PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL ga ePublohes by Pearson Eaueston Linaed, 0 Stand London, WO2R ORL, wa pearsenglobaechoos com Copies ofl spetcatons fora Person cuafctons may be ound on the ‘wate pe /quicatons person com Tet © Pearson Ecucation Ltd 2018 Denied by © Poetzon Easton Lined 2018 ‘petal by © Tech Set i, Gatesoaa, UK (rig tuations © Person Escalon Line 2018, Iataled by © TachSet is, Gateshead, UK ‘Cover design by © Parson Eeuraton eid 2018 “Te ight of rug Attwood, Jack Baraclough lan Batson, Gordon Davie, Kate Gals, Oana Goldberg, Aisa Macpherson. ana Kho Bronwen More, ‘Su Nehoton, Dane Olver Joo Porn, Kath Pied, Cong San, Joe Sakowe, Hany Smith Gao Sno, Robert WarcPenry end Dave Wk fo beefed ‘2 the authors af his work have wan suerte by them naccowaree wi te ‘Cepyriht, Oosans and Pans Act 186, Frotpublahes 2018 aia 50907654921 Bt Library Gatalogurg i Publi Data ‘Acallogue recor forts books avlable fom the Bish Liay Isen ore 1200044702 Copyright notice ‘Argh ase. 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Pinte by Neograa Siovekia Picture cregie Trepublchar wou tke othank the flowing for hind parison reproduce thr ptographe ‘Aomy Stock Phot: anus 36: Getty Images: Gal 150, Hegle and Sects 18, ‘nvamon 1 NASA: 170 Science Photo Library Lid: Ck EXPERIMENT, CERW 57 ‘Cover images: Frnt: Getty mages: ena Van Sean bride tent cover Shterstock com: Dry Labarey ‘At ethe lngoue © Pouson Esucaton ‘Alarwork Pearson Education Endorsement Statement irre o ensure Wat hs rscurce flr igh quay support or the sna ‘Parson qutiation tna bon ough a review proces bythe sarang oy ‘Ths proces confine that ie esoucs uly cover he eacing an ean content ofthe specfeston ar part ofa speccatn a which iis amed also Conf that darorstates a appro balarce between the develope ‘of subj sh, Knowledge and understanding, nadine preparation fer Endorsement det not covet any gudence on sesentmant actus of procescas (©3.prctice auscions er advo on how to answer asseasont questo) Ince the resource, nor oes preset ary particle speach fo he Iwaching or daar ofa ltd couse. ito the pubishers have made every atom to ensure that advice onthe ‘altcaion and ts aeeearent es accuria, e oftcalspectaton and ‘beosatadsssostmert gadarca raters eta onyaumortatve source ‘etomation ana encud aways be rere for otinave guidance, ‘xamnaten paper or whieh hay have esponsb ‘Examiners wi ot ee endorsad resources 2 sure of mst or ny sbsesrent el by Pasta Enos ofa tence Gaus ea thal he ‘esau i required oacheve this Pereon quiet, ror desi rmean att 'sthe on sutaberateral avaiable to suppor the aualfisatin, and any resource Se protien byte awa boys ce hea ob aesCoy COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 1 2 QUADRATICS 18 3 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 36 4 GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 57 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS 85 6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 104 7 RADIANS 133 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 9 INTEGRATION 170 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181 EXAM PRACTICE 185 GLOSSARY 187 ANSWERS 190 INDEX 222iv COURSE STRUCTURE CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 GRAPHS AND EXPRESSIONS 1 TRANSFORMATIONS 57 1.1 INDEX LAWS. 2 4.1 CUBIC GRAPHS 58 1.2 EXPANDING BRACKETS 4 4.2 RECIPROCAL GRAPHS 62 1.3 FACTORISING 6 4.3 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 63 1.4 NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL 4.4 TRANSLATING GRAPHS 67 INDICES, 9 4.5 STRETCHING GRAPHS 7 1.5 SURDS 12 4.6 TRANSFORMING FUNCTIONS 75 1.6 RATIONALISING DENOMINATORS == 13 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 78 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 15 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 CHAPTER 2 QUADRATICS 18 2.1 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 19 HAPTER 5 STRAIGHT LINE 2.2 COMPLETING THE SQUARE 2 2.3 FUNCTIONS 25 GRAPHS 85 2.4 QUADRATIC GRAPHS 2 Bly =mxte 86 2.5 THE DISCRIMINANT 30 5.2 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES 89 CHAPTER REVIEW 2 33 53 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES 93 5.4 LENGTH AND AREA 96 CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS AND CHAPTER REVIEW 5 99 INEQUALITIES 36 an ay CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC 3.2 QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS RATIOS 404 EQUATIONS go 6-1 THE COSINE RULE 105 6.2 THE SINE RULE 410 33 SIMUTANEDUS EQUATIONS ON ap S3AREAS OF TANGLES no 3.4 LINEAR INEQUALITIES 44 a eons TRANGLE PROBLEMS 