irrational number. ‘Assumption: /2 i a rational number. Then /2 = ¢ for some integers, « and b Also assume that this fraction cannot be reduced ther: there are no common factors between a and b, S02 This means that a? must be even, 50 a is also (fais even, then it can be expressed in the form a = 2n, where mis an integer So a® = 2b? becomes (2n}? = 2b? which means 4n? = 26° or 2n® This means that b? must be even, 50 b Is also | Wa and b are both mon factor of 2. This contradicts the statement that @ and b have no common factors, Therefore V2 is an irational number SEEN) EID wns Prove by contradiction that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Assumption: there Is a finite number of prime numbers. § z | List all the prim Pro Pos Pos = Pa Consider the number NEP * Pox PX X Py tt When you divide NV by any of tl bers Ps Pas Par sn» Pa YOU get a remainder of 1 So none of the prime numbers Pry Pos Paso» Pa is a factor of N. So N must either be prime or have a prime factor which is not in the lst of all possible prime numbers, This tp a contradiction. ‘Therefore, there Is an infinite number of prime numbers, Cease ai ETD some Select the statement that is the negation of ‘All multiples of three are even’. A All multiples of three are odd. B Atleast one multiple of three is odd. € No multiples of three are even. ® 2 Write down the negation ofeach statement, Allrich people are happy. There are no prime numbers between 10 million and 11 million, b © If pand g are prime numbers then (pq + 1) is a prime number. 4 All numbers of the form 2" ~ 1 are either prime numbers or multiples of 3. € Atleast one of the above four statements is true. ©® 3 Statement: If wis odd then nis odd, a Write down the negation of this statement. b Prove the original statement by contradiction, ® 4 Prove the following statements by contradiction, There is no greatest even integer. If is even then n is even. If pq is even then at least one of p and q is even. If p + q is odd then at least one of p and q is odd. 5 a Prove that if ab is an irrational number then at least one of @ and 6 is an irrational number. (marks) b Prove that if a + b is an irrational number then at least one of a and 6 is an irrational umber, (marks) © A student makes the following statement: If a +6 is a rational number then at least one of «and b is a rational number, Show by means of a counterexample that this statement is not true, (1 mark) ©® 6 Use proof by contradiction to show that there exist povntegesa and or which tae 1h oe highest common factor of 21 and 14. GB) 7 4 Prove by contradiction that if n* isa multiple of 3, BBY consider numbers in the form niga multiple of 3. Gmarks) Ne ase b Hence prove by contradiction that v3 is an irrational number. (3 marks) ®_ 8 Use proof by contradiction to prove the statement: es “There are no integer solutions to the equation rare packieet nee ee fg Caton ®) 9 Prove by contradiction that \2 is irrational. (S marks) ©® 10 This student has attempted to use proof by contradiction to show that there is no least positive rational number: ‘Assumption: There is a least positive rational number. Gees Let this least positive rational number be 1 FETTER cS As nis rational, n= # where a and B are integers analyse student 6 ‘working like this netet 028 inyour exam. The 2 o ‘question says, the Since a and b are integers, “= is a rational number that i ess than a. | FOr, so there should B only be one error in This contrackcts the statement that isthe last positive rational mmber. | the proof. Therefore, there is no least positive rational number. a Identify the error in the student's proof. (mark) b Prove by contradiction that there is no least positive rational number, (marks) 1 Write down the negation of each statement Atleast two of the above statements are false. b People in cold countries are unhappy © One quarter of the people who entered the competition won a prize. 2. Prove that if a is rational, then no single number a or b can be irrational 3 Select the statement that is the negation of “All multiples of five are odd’, A. At least one multiple of five is even, B_No multiples of five are even. CC All multiples of five are odd. 4 Prove by contradiction, that if « ~ 2h is irrational, then at least one of a and b is an irrational number. 