Scientific American, 1914, vol. 111, no. 10 (September 5, 1914), pp.
170–172, 192–194
170
A Zeppelin rigid dirigible leaving the great airship shed at Baden.
How Aircraft Will
A LL eyes are turned upward in the vresent war.
For the first time in history the air will play its
part in a great campaign. Within the brief space of
ten years air fleets have been built by the great mil i·
tary powers to meet just such a contingency as that
with which they are now confronted.
Hardly had the flying machine and the dirigible been
made half-way practicable, when we were told that
henceforth battleships, great armies, and fortificationR
would be useless. Military experts knew better. A skirmishers and cavalry, whose losses were the only
flyiQg machine or a dirigible is a new kind of fighting
m a ehine, which will merely be added to the old ma­
chines.
� For centuries the main principles of war have been
unchanged. The fundamental difficulties of a campaign
are much the same n ow as when Rome wiped out Carth­
age and Cresar conquered Gaul. Even aeronautics will
not alter them. Seven centuries ago armies of 30,000
men clubbed, speared, piked, and hacked each other
a few ' yards apart. At Waterloo there were 120,000
men on one side and 90,000 on the other ; cannon and
muskets separated the opposing forces half a mile and
more. In the battle of Mukden, fought in 1904 by the
Japanese and Russians, 650,000 men were engaged ;
the battlefront was about one hundred miles long ; high­
power artillery with a range of miles kept the hostile
forces so far apart that most of the Japanese and Rus­
sians never saw each other. So, the dirigible and the
aeroplane a re new engines of war. As such they will
modify the manner tn which the old principles are
applied. The principles themselves will �ot be changed.
What Will Be the Effect of Aerial Reconnaissance?
No one can tell exactly how efficient aircraft will be
in the present war. But it is certain that battles must
be more carefully planned. The cavalry raids which
marked our Civil War, the hidden movements of a mo­
bile force, so well handled that it could even defeat larg­
er numbers, will be quite impossible, simply because they
will be detected by the airscout. Modern armies are so
huge that they cannot easily be rearranged after their
"strategica i deployment," as it is called, has once
been decided upon. Hence the use of aircraft will de­
velop farsightedness in the preliminary disposition of
troops and bring about a general speeding up of stra­
tegic operations. Because of the eye in the air, oppos­
ing army corps will become more like naval squadrons ;
their preRence and strength will be revealed to each
Car of a Clement-Bayard airship of a type which is still in commission,
which has been greatly modified.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26124930
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
Aircraft In War
Affect Strategy ; the Air .Strength of Europe
other, as the presence and strength of battleship fleets
are revealed at sea. 'Vitll positions, strengthR, and
movements known, it is evident that a new strategy
must be developed. Great mobility and great num­
bers will count for more than ever before.
With cards thus of necessity all laid on the table,
we may expect more merciful preliminaries than in the
past. Before the days of the airship and aeroplane a
general had to feel the enemy's strength. He sent out
test he had of the strength and position of his foe.
E ,"en then he might be fooled by feints, by masked
movements. At Mukden the Japanese caused the Rus­
sians to think that the Russian right flank would be
turned. Reserves were hurried east to counteract the
expected movement. Countermarching westward, they
could be thrown only piecemeal against the true Japa­
nese flank attack. The result can be imagined. Suppose
that the Russians had commanded the air. Suppose
that they had discovered the actual movements of the
Japanese reserves and met flank attack with outflank·