118 3.5 QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 45 8S GRIPHSOF SINE im Se MNES ON GRAPHS > 6.6 TRANSFORMING TRIGONOMETRIC 3.7 REGIONS 51 7 cnarns os CHAPTER REVIEW 3 54 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 129Gls Gan CHAPTER 7 RADIANS 133 7.1 RADIAN MEASURE 134 7.2 ARC LENGTH 135 7.3 AREAS OF SECTORS AND ‘SEGMENTS 139 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 145 CHAPTER 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 8.1 GRADIENTS OF CURVES 151 8.2 FINDING THE DERIVATIVE 154 8.3 DIFFERENTIATING x° 157 8.4 DIFFERENTIATING QUADRATICS 159 8.5 DIFFERENTIATING FUNCTIONS WITH TWO OR MORE TERMS 161 8.6 GRADIENTS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS: 163 8.7 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES 165 CHAPTER REVIEW 8 167 CHAPTER 9INTEGRATION 170 9.1 INTEGRATING x* 71 9.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS, 173 9.3 FINDING FUNCTIONS 176 CHAPTER REVIEW 9 178 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, 50 they can be applied alongside your learning, 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle ‘+ Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated cr specify the problem } into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interprets a + Challenge questions provide extra stretch Ue J 3. Transferable skills repretem information + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing, Finding your way around the book Ps eg a0 Vi") Se Pe NaLSS Each chapters mapped tothe specticaton canton for 225) reference Each chapter stats witha stot Learning objectives “The Por knowledge cheek helps make sie you ar reagy to star tho chapter ‘The real weld applications of Glossary terms willbe : the maths you are about to eam ‘dort by bod Boe to as engrigedatthe sate onthe spnesrnce a SerCLL e ci Sepbystep wored | fxamples focus on the| ay types of questions you'll need to tackle Tanteabe aeae signposted where they returaly ocour inthe exercises and exams recise questions are careful graded 0 they increase in diicuty and gradually ‘bring you up to exam starware ‘wth exam tye ‘Questions to enue you 110 ready for the exams ‘roblem solving boxes prod hints, : tips and strategies, and Watch out Exam-style questions boxes night areas were students are flaggedwith ©) en oso marks in thoi exame Problem-solving ‘questions are flagged Each chapter ends witha Ghapter review with @ anda Surmary of hey pants After every few chapters, a Review exercise helps you coneolste your learning with lots of xam-siyle queetions Exam practice Mathematics Interaticnal Advanced Subsidiary ‘Advanced Level Pare Mathematics 1 [Atul practice paper atthe back of the ‘book helps you prepare forthe real thingviii QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 1 (P1) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Mathematics International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, Co valablty Pl: PureMathematics1 | 335 46of!AS.—_ 75 1 hour30mins | January, june and October Paper code WMA11/01 163% of AL First assessment January 2019 1S - International Advanced Subsidiary, IAL- International Advanced A Level Assessment objectives and weightings Ea Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques in a 20% | varity of contents. 20% “Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proafs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form. Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent. ‘403. | situations inthe eal world; recognise and understand given representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms ofthe orignal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. ‘Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics use the results of ‘404, | calculations to make predictions, or comment onthe context; and, where appropriate, read 5% ritically and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples af applications. Use contemporary calculator technology and other permitted resources (uch as formulae 805 | booklets or statistical tables) accurately and ficiently understand when not to use such 3% technology, and its imitations. Give answers to appropriate accuracy. 30% 10%Cee EU SSeS uy aN ay Relationship of assessment objectives to units ‘Assessment objective Marks out of 75 30-35 25-30 5-15 5-10 +5 % ue Bho 20 qa ee Calculators Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements outlined below. Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least the following keys: +,— x, vx, 4,» lm.x, ex sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and in radians; memory. Prohibitions Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations: + databanks + retrieval of text or formulae + built-in symbolic algebra manipulations + symbolic differentiation and/or integration + language translators + communication with other machines or the interneten ele @ Extra ontine content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides worked solutions for questions in the book. Download all the solutions as a POF or quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding. Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio resources for a graphic calculator. EDD nine sintcrnesecion Ga ES srophically using technology. GeeoGebra GeoGebra-powered interactives CASIO. Graphic calculator interactives \ TEKE]!Show coordinates Interact with the maths you are learning, using GeoGebrals easy-to-use tools Explore the maths you are learning and gain confidence in using a graphic calculator Calculator tutorials Our helpful video tutorials will guide you through how to use your calculator in the exams. They cover both Casios scientific and colour graphic calculators ae Detkaa Finding the value of the first derivative to access the function pres: G@aw) @ Gar) @ \ CLD Wena eSNG E sep matey gute wehavdoinsrctns the *C, and power functions on your calculator. fon exactly which buttons to press and what should appear on your calculator's screen1 ALGEBRAIC + a ass he | h Ls eed After completing this chapter you should be able to: ‘© Multiply and divide integer powers + pages2 ‘© Expandaa single term over brackets and collect like terms pages 2-6 Expand the product of two or three expressions > pages 4-6 Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions + pages 6-9 know and use the laws of indices > pages 9-11 Simplify and use the rules of surds ~ pages 12-13 Rationalise denoming “> pages 13-15 2men + min? 3m 243x2-Tx-12 + International GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2 a2 b a#22 < @ + International GCSE Mathematics b 5(2-3n) + International GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of: a 24and16 b 6vand ax? Computer scientists use indi to describe very large number Agquantum computer with 1000 ‘Simplify: qubits (quantum bits) can consider a 10x 40x 210 values simultaneously. This is 5 greater than the number of partic + International GCSE Mathematics e universe 4xy2and 3xy + International GCSE MathematicsPat ai me sea Gils BD index taws ® You can use the laws + anxareanen + ameaaann { Notation J er [This isthe inde, » (aya e power or exponent. (aby abe Se Simplify these expressions: a xx b 2Px3n cd os3e ec @Px2e Geax = 2xxt = 2? © a)? x 202 = a? x 242 = 2x ae xa? = 2a Watch out Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: basal a -3x(7x-4) b PG-2y) © 4xGQx= 28+ Sx) d- 2x(5v-4+3)-SOQ0 +3)Versa} Caton 2 -Bx(7x~ 4) = -21ae + 12 by - 2p y? — By" © 4x3x~ 2x? + 53°) = 12x¢ - 8x8 + 20x4 4 2x(5x+ 3) — 5(2x4 3) = 10x? + Gx-10x- 15, | | Em Simplify these expressions: Sextet oet 20x? + 153 ” 2 oe 20x? + 15x _ 20x7 5x? 5x? = Ax?-2 4 3x3“? = Ax? + 3x ETE) wore 1_ Simplify these expressions: axe b 2x x 3x7 ap 3x3 dege eS g 10x5+ 2x h (py 2a i 8p ap ke 2at x 38 m 9x x 2) 3x4 x Da? x dx 0 Ta x Gat? P p3p + 295 4 2a = 3a? x 6a Fat x 2a xaCae aio) es SS 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a x -2) b x(e+9) © -394-3y) d x45) fe -xGx+5) F Swede + 1) g (x4 Spx h -3(5 25°) i -2x(5 - 4) i Gx-5x? k 30+2)4(00-7) 1 5x-6-Gx-2) md(c+3d?)-3Q2e4d?) ow (+30 +9)- QP 432-4) © xx? 2n +5) p Ty'Q-5y+3p3) 4 295 - y+ 34) F Hx =2) 4304 4) - Ole = 2) s 5x =34= 21) +6 tf Bx-aG— aye? ow Axe 3)—2xGe-7)—y 32x41)-SVGr-4) 3. Simplify these fractions: @®) expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression, Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. (x= 2p +3) + 5thx=2y +3) 2 Ay + 3x + 20x — 10y + 15 a2 Ax + 23 10) +15 Simplify your answer by collecting EEE) ED em Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: ike terms, a (x4 S)(x+2) b (x— 2p)? +1) © (xP d (x4 y)Gx-2p- 4)ag ey Caton xe = Duy Ax + Bay = 2p? = Ay x2 xy = Ax ~ By? = Ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a xx 430-7) b x(5x ~3y)(2x-y +4) © (ert 3) a x2x+ Sie 7) —— ESgesecosr Bxy2x - y +4) w(2x - y + 4) - Bxyl2x-y + 4) xy + 20x? + 3xy? - 12xy € (x= Ally + 3x + 1h in? = x ~ 12x +1) elu + 1) ae + 1) 1260 + 1) =x 12x - 12 smarsemon 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 4x47) b (v= 30 +2) © (x= 2" a (2x43) © (r+ 34r= 9) £ Qx- 48x49) & Qx-3)(r-4) h Gr t2y7F 1 2x4 82x43) i (+ 5)2x43y-5) ke =NGx=4y-5) 1 (v= 4 ty +5) m (x +2y- Ie +3) n Qxt2y 43x46) 0 (4-yi4y-x+3) Py + 5)Gx-y42) @ Gy=2x43)0-4) or y= x= 215-9)6 CHAPTER 1 es SS 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a Sir+De-4) b T= 22e+5) © 30x 3)r-3) @ x= NO+y) © xx + yIGx +4) fT yex- Sore gy 2)(4e-+ 2) h (7 -x)2x-5) i xQx+3)Sx-2) J ale + 2 + 3y-4) kQx+y-DO+5) 1 yGx+2y-9Qr+1) mx(Qx+3)@+y=5) mn 2xGx-YAx-y=3) 0 3x(v=2y)2x43y+5) p(t 304 e+ 1) GF DUX= HOF) (WF 3)OX- Hw 5) 8 (8=5)lx= Ale = 3) £ Qx+ DO= 2041 w Qx+9Gx=DE+2) ¥ Gx=2Qr+DBx-2) wOetyX-MA-1 x Ox-3yP ©® 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. The rectangle has length 3x — y+ 4 and width x + 7, Use the same strategy as you would use The square has side length x — 2. 