5 _ Use proof by contradiction to show that there are no integers x and y that can satisfy the equation 3x + 18)'= 1 6 Prove by contradiction that if 1 is odd then » must be odd. Sue ead Sued 1. To prove a statement by contradiction you start by assuming itis not true. You then Use logical steps to show that this assumption leads to something impossible (either a contradiction of the assumption or a contradiction of a fact you know to be true). You can conclude that your assumption was incorrect, and the original statement was true 2 Arational number can be written as e where a and b are integers. An irrational number cannot be expressed in the form 5, where a and b are integers. After completing this chapter you should be able to: Convert an expression with linear factors in the denominator into partial fractions > pages 7-9 ers Seem e ee eennerr reer neneeeserce Convert an expression with repeated linear factors in the denominator into partial fractions > pages 10-11 Convert an improper fraction into partial fraction form » pages 12-13 . . . . . . Fully factorise: a xt45x46 b xe-5y-14 € Pure 1 Section 1 Simplify woorereeee eee re rreeree weer eeeee aero eeee seers renee were eer eeeee eae reereene DedeeeeenedoveeKe pa + ON418 xé—x-30 ae + 3x4 18 You can use partial fractions to Pure 2 Section 1.1 simplify expressions and break them into smaller parts. This is Use the factor theorem to determine very useful for analysing linear the factors of differential systems, such as a 843-43 resonant circuits in electrical be-3r44 «Pure 2 Section 13 systems, I ese Cm acy raed €%) Partial fractions = Asingle fraction with two distinct linear factors in the denominator can be split into two separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into par [7A and Bare constants to be found. fractions. er a (v+D@-4) 0 xe) x4 ‘The expression is Partial fractions are used 1 L___1____ rewritten as the sum of for binomial expansions and The denominator contains two ‘two partial fractions. insertion linear factors: (x + 1) and (x — 4) ‘There are two methods to find the constants A and B: by substitution and by equating coefficients. GES) EXD worn Split erie partial fractions by a substitution b equ: Gem @- eed x y+ 1) + B= 3) ie + 1) ex Ax +t) + Bex - 3) ~ 2:00. 3 __ éx-2 i 2 r= 3ye+) x= 3 xT Gx-2 4, #8 = Slee x- 3 e+T Ags + 1) + Bor= 3) (r= Sie + i) Age + 1) + Bex ~ 3) = Ax +d + Bx-3B (A+ Birt (4 ~ 3B) Equate coefficients of x: A+B “ Cquate constant terms: ae *. _ (eee Substitute B= 2 in(t) => 6=442 Aa4 Cea Ba) * The method of partial fractions can alsobe RIP used when there are more than two distinct linear factors in the denominator. ; 1 For example, the expression - a ay A,B. can be spit into 45 + 8 + The constants 4, Band C can again be found either by substitution or by equating coefficients. SEEN 2) SLED remisesoume 6x245v-2 _A Given that FO povk = 5 find the values of the constants A, Band C. 2xeT Gx? + 5. xix = Nex + 1) Let a eer oe nex +) Swans D+ exe-9 Gx? + Sx =0+Bx1x3+0 3B Ax(-1)x140+0 5 Gxt + Bx = 2 ° xix = 12x + 1) SoA=2,B=3 and C Pa aaa atl pair na 1. Express as partial fractions a 8x-2 2v+ ll w= 20+ e+ e 48 GED Fics ractorise the denominator. sox dx- 14 Bear + 2x-15 2 Show that =" = 5— can be written in the form 4— here A and B © 2 Show thar G=2*=S— canbe writen in the orm 4 +52 where and Bare constants to be found. (3 marks) ® 3 The expression 34 —— can be written in partial fractions as > + —# (x -4)(x + 8) 4x48 Find the values of the constants A and B. 2x? - 12x - 26 © 4 = Teas? . 4 c Given that h(x) can be expressed in the form 7 Sg find the values of A, Band C. (4 marks) =Wx2-8v+2 DB OF © 5 Given that, for x<-1 MOx+DGx=2) = bIeeT Paya? Where D, Land Fare constants, Find the values of D, E and F. (4 marks) 6 Express as partial fractions a 28a 12x = 26 =10x2 - 8v-+2 ¢ Se a1 = 32 @&+D&-DE+S x@x+DGx-2) @+DE+DE-5 ©® 7 Express as partial fractions 2 Sets} vt, QD sinissitedrnnaie Cars 5x2 = 15: BOONE Express {as a sum of fractions with linear denominators. Satie Ba) ©) Repeated factors ™ Asingle fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be split into two or more separate fractions. In this case, there is a special method for dealing with the repeated linear factor. Aand Band Care constants to be found. xto 8 A BO (= See 3P +3 (+3pP ‘The denominator contains thee linear factors: (x5), (e+ 3) and (+3). The expression is rewritten (+3) isa repeated linear factor. ‘as the sum of three partial fractions. Notice that (:=5), (c+ Band G4 37 Show that eee can be written in the form 4 +B are constants to be found, 5k s where A, Band C axel e+ ex+) WHI wae Cre _ Ale + 12x + 1) + Bx + + Cle +1 (+ 2x4) Hence Mx? + 14x +5 = Ate + 2x + 1) + Bx + 1) + Cle # 1)? (1) let x= fogaseanoxexorcet Ya7+5=an0+Bx04ex5-——— wh easnexs F 244 2AnB 24-8 4 tx? + 1 +5 “< fee Dex + 1) =f ero Cm Sod=4.8 Cm acy raed EEN 28) IED roocssoume tx © 1 "seen * Given that (x) cam be expressed in the form 4 + 8 4 —C—, find the values of A, Band C. . (4 marks) = 1x~5 wwe-Lxel +1 =D) Find the values of the constants D, Eand F such that g(x (4marks) 2x?