ing movement. What a different battle it would have
been !
Waiting for the Air Scouts' Reports.
Because he has aircraft at his disposal a modern gen­
eral will be more apt to await the results of their recon­
noitering before giving final orders. In other words,
there ought to be fewer counter orders in present Euro­
pean engagements than during the Franco-Prussian
War. There is too big a risk of moving troops in the
wrong direction. It is estimated that within 31Al hours
a general may expect an air report of his foe's strength,
position, and movements if he is within a radius of
80 miles. If cavalry alone were used for the same pur­
pose probably three days would be required, and the
information collected would not be so precise. Three
and one half hours is not too long to wait before giving
a definite order, which may result in victory or defeat.
Reconnaissance is of two kinds-strategical and
tactical. By strategical reconnaissance we mean the
observation of main bodies, in column of route, for
example. In tactical reconnaissance troops must be
observed after they have left the roads -a difficult
task because the troops are harder to find, and it is
not easy to estimate their strength. It is evident that
there will be more tactical than strategical reconnais­
sance as the strategical merges into the tactical phase.
but The Clement-Bayard V, which once held the altitude record for dirigiblell
(2,900 meters). The type is not unlike the German Parseval.
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September 5, 191'
Hence, the greater number of flights as armies engage
will be short flights for tactical reconnaissance wbicb
will result in placing .information immediately in the
·
hands of a commander:
Will There Be Battles in the Air ?
Since all the great powers now engaged in war have
aeroplanes and dirigibles, battles will not be aero­
nautically one-sided. Both dirigibles and aeroplanes
of some types carry guns. Some attempt will be made
to fight off an airscout. How serious the attempt will
be no one knows. The personal risk of an encounter
is so very great that it may be questioned if it will
be lightly taken. Fighting with a rifle or machine
gun at an elevation of a mile is obviously peril ous.
A clipped control cable, a fractured wing spells death.
Is our twentieth century courage equal to such a fight
,
in the air ?
Bomb-dropping, too, is to be tried out on a large
scale. How destructive large quantities of explosives
dropped from dirigibles can be no one really knows.
The censors have not allowed the press of the world
to state whether or not ex plosives were dropped on
the fortifications of Liege. If they were-and it seems
likely that some effort in that direction may have been
made-the destructive effect could not have been great
in view of the forts' stubborn resistance.
After all is said, the aircraft of the warring powers
are more likely to be used for reconnaissance than for
any other purpose. To reconnoiter speed is necessary
for less obvious purposes than the covering of great dis·
tances in a short time or escaping an attack. In a
high wind only the high-powered flying machine can be
used at all. That was conclusively proved in the last
Army Exercises of Great Britain. The weather was
continuously bad. Low-lying clouds rendered observa­
tion impossible from a height exceeding 2,500 feet
( dangerowlly low because of the chance of being hit
from below ) , while high and gusty winds prevailed.
Some of the aeroplanes used were biplanes of a rela­
tively slow type, with a maximum speed of 55 miles
an hour. When the wind attained a velocity of 50
miles an hour, the slow biplanes were unable to accom­
plish any effective work. True, they ascended ; but their
speed, being insufficient to allow them to make any
headway against the wind, they were unable to attain
the enemy's lines, which were distant only a few miles.
On the other hand, the swifter machines were never
September 5, 1 9 1 4 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 171