2 Find an expanded and simplified expression iste lanes were et ss a for the area shaded green, scm x+7 Toon Beaped ©® 4 A cuboid has dimensions (x + 2)om, 22x Iyem and 2x + 3)em, Show that the volume of the cuboid is (4x? + 12x? + Sx 6)em’, GP) 5 Given that (2x + 5yN3x- 2x + y) = ax? + bxty + oxy? + dy, where a, , ¢ and d are constants, find the values of a, 6, ¢ and d. (2 marks) cs Expand and simplify (+334. @®) Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. | ipanaing rakes * Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. axle 4 y) = 2 + oxy (r+ 5)? =29 + 15x? + 75x + 125 (x + 2))(e=5y) =? = 3xy— 109? rngey Caton g = GEE ©) ED mss Factorise these expressions completely: a arto b xt-5x © 82 +20x d 9x2y+ Say? @ 3x27 Oxy a ax4s = 3+ 3) b xt -Sxe aly -5) | © Bx? + 20x= 4xl2x + 5) | 4 Oxy + 1Bxp? = Bxyx + Sy) © 3x? - Sxy= 3x(x - 39) | Aquadratic expression has the form EEE eat numbers are all the positive and ax? + bx + ewhere a, b and care real negative numbers, of zero, including fractions. numbers and a0, and surds. To factorise a quadratic expressior + Find two factors of ac that add up to b Rare copressonex ex Bia + Rewrite the b term as a sum of these 2e-e+6x-3 ‘two factors + Factorise each pair of terms = xf2x—1) +3(2x-1) + Take out the common factor- = (2x-1)(r+3) + yey) CEEIED én expression inthe form x? = 9? is called the difference of two squares. Factorise: ae Sy-6 b xt+6x48 ¢ 6¢-1lx-10 d 2-25 1x6 ayiy = (r+ M-6)8 CHAPTER 1 bxt+6x+8 x4 2K 44x48 x(x + 2) 4 4(x + 23 = (x + 20+ 4) © Gx*~ Mx 10 6x° - 15x + 4x —10 = Sxlx ~ 5) + 2124 ~ 5) ——— = (2x ~ 53x + 2) 4x8 = 25 tee y+ 5x — 5) ce Ax ~ aye = (2x + 3yi(2x - 3y) Factorise completely: a P-2xt bh x8 = 25y © 8 43x2- 10: xix + SYee = 5) © 39 + Bx? ~ 10x = x(x? + 3x — 10) = x(e# Site 2) EE vous sume 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a de+8 b 6x -2 dws © 40420 g ote hv 44x J 62-26 Loy? Sy mx? 42x 3°42) p 5° 20y 4 oxy + 12 8 Sx? 25xy t 12x + 8x92 y 18-30 woytaay Piers Gs) © 2x+15 f 6x2- 180, i 3x-x 1 3532= 28x © 4x24 12x Gab 2ab? wu Isp ~ 20y: x lay? 4yxSG} Caton 2 Factorise: a tedy @ 8480412 gS +6 » lox+3 0 Wt4Iy-15 qe-4 s 4x v 28-50 j sex m 5x’ n 6x p 2xt+ 1244 3 Factorise completely a 42x a 8-9e g 8-7 46x j 2x + 13x2+ 15x k S-4y ©) 4 Factorise completely x — y* (2 marks) © 5 Factorise completely 6x3 + 7x? — Sx. (2marks) crs Write 4x*— 13x2 + 9 as the product of four linear factors. © Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. © e+ lly +24 f e-8x412 i x?-3x-10 13x24 1ox-8 GED rorparen take 2 outasa common factor first. For part p, let u 36x74 x 15x? #42x-9 5x x84 Ux? + 30x 2x} = 5x2 = 3 13x84 2757 + 60x Problem-solving Watch out for terms that can be written asa function of a function, for example: w= (°F. CEEED ationat numbers are those that can be written as 5 where and bare integers, and 20. CEEED 2 iaistne positive square root of u For example: 919 =3, but ie 3,SUH ate eR Ne ais Ue) Simplify: ass bax ey d 2x egv0s —e V25xE EXD wercin Evaluate: a9 b 64! © 49 @ 252 A —O— Bp Reseee Caton "1 Given that y = 7gx°, express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants, ay bay ETE rroc.ew-soune 1 Simplify bos e Oi hoses Kk (xP x GR) 2 Evaluate, without using your calculator: a 25! bse a4? eot 2 (3° h 12965 i @ KS 3 Simplify: i 5x3 -2x? ine Seba 2x? a (64x!) bers 4.4) * Ge) © 4 4 Find the value of 81% b Simplify x(2x-)}, nen ‘Check that your answers are in the correct form, IF cand m are constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. ext fx byt Bxtx Das Ox © 5 Given that y 13, express each of the following in the form kx", where k and are constants. ayt bye : tax © (125x2) ae 9x2 = 1535 4 Sete ae T5x? (1 marky marks) (2 marks) marks)Sat es SS @® surds fm is an integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of yt is called a surd. Examples of surds are v2, \19 and 5:2. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. CELE rrotional numbers cannot be written The decimal expansion of a su never-ending in the form ¢ where « and bare integers. and never repeats, for example 2 = 1.414213562... You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. ™ You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab =Va xb @ va \b vb ‘Simplify: a Vid © 5v6 — 2/34 + 204 © SiG ~ 2124 + B04 = SG - 2G x V4 4G x aD 316 - 214 + JAB) = 6G -2%247) =e) = 61ea Gs) Caton rouse Expand and simplify if possible: a v2(5-v3) bQ-% + a 25-13) sv — V2V Do not use your calculator for this exerci 1 Simplify: a 2B b 72 © 50 a2 © 90 £ 2 b 20-80 i 200 + 18-72 j 17S + 63 + 2038 Kk 28-263 +7, 1 BO-220 +345 m 3V80 ~ 220 + 543 " = 0 VI2 + 048 +75, 2 Expand and simplily if possible: a V3(2+V3) b V353-V3) © /24-V5) d 2-1/2)3 +5) @ (2-V3)G-7) f (44)5)2+V5) g S-VIL-V) bh @4y32-V3) i @-/T@+T) © 3 Simplity 12 giving your answer in the form ay3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) RD Rationalising denominators is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the is called rationalising the denominator. = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -1., multiply the numerator and denominator by va. + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by (a — vb). ae + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and den¢ tor by (a + vb). 13eat es SS Rationalise the denominator: —_— 1 (4 4 208) (= 23)4 + 2:3) . 4428 16 + 8/3 ~~ 12.GEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS Pia e GSE) ED ows ‘Do not use your calculator for this exercise. 1 Simplify: L 1 at et 5 2 ea * 156 1 245 5 = he Boe BF v1 +29 2-8 v7 +i aT 29 Y 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplily: 1 1 bt. * Go ap (+5P L ete 6+1DG-.3) Fsiving your answer inthe G®) 4 Simplity: = form p + q\’5, where p and g are rational roe ala Sl © G-2F 12 (3=V3)(2 +3) Sen You can check that your answer's in the correct form by writing down the values of p and y and checking that they are rational numbers. numbers. (4 marks) CER 1) IEE ecco ncn 1 Simplify: ay xy b ast 28 2 Expand and simplify if possible a (x +3)(0-5) b Qx-NGx+1) 3 Expand and simplify if possible: a xe )e=D) b (e+ 26-3) +7) 4 Expand the brackets: a Sy 44) b S8G-Sx +207) © Sx(2x+3)=2x(1 = 3) AF x 3 x bt © (2x4 5)Gx-y+2) © (2x4 3)e-2Gx- 1) @ 32° # 3x) = 2x30 -2) PrSC ata es SS 5 _Factorise these expressions completely: a Sv+dy b 4y* + Lop ev taytay? di 8xy? + LOx*y 6 Factorise: a eave? b 3x2 + 6x © at- 2x35 dQ? y-3 e Sx2-13x-6 fF 6~ Sx 7 Factorise: a 2x? + 6x b 8 - 36x © 2x) + 7x2 = 15x 8 Simplify a Ont s 3x9 bay © 3x? x Dt d 3x) 56x) 9 Evaluate, without using your calculator: 8\ 225)* a (3) » Ge) 10. Simplify, without using your calculator: a b 204285 ~80 v3 11a Find the value of 3532 + 2x — 48 when x= 25, b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors, 12. Expand and simplify if possible, without using your calculator: a 124.5) b (2-s5\S+413) © (6-24-17) 13, Rationalise the denominator and simplify: 3 33-37 1 ‘= a e 3-2 3487 Q+ap 1 3 14 Donot use your calculator for this question. a Given that x9 = x? = 17x = 15 = (x + 3)(2? + bx +), where b and c are constants, work out the values of b and c. b Hence, fully factorise x3 = x? = 17-15. © 15 Given that y= yx°, express each of the following inthe form kv", where k and » are constants, ayt (1 mark) bay (1 mark) ©) 16 Show that Tp ca be written in the form vi + Vb, where a and b are integers. (6 marks) © 17 Expand and simplify (TT ~ 5)(5- VTT), without using your calculator. (marks) © 18 Factorise completely x — 64x (3 marks) 19 Express 27**! in the form 3°, stating y in terms of x. (2 marks)SG} Caton GP) 2 Solve the equation 8 + wT. Give your answer in the form avb, where a and b are integers. (marks) ©® 21 Donot use your calculator for this question. A rectangle has a length of (1 + 3)em and area of I en Calculate the width of the rectangle in em, Express your answer in the form a + by3, where a and 6 are integers to be found. (2- va 1 : Show that ean be written as 4x! 4+ x! (2 marks) Given that 2433 = 3°, find the value of a. (Bmarks) ax3 +x. Given that ‘ean be written in the form 4x +.x!, write down the value of a and the value of b. (2 marks) a Simplify la + \B)(va —\B). 