+2x-18 _P, @ R xa-3P find the values of P, Q and R. (4marks) © 3 Given that, for x <0, where P Q and Rare constants, where C, Dand E (4.marks) “Beer t Find the values of the constants A and B such that p(x) = + = & oa (4 marks) 10x? 10s417_ A Be 6 = x3 © 6 Osha el e-3 we Find the values of the constants 4, Band C. (4marks) 39x24 2x +59 A © 7 Show that Ge 5x — HF Be written im the Form = Dp where 4, Band Care constants to be found. (4.marks) ® 8 Express as partial fractions: axl + 10x +25 a4 +x Pa atid Ba) ©) improper fractions # An improper fraction is one that is top heavy, where the power of the denominator is equal to or greater than the power of the numerator. An improper fraction can be split into partial fractions. —_— e+ Do= 1) case, dividing one by the other should produce a constant, so the form would be 4 + ‘Some fractions can be given as Since the top and bottom are both quadratics in this Bc xei*x-1 Itis similar ifthe expression is split into partial fractions. Then, by first noting the (e+ D&-1) difference in powers between numerator and denominator, this can be written in the form cD Axe BeOS ex) Express ay ‘as partial fractions, his is because a cubic over a quadratic produces a linear function. ae x Express (ga 3) #8 Partial fractions Cm acy raed _ Ax Bib ~ Me ~ 2) + Clx~ 2) + Dix 1) 3x9 = (Bx + Blox = tor = 2) + Cor 2) + Dor 1) (Bx 1+ BY 1 —2)4 C0 - 2) + DO » 1 Express as partial fractions +1 «etl = x2 xT x3 x i Cc 2 Show that [—7 sy can be written inthe form 4 + pp where 4, B and Care constants to be found. Ax + By c 3 Given that Tap canbe expressed in the form 2 + He eatin the vals of A, Band C. 4. Express as partial fractions #1 28-2 2a eas x3) © Ger) x Cc s ‘Given that [aya — 1) Catt be expressed in the form Ax + B+ find the values of A, B, Cand D. 6 Express as partial fractions 14s » Es x(x +2) (+ 2)0-2) @ B G 7 Given that [pcan be expressed in the form A+ 75 + ap eu find the values of 4, Band C. 8 Express as partial fractions 2-1 (+ 2F ator Ba) Challenge a2 Express 28 sparta factions Cer [2) 4 , ABs 1 Given that fay cam be writen in the form 4-5 + tnd the values of and B. 2 Express as partial fractions 8x +13 Box Genes) Nw ss 3. Show that [ay cay es Sas be writen inform <5 + 5 aiving the values of A,Band C. 4 Express as partial fractions 247. p ates, 2 * N04 Dx=D (F=OG-3) WF DE + 20+ 3) 3y-2 5 By first using the factor theorem to simplify the denominator, write Yeo Mx—24 partial fractions, 6 Express as partial fractions a 2 3yt1 ares) DP + Se + 6x 7 Express as partial fractions x i >= b (3+ 1) a+) 8 Given that ~ 25 can be written in the form determine the values of A and B. wee Ao yea) G43e 9 Express A as partial fractions, axa SP 10 Express as partial fractions Byo-1 vel x+4 b x+2 42 B c 11. Show that "5 can be written inthe form A + <5 +] Sap: giving the values of 4, Band C. 12. Express as partial fractions 3-0 » 2 * @+DG-2 <4 x a D 13 Given that (“Toys ean be writen as Ax + B+ 55 + Pap find the values of 4,B,C and D. Cm acy raed Peed 1 Asingle fraction with two distinct linear factors in the denominator can be split into two separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into partial fractions: 5A B @De wD 2 The method of partial fractions can also be used when there are more than two distinct linear factors in the denominator 4) z B @ (= AGe+ OG+3) (R=2 HO) +3) 3. Asingle fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be split into two or more separate fractions: 2x+9 A B c © +3" 5) +H) HHP 4 An improper algebraic fraction is one whose numerator has a degree equal to or larger than the denominator. An improper fraction must be converted to a mixed fraction before you can. express it in partial fractions. To convert an improper