France mus t be credited with at l ea s t eighteen airships of various ty pes.

If England's programme can be carried out by the end of the year she ought to
have fifteen dirigibles in service. As it is she can rely on only sevltn.

Russia has probably not more than th ree Belgium has one Austria has not less than three nor
airships available. airship. more than five airships available.

Germany can put into the air t wenty-three airships of the rigid, semi-rigid, and I1on.rigid ty pe.

The French Army has at least 500 aeroplanes at its disposal in the present war.

Russia has 50
Austria has at least aeroplanes.
50 aeroplanes.

England has about 250 aeroplanes of all ty pes.

Germany is about the equal of France in aeroplane strength. Sh e has 500 flyers.

THE AIR STRENGTH OF EACH NATION Il;l SUPPOSED TO BE CONCENTRATED FOR PURPOSES OF GRAPHIC · COMPARISON IN ONE HUGE
DIRIGIBL2 AND ON2 HUaE AEItO�LANE

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172 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN September 5, 1914

idle. 'l'hey flew day after day, regardless of wind and The Zeppelin and Its Possibilities.
weather. 'l'hc I e,;son is obvious : Slow machines are From the practice which the crews of Zeppelins have
worthless for all conditions of fiell! service. had in handling guns and bombs while in the air, it is
Speed is the Governing Factor. evident that Germany intends to use her Zeppelins as
There was a time when aeroplane speed was subordi­ real fighting battleships of the air. That the machine
nated to durability and strength. But in those days guns may Iirove serviceable in beating off attacks from
( three �'ears ago ) aeroplane accidents were more fre­ aeroplanes is generally conceded ; but on the effect of
quent than the�' are now. It was thought then that high explosives dropped oyerboard by the hundred­
biplanes would he employed exclusively for military weight, opinion is divided. While th e moral effect must
be liu-ge'"; It' is � ontended that the actual damage that
'
purpose,. beeam;p of their ,.tancher construction. In­
deed, there was even all understanding if not an adual can be inflicted must be small. If it is true that ex­
rule in the 'War Otliees of the lDuropean Powers that plosives were dropped from Zeppelins in the heart of
biplanes were to be ordered in preference to monoplanes, Antwerp, the actual loss of life that resulted and the
All that seems to have been changed. Both types of damage done were not as great as might be expected.
machines are to be found in use. Monoplanes are It is reasonable to suppose that trials have been made
stanch enough to withstand extraordinary strains, as with dropped explosives before committing the Zep­
i he looping performances of Pegoud and his imitators pelins to this new method of attack. The fact that a
have abundantly proved. The main consideration is dirigible can hover stationary over a given spot simpli­
that of speed ; slow machines cannot be used nowadays, fies the problem of hitting the target from a height of
in other words, machines that travel at speeds of less a mile and a half.
than fifty miles an hour. The policy of the }<'rench While we hear much of the terrible bomb-dropping
army is a good case in point. Between 1912 and 1913 possibilities of airships, both rigid and non-rigid, we
orders for the faster Henry Farmans increased by 300 are apt to overlook one enormous strategic advantage
per cent, while those for the slower Maurice Farmans de­ of the airship over the aeroplane, and that is its ability
creaHed by over 30 per cent. As soon as Maurice Far­ to travel safely and surely at night. ' As yet we have
man increased the speed of his machine by relegating learned nothing of the nocturnal activities of dirigibles ;
the elevator to the tail and making other improvements the Zeppelin attack on Antwerp is said to have occurred
it was restored to army favor. The armored machine, after dusk ; but when the war is over or when the veil
too, is mUf'h sought after. In 1912, for example, only of mystery is l ifted a l ittle we may hear of airships that
eight Yoisim; were ordered. As soon as Voisin produced set out after dark, traveled with muffled m otors over a
hi;; stecl , 70-mile an hour m achine, an order for thirty­ fortified position, swooped down suddenly to determine
one was promptly placed. the strength of a position, and rose quickly before a
The Role of the Airship. damaging fire could be opened. Searchlights must be
While the aeroplane has proved its utility both in used in such exploits-searchlights which, while they
the Morocco and Balkan campaigns, the dirigible is betray the dirigible's presence, ?-lso momentarily daz­
still a military enigma; The operations of European zle the riflemen.
armies during their annual maneuvers are shrouded in That the rigid type of dirigible if! far inferior to
a veil of secrecy as dense as if the forces were engaged the non-rigid, the eXlierienecs of the last British Army
in real war. Germans and Frenchmen shrink from Exercises showed. Two non-rigid airships were em­
publishing the results of their military experiments ployed, both well handed. But they were slower than
for each other's benefit. Great Britain is less secretive. the slowest aeroplane, which would have meant certain
Her last Army l.:xercises, which were fully reported and destruction from machine-gun fire in time of war.
analyzed in the London press by competent military Moreover, they could not ascend to any great height.
men, demonstrated conclusively that the slow, non-rigid On days when the wind was high they were useless, and
dirigible b certain to be destroyed should it attempt to even when the wind had dropped, hostile 'aeroplanes
take part in daylight wa rfare. Speed alone can save made it a point to circle around and above them. How
'