1 1 i 1 b Hence show that —+ 1 _,_1_, ,_1__, We 243 3+ vee + 25 Bimbo dus 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. satxatan sdtsaaan" + (ay = am + Gabyr= an 2 Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 3. Aquadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + e where a, band c are real numbers and «#0. & -P = (xt y)-y) 5. You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. : + ah vanes, Br 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: _ ‘aperalet el 2a lab = Va x Vb a 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -—, multiply the numerator and denominator by va, + For fractions in the form Fa multiply the numerator and denominator by (a - vb). aty + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by (a + vb). ay raoY Learning objectives ‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square > pages 19-26 Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions “> pages 25-27 Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function > poges 27-30 Find and interpret the discriminant quadratic expression “> pages 30-32 Solve the following equations: -4 — b 5(x+3)=6(2x—1) d (8) = 64 ‘€ International GCSE Mathematics the following expressions: a 48x45 b x¢+3x-10 © 3x2 Lax -5 2-400 section 13 ‘Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes: a y=3x-6 b y=10-2x € #2y=18 dy=e ‘International GCSE Mathematies Solve the following inequalities: axe8 o> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. ‘The two areas shaded blue are the same. ae 4 by {Example @) eran Complete the quae fr the expressions Se AE a a a x4 8x b x-3x © 2-126 2x2 + x= (xe aye — 42 S44) 16 | ye_@ b x8 - 3r=(x- 2) -@) | =(x- ¢ 2x? = 1ax= 20 - 6x) = 2x - 39° - = 2x - 3 - 9) = 2x - 3F 18US raed saxtsbeve=a(xeh ‘Write 3x2 + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, ¢ and r are integers to be found, Cans Bx2 + Gx +1 = Bix? + 2x) +1 = Bee 1-41 3x4 1-341 = 3x4 1-2 2. Sop GREENS ED errs 1 Complete the square for these expressions: axvtdy bxwt-6x ¢ x= 16x q=landr dxetx 2 Complete the square for these expressions: a 2e+16x b 3x- Ay © 5x24 20x d 2? Sy e t= 14x e 8y-2y GD in crestionsa, write the expression as 4x2 — 16x + 10 then take a factor of ~4 out ofthe first two terms to get -4(x? + 4x) +10, 3 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? +r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: aQw+8rt1 — b Sx 1Se43 € 3242-1 © So constants to be determined, Kus d 10-16x- 4 Given that x2 + 3x +6 = (x +a)? + b, find the values of the constants a and b. Solve the equation 2° + 8x + 10=0 by completing the square, Give your answers in surd form. 4x? @ 2v-8x2 +10 (2 marks) 5 Write 2+ 0.81 ~ 0.04y? in the form 4 ~ B(x + C), where A, Band Care (3 marks) Pmati CS ex Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x + 7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form, Bn 2x2 8x +7 oiece ‘This is an equation so you can divide every term a: by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its oe ‘own, The right-hand side is Oso it is unchanged (e222 = 2% w-2Fe} x2 So the roots are 24+ hand GEEDD vie your catesatorio check fa ‘Solutions to quadratic equations quickly. CSE ?D) EID ws me eee 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, aee6rtl=0 9 bxte2v+3=0 © P+4y-2=0 @ P= 10v=5 2 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. a 2x+6x-3=20 © bSx+8x-2=0 © 4x?=-8=0 15 -6x- 25? © 3 w= 1441 = (x +p)? +g, where pand g are constants, a Find the values of p and g. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation 22 = Lx + 1 = O can be written in the form r + s)3, where r and s are constants to be found. (2 marks) 4. By completing the square, show that the solutions to Geen 7 i the equation x? + 2bx + ¢= 0 are given by the formula RST Rae sereee et ne aa bey (4 marks) Ifthe coefficients were numbers, Challenge ‘a Show that the solutions to the equation ax? + 2hx + ¢= 0 are given by x =~ 8 + P= ae, GED stare by aividing the whole « equation by a. bb Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx +.e=O.can be written as GED toucan use this method to Semana prove the quadratic formula, 2a Section 2.1US raed ©) Functions ‘A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of i toa single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a func ' The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domai "The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = x? maps five values in its domain to values in its range. ™ The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. The functions f and gare given by flx)= 2x — 10 CED the inpurors function and go) =32-9,.xER. ‘scan be any real number, then the a Find the values of f(5) and g(10). domain can be written as.x € R. b Find the value of x for which f(x) = a(x). The symbol © means is a member of and the symbol R. represents the set of real numbers. a {(5) = 25) -10=10-10=0 g(t) = (1 1 ‘The function f is defined as f(x) = x? + 6x ~ 5, x ER. a Write fx) in the form (x + py +g. b Hence, o otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form € Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of » for which it occurs. a fix) w+ 3" -14 +3" f(x) has two roots: -3 +14 and ~3 — Vid.Pali CS e&+3F=0 So the minimum v of f(x) is “14. This occurs when (x + 3) 3. | Find the roots of the function f(x) = x4 + 7x8, x ER. (x3)? + 703) - 8 =O: (x? - Na? + 8) =O fia) can be written as a function of a function. ‘The only powers of x in f(x) are 6, 3 and 0 so you can write it as a quadratic function of x2 f(x) = x8 + 7x9 - B (8) + 7x3) - 8 (u— N)(u + 8) So when f(x) = O,u= 1 or w= 6. -6>x% > x The roots of fx) are 1 and -2. EXD wornciox 1 Using the functions f(x) = Sx +3, e(x) = 2and h(x) = + 1, find the values of: afl) b 9G) © his) a f.5) e f hel) gfd+22) hb MO)+ e+) i Be ©® 2 The function fix) is defined by f(x) =a - 2x, wER. Sees Given that fa) = 8, find two possible values for a. einer 3 Find all the roots of the following functions: cee Sree ou 0= 15x b g(x) = (e+ 9x2) © h(x) =x? + 6x-40 44 — 32 e kaart MHI) f moar + Sx8- 24xCU raed 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) Find the two values of x for which p(x) = q(a). 3y and q(x) = 2v- 6.xER. on The functions f and g are given by fix) = 2x? + 30x and go) = 172, ¥ER, Find the three values of » for which f(x) = g(x), © 6 The function f is defined as fix: a. Write f(x) in the form (x +p + q, where p and g are constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the ‘minimum value of fi). (mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a fixy=xt 49x #8 vene+ iD iieanaanin © h(x) = 27x + 26x - 1 32x! - 33x54 1 part b has four roots. e K(x) - We +10 2nd 4 2eh 12 GP) 8 The function f is defined as fix: 3* = 2839 +27,.xER, Genes a Write f(x) in the form (3° ~ a)(3* =), where a and b are real constants. Cmts) b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) - @ Quadratic graphs When fix) = ax? + bx + c the graph of y = flx) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x? determines the overall shape of the graph. When ais positive, the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative, the parabola will have this shape: /\\ @ The graph crosses the y-axis when x =0. The p-coordinate i equal to @ The graph crosses the x-axis when y =0. The x coordinates are rots of the function f(s) ‘@ Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum, Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning point and line of symmetry are half-way between the two roots # You can find the coordinates of the turing point, ‘of a quadratic graph by completing the square. IF Fox) = a+ p)? + gs the graph of y= fa) has a turning point at (-p, q). DD tie eophoty ate ent eas 2 ucallon of the raph of ee (| enermati CS EE) BD vorcn Sketch the graph of y = x2 - Sx +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. Ae a= 115 postive, the araph has a \/ share and/a misiram pod When x = 0, » = 4, 20 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 4). When y =O, y2-5x44=0 x-axis at (1, O) and (4, O). 5, Watch out Alternatively, the minimum occurs when xis half-way bebween 1 and 4, soxatttag Yusx(Q+4 20 the minimum hae coordinates ( The sketch of the graph is:CTT raed Sketch the graph of y = 4x — 2x? ~ 3. Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the equation of its line of symmetry. As a= 2 Io negative, the graph has a /\ shape aida maamum pont Aa crosses the y-axis at (0, -3). -2x? + 4x-3=0. Using the quadratic formula, 2 x(-2) 4 There are no real solutions, 90 the graph does not cross the x-axis, Completing the square: 2x2 + Ax = 3 So the maximum point has coordinates 0. The line of symmetry is vertical and goes through the maximum point. It hae the equation x= 1. Cans Patid CS GEE?) EID ws 1. Sketch the graphs of the following equations. For each graph, show the coordinates of the point(s) ‘where the graph crosses the coordinate axes, and write down the coordinates of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry. 6x48 M+2v-15 ey Iwedet lO gy 5x2 + 0.20 + 0.02 24 3x42 6x2 = 19x +10 dy Qe+Iv-15 hy ©® 2 These sketches are graphs of quadratic functions of the form ax? + bx + c Find the values of a, and ¢ for each function. Geman Check your answers by substituting values into the function. In part e the graph passes through (0, ~18), so (0) should be -18. GP) 3 The graph of y = ax? + bx + ¢ has a minimum at (5, ~3) and passes through (4, 0). Find the values of a, band c (3 marks) ©) The discriminant Ifyou square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that if is negative, cannot be a real number, Look at the quadre formula: oe IF the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be ya cba ae 2 real number and there are no real solutions. f the value under ea the square root is equal to 0, both solutions will be the same. ' For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the expression b? — 4ac is called the discriminant. ‘The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If — 4ac> O then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + FF? 4ac=0 then f(a) has one repeated root. + IED ac <0 then f(x) has no real roots.US You can use the di Below are some graphs of y a>0 sac >0 Two distinct real roots » a rome soerne f(x) = 22 + kx +9 has equal roots. Bee Use the condition given in the question to write a 0. statement about the discriminant. Find the values of k for which x +kx+9=0 Herea=1,b=kande=9 For equal roots, b? ~ 4ac k-4x1x9=0 k2-36=0 236 50k =46 Find the range of values of & for which x? + 4x + x4 4xtk=0 Here a= 1,b = 4 and e=k. For two real solutions, b2 — 4x1 xk>O 16 - 4k >0 16 > 4k 4>k Sok<4 Aac > 0. 0) has two distinet real solutions. ENaloe CS a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions: f fyyaxt+ 8x43 Hh g(x)=2x?- 3044 iit hw iv jy se - 8x4 16 Vv k(x) = 23x24 1b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs, at AMY =v 47e-3 2 Find the values of k for which 2° + 6x + k= 0 has two real s (2 marks) 3 Find the value of # for which 2x? ~ 3x-+ 1 = 0 has exacly one solution 2 marks) 4 Given that the function f(x) =sx° + 8x + y has equal roots, find the value of the positive constant s (2 marks) 5 Find the range of values of k for which 3x?~ 4x + &-=0 has no real solutions, (2 marks) 6 The function g(x) =x? + 3px + (14p ~ 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. Find the value of p. (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x? + 3px + (14p ~ 3) = 0. (2 marks) GP) 7 h(x) = 28° + (k+4)x + k, where kis a real constant. a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) _ fa question part says ‘hence or b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct otherwise’ itis usually easier to use your real roots for all values of k. (marks) _2Mswer to the previous question part. Challenge a Prove that, if the values of a and c are given and non-zero, itis always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) = ax? + bx + c has distinct real roots. ways possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer.US raed REED OD ~~ ©o 10 Solve the following equations without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form, where necessary. a y243y42 b 3x2 + 13x-10=0 © Sx? = 10x = 40-43 d Qx-5P=7 Sketch graphs of the following equations: a yas Sred bya2eex-3 © y= 6 10x— 4x? a y= 1Sx— 2x2 f(x) = 32 + 3x —S and g(x) = 4x + k, where & is a constant. a Given that £3) = g(3), find the value of k: (B marks) b Find the values of » for which f(x) = g(x). (B marks) Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: ae llk-1=0 b 2P-Sr4 15 © 10-x @ Gx-1P Write cach of these expressions in the form p(x + 4)? +r, where p, q and rare constants to be found: a 2+ 12y-9 b Sx? 4004 13 © 8x- 27 @3e- (04 DF Find the value k for which the equation 5x? - 2x +k =0 has exactly one solution, (2 marks) Given that for all values of x: Bx? + Iv 4 Ss plat gh +7 a find the values of p, q and r. (GB marks) b Hence solve the equation 3x? + 12x +5=0. (2 marks) The function f is defined as f(x) = 2** - 20(2%) + 64, x ER. a Write f(x) in the form (2° ~ a)(2* 6), where a and h are real constants. (2 marks) b_ Hence find the two roots of fx), (2 marks) Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2(x + I)(— 4) — (v= 2) = Use algebra to solve (x = 1)(x + 2) = 18, En)matory CS GP) 11 A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool / seconds afier launch can be modelled by the following function: h(1) = Sr- 102 + 10,20 a How high is the springboard above the water? (1 mark) Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. (3 marks) Rearrange h(2) into the form A ~ B(r ~ C)? and give the values of the constants 4, Band C. (3 marks) Using your answer to part ¢, or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. (2 marks) For this question, fx) = kx? + (4k + 2)x-+ 1, where k is a real constant. a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) b By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove that fix) has two distinet real roots for all non-zero values of k. (2 marks) Explain why f(x) cannot have two dis et real roots when k= 0. (1 mark) 13 Find all of the roots of the function 1(.) a The ratio of the lengths a: of the lengths b:c. 17x +16. (Smarks) in this line is the same as the ratio Se +5 Show that this ratio is) b Show also that the infinite square root Weviededes