fraction into a mixed fraction you can use: + algebraic division + or the relationship F(x) = Qlx) x divisor + remainder REN Sean Al (x, y) PLANE Learning objectives 34 mpleting this chapter you should be able to: rt parametric equations into Cartesian form by substitution 1 parametric identities quations into Cartesian form using trigonometric, Understand and use parametric equations of curves and sket parametric ing parametric equations State the ranges of th Parametric equatic a y=in(v+i),x>0 are an alterna dina Cartesian equ They can be use¢ + Pur 64, torepresent an + Pur mth HM othen nplicated Acircle has centre (0, 4) and radius 5, Find the coordinates of the points of [Cartesian equation in intersection of the circle and the line with equation 2y ~~ 10 a simpler, and more + Pure2 Section 2. accessible, form. as ae eee ae) You can write the x- and y-coordinates of each point on a curve as functions of a third variable. This variable is called a parameter and is often represented by the letter = Acurve can be defined using parametric equations x = p(t) and y= q(t). Each value of the parameter, t, defines a point on the curve with coordinates (p(), q(1). These are the parametric equations of the curve. The domain of the parameter tells you the values of 1 you would need to substitute to find the coordinates of the points on the curve. When 231 225 and 2x2=4 Thiscaresponds tothe pin 25,4) Wen =05,x= 2281-25 andy <2 0501 Thisconespands tothe pent 25,1) ® You can convert between parametric Ca ‘A artesian equation in two equations and Cartesian equations by using substitution to eliminate the parameter. You can use the domain and range of the parametric functions to find the domain and range of the resulting Cartesian function. ™ For parametric equations x = p(t) and y = q(t) with Cartesian equation y = f(x): the domain of f(x) is the range of p(t) ‘the range of f(x) is the range of a(f) A curve has parametric equations 2 yak, Seed a Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form b State the domain and range of fx) € Sketch the curve within the given domain for 1 imensions involves the variables x and y only. SCM atc k) Ces aa MLS Cem Lees 24-3<1<3 the domain of fix) is -G where k is a constant to be found. nee) 143 So et Substitute esp Mic Natt “TeS e345 ere When ¢ = -2: x= In(t-+ 3) =Int = As increases In(t + 3) increases, 50 the range of the parametric function for x 1s x>0 The Cartesian equation is = gipero Ls ipa ee —— een) As rincreases y decrease positive, so the range of the parametric tion for pis O< p< function for pis O2 1 fxn: 2 For each of these parametric curves i. find a Cartesian equation for the curve in the form y= f(x) giving the domain on which the curve is defined ii find the range of f(x). a x=2In(S—1, 1<4 b x=In(e+3), ® 3 Acurve Cis defined by the parametric equations x= v7, y=9-), OS1-2 — +3 a Show that a Cartesian equation of this eurve i found f(x), x > k where k is a constant to be b Write down the range of fx), 8 A diagram shows a curve C with parametric equations x=N, y=P-2, 05152 a Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form y= 1G), and state the domain of f(x). (marks) ay 2 bb Show that G-= 0 when ¢=) 5 (3 marks) € Hence determine the range of f(x). (2 marks) @® 9 A curve Chas parametric equations yed-2, 1eR & Show that the Cartesian equation of Ccan be written in the form = (a~ yb = yF where « and b are integers to be determined. marks) b Write down the maximum value of the y-coordinate for any point on this curve, (2 marks) Cas a au ae) Cars You can use trigonometric identities to convert trigonometric parametric equations into Cartesian form. n this chapter you will always consider angles measured in radians. GEN) ED wren A curve has parametric equations x =sin¢+2, y=cost-3, eR a Show that a Cartesian equation of the curve is (x— 2)? + (y+ 3)? = b Hence sketch the eurve. a xasnrt2 Problem-solving So sintex-2 IF you can write expressions for sin # and cos in terms of x and y then you can use the identity sin? 1+ cos®r = 1 to eliminate the parameter, ‘€ Pure 2 Section 6.3 @ Substitute (I) and (2) into sin? 1+ coste=1 (x 2F tre 3h at bo» 3 Ea Pa aLik) Ces aa MLS Cem Lees GEEK.) BED orm ‘A curveis defined by the parametric equations Continent OB sina, -S<1 e xeseer- 3, y 142sint, 051520 Boos, y © 5 The curve C has parametric equations a Find a