it ; but speed imvoscs prohibitive size and power for long these non-rigid dirigibles would last in war if
that type of craft. The lesson is clearly taught by the opposed by fast, armed aeroplanes, can be imagined.
evolution of the rigid type. The Zeppelin built in On the other hand, a Zeppelin would have a chance of
1906 had a yolume of 430,000 cubic feet ; that of 1911, escape, not only because it is armed, but because of its
627,000 cubic feet ; the fi rst naval craft wrecked off ascensional speed. The passenger Zeppelin "Viktoria
Heligoland, 776,000 cubic feet ; and the second naval Luise" can rise 3,500 feet in 5 minutes, and the newer
Zeppelin, "L 2," 950,000 cubic feet. Still larger vessels military Zeppelins still faster. Since the ascensional
are in course of construction. Speed has increased speed of an aeroplane is about one half that of the
correspondingly from 36 miles an hour in 1906, to 52 "Viktoria Luise" a Zeppelin ought to be able to seek
miles an hour in 1912, and over 60 miles an hour in refuge in the upper reaches of the air when it is hard
] 913. The very latest type has an average speed of pressed. The loss in gas, however, must be reckoned
about 65 miles an hour, and has made as much aR 94 with.
miles with the wind. In other words, the latest Zep­ The Air Strength of the Powers.
pelins compare favorably in speed with the fastest Germany's aerial fleet is better organized, better de­
army aeroplanes. The vast radius of action of the signed, and better equipped than that of any other
Zeppelins, both new and old, enables them to work FJuropean power. Her Zeppelins must be regarded as
f l'o:n bases far from the scene of operations. Recogniz­ the most formidable aircraft thus far devised. But
i i l .go that fact, and evidently planning to use Zeppelins in besides the Zeppelins she also has airships of other
i : . ut way, Germany has constructed a large number of types which can hardly be considered any more effec­
" ;1 irRhip harbors," with sheds mounted on . turntables. tive for daylight use than the three British dirigibles
l'ran('e has similar harbors, less elaborately equipped, which gave so poor an a ccount of themselves in the last
but without turning sheds. ( Concluded on page 192. "
GERMAN NAVAL AIRSHIPS (RIGID TYPE ) .
Displace- I Length Diameter Speed
The Theater of the Present Franco-German
Struggle
A STUDY of the adjoining map of the theater in
which the most important battles, at least of the
opening phases of the War of the Nations, are now
being fought, shows why it was that Germany broke
faith with Europe and ruthlessly entered the fair lands
of unoffending Belgium, carrying with her fire and
the sword !
In the first place, the most direct advance on Paris
( the German objective ) can be made across Belgium
by way of the valley of the Meuse. The border line
between Germany and Belgium is only about 175 miles
from Paris, and from the Belgian frontier to Paris is
about 135 miles. Through that portion of the valley
of the Meuse which lies in Belgium runs one of the
main railroad lines leading from the great industrial
center in which lies the Krupp works, direct through
northeastern France to Paris.
Of the French frontier between the North Sea and
Switzerland, only olle half is conterminous with tha t
o f Germany. The strategy o f the German army, in the
event of a conflict with both France and Russia, con­
telI'plated a concentration of the flower of the German
army against the French lines of defense so swift, and
in such superior force as to make sure of striking a
crushing blow at the very outset of hostilities. Mean­
while Russia was to be opposed by the reserves, which,
if at first outnumbered, would have the Vistula and
its strong defenses to fall back upon and hold until
sufficient reinforcements arrived for the eastern Ger­
man armies to take the offensive.
Now, because of the treaty guaranteeing the neutral­
ity of Belgium, to which Germany was a signatory,
the }<'rench, after. the disasters of 1870, concerned
themselves mainly with the defense of the southerly
half of their frontier, facing the forfeited provinces of
Alsace and Lorraine ; and they built a chain of en­
trenched camvs, city fortificationR, and interconnecting
forts, which presents a practically unbroken front from
Verdun in the north, opposite the Duchy of Luxem­
burg, to the far-famed fortified town of Belfort on the
Swiss frontier. The Franco-German frontier is . about
120 miles in length, and facing the border, from north
to south, are the heavily fortified cities of Verdun,
Toul, Epinal, and Belfort, each of which bestrides
one of the m ost important railroads and highways
leading from Germany to French soil. These cities
divide the border into three equal lengths, each of
about 40 miles.
The defenses of these cities are approximately simi­
lar, consisting of an outer circle of forts, Rpaced 2 %
miles apart from each other, with a circumference of
about 50 miles ; back of which is an inner line of de­
fenses and a citadel. Between the Swiss frontier and
Belfort is a chain of forts, so spaced that the interval s
a re swept by gunfire, and a simil ar chain connects
Belfort and FJpinal, and Toul and Verdun.
The new scheme of defenses did not include the
Belgian frontier, the ]'rench believing that Germany's
signature to the treaty guaranteeing the kingdom's neu­
trality was a sure enough defense. Al ong that border
are only the original frontier forts, Longwy and Mont­
medy, and the great entrenched camp, Maubeuge.
Back of this first line of forts and fortified cities,
w hich may be considered practically impregnable to
direct assault, is a second line, behind the shel ter of
which, should the first line be forced, the shaken armies
of France could reform, and be strengthened by re­
serves and recruits.
Total
In the south, back of Belfort, and some 50 miles

----- ------- --- --- ---- ---- ----- -----

Name. Make. Date. ment in in in miles horse­
i 1 tons .
1 -- -
feet. feet . per hour. power. distant therefrom , is a triangle of three strongly forti­

(1) .
fied cities, Besam;on, Dijon, and Langres, the sides of
L 5 Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1 4 32 . 0 550 61 62 1,100
L 4
the triangle being approximatel y 50 miles. These cover
SchUtte-Lanz . . . . . . . . 19 14 30 . 0 550 61 50 1,030
L 3. Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914 32 . 0 550 61 50 720 the railroad from South Germany to Paris, via Belfort,
GE RMAN ARMY AIRSHIPS (RIGID TYPE ) . just as Toul covers the road from Strasburg to Paris,
Z 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19141 I 22.0 515 49 48 540 and Verdun opposes a German advance by way of

I
. . 1,
Z 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . ... . . . . .. . ... 19 1 3 22.0 515 49 48 540 the railroad from Metz.
18
Z 5. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .
Z 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 13 1 9.5 465 49 540 Some 60 miles back from the B elgian border is an­
43
'
. . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 19 . 5 465. 49 540
L 4 . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zeppelin . . . · · . . . . . . . . · . . . 1913 19.5 465 49 48 540
other line of defensive works, consisting of the fortified
Z 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 19.5 465 49 48 540 cities of Rheims and La ]'ue and an inter-connecting
Z 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . . . . ... . . . . 1912 17.5 462 46 49 450 line of forts.
Z 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1 1 17 . 8 48 5 46 48 450
Should the German invasion break through the fron­
S .-L. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S chUtte-Lanz . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909-( 1 912) 19 . 0 430 60 46 540
S .-L.2 . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SchUtte-Lanz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914 23 . 0 475 61 50 720 tier and the intermediate barriers, there remain the

' 1
two great circles of forts that surround the city of
iI
GERMAN PASSENGER AIRSHIPS (RIGID TYPE) AVAI LABLE FOR WA H .
I[ Paris. The outer ring, constructed since 1870, consists

I -,,- _
Sachsen . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 zeppelin · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1913 19.5 465 49 48 540
of an unbroken circle of forts and batteries measuring
450 I
Hansa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 18.7 485 46 50 540
�!<!�ria Lui� . . . . . . . . . . Zeppelin. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ... _ . . _1_
9_ 2
1_ 18 . 7 __4:...8_
5 1 46 48 over 70 miles in circumference. It is built 7 miles

--.
.. __ -,- _-,-_...:.___
GERMAN SEMI-RIGID .AND NON-RIGID AIRSHIPS (ARM Y ) . beyond the city limits ; and three miles nearer the city
The P airships are non-rigid and the M airships semi-rigid in the following t ah le .
._ ."'_..___-,_____
____
is the ring of famous forts that figured in the siege of
Displace- Length Diameter Speed Total Paris 1870-71. It would take an army of 600,000 me n
Name. Make. Date. ment in in in miles horse-
in tons . feet. feet. per hour.
effectively to besiege modern Paris. Can Germany bat
power.
ter her way across France, and reduce Paris ? The
P 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parseva! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914 11 280 50 47 360 answer lies with the German infantryman.

2 (Ersatz) . . . . . . . .
.
P 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parseva! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 10 280 52 40 400

M 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In a patent, 1 ,104,802, Robert C. Hub of Detroit.

P . . . . . . . . . . Parseva! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 8 254 49 32 360

M 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 13 320 44 . 5 47 450
. . . . . . . . . . Gross . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 6 245 36 . 3 28 150 Mich. , combines a mud-guard and air-deflector with a

"1 1 1
OTHER G ll: RMAN AIR SHIPS AVAILABLE. radiator hood so that the guard and deflector operate
Veeh I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to insure a positive circulation of air througb the
'

P L 6 (Stollwerck) . . . . :� I
Deutsche Luftsch-Werft · · · · 1913 220 45 43 260
. . Luftfahrzeug G. m. h. h . . . . 1910 250 45 38 220 radiator.

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192
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Principal Citie•.
The Prest-O-Torch (Acetylene Blow-Torch)
Takea the place of the gasolene
Ie.. to
Safer, surll"r.
blow-torch for aoldering,
br.tl zioe. tempering to01., etc.
buy and Ie•• to operate. Gives gtealer beat 1ft a