Cartesian equation of Cin the form y (marks) b Draw the curve C on the appropriate domain. (B marks) @® 6 Thecurve Chas parametric equations x=9cost=2, y=9sintel, ~E<1<5 ‘a Show that the Cartesian equation of Ccan be written as (wrap + (y+ oP where a, b and c are integers to be determined, (4 marks) b Draw the curve Con the given domain of # GB marks) ¢ Find the length of C. (2 marks) Challenge ‘ketch the curve given by the parametric equations on the elven domain of 1 Tee Tee Comment an the behaviour ofthe curve as approaches —1 from the positive direction and from the negative direction. ea aL Ce asst) Chapter review (>) 1 The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with, y parametric equations B x=4oos/, y=3sint, 051 <2: a Find the coordinates of the points A and B. 2 bh b The point Chas parameter f= 6 Find the exact coordinates of C. ¢ Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. 2 The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with » parametric equations xecost, ye1 a Find a Cartesian equation of this curve in the form y = f(x), x > k where k is a constant to be found in exact form. b Write down the range of f(x), leaving your answer in exact form. 4 A curve has parametric equations 2In(r+ Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 3 of f(x). f(x), and state the domain and range A circle has parametric equations x = 4sin1 - 3, a Find a Cartesian equation of the circle. b Draw a sketch of the circle deosi+5, 05 ¢ Find the exact coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle with the y-axis. 6 The curve Chas parametric equations -3 342 Tee "Tar OStS4 a Show that the curve Cis part of a straight line, (3 marks) b Find the length of this line segment. (2 marks) as ae eee ae) © 7 Acurve C has parametric equations o=rs2 a Find the Cartesian equation of Cin the form y b State the domain and range of y= f(x) in the given domain of © Sketch the curve in the given domain of GP) 8 A curve Chas parametric equations x=2cost, y=2sins—5, 0 a Show that the curve C forms part of a circle b Sketch the curve in the given domain of ¢ Find the length of the curve in the given domain of iP) 9 The curve Chas parametric equations -20, a Find a Cartesian equation of Cin the form y= fix) b Sketch the curve C. Pee 1 Acurve can be defined using parametric equations x= p(e) and y Each value of the parameter 1, defines a point on the curve with coordinates (p(0) q() (3 marks) (3 marks) @ marks) (GB marks) GB marks) (GB marks) (3 marks) (GB marks) 2 You can convert between parametric equations and Cartesian equations by using substitution to eliminate the parameter. 3. For parametric equations x = p(t) and y = q(t) with Cartesian equation y = flx) + the domain of f(x) is the range of p() + the range of f(x) is the range of q() > Tae. , rene f ASH) er & ae ist leting this chapter you should be able ind (1 +.x)" for nal constant n and mine the range of values. which the expansion is valid > pages 31-34 Expand (a + bx)" ational constant n and determine the range of values of x for which the > pages 36-38 pattial fractions to expand fractional expres: > pages 40-41 Expand the following expressions in powers of x up to and including the term in x? aa4+s: bE ynomial approximations for express involving fractional and negative indict mations fields in an MRI + Pure 4 Sections scanner, ETE US) ate) Expanding (1+ x)" If is a natural number you can find the binomial expansion for (a + bx)" using the formula: My ty , (nage m DD there aren +1 (a+ by =a" + (Tab (Sab + + (ab +... #6", EN) terms, so this Formula produces a finite ifm isa fraction or a negative number you need to use a different ‘umber of terms. version of the binomial expansion. =T form of the binomial expansion can be applied to negative or fractional values of m to obtain an infinite series. a(n) MOR DORD ayy, (MOD: mr D)g Wl Py 2 3 = The expansion is valid when |x| < 1,7 € R (Q+ayfel+ar+ ‘When nis not a natural number, none of the factors in the expression m~ 1) ... (n= r+ 1) are equal to zero. This means that this version of the binomial expansion produces an infinite number of terms. EI 2) LE vvoatcr soume Find the first four terms in the binomial expansion of 1 Ts = (+x) (1-2)x2 att opr 4g CMAN Bins 3i aise = The expansion of (1 + 5x)", where m is negative or a fraction, is valid for |bx| < 1, or |x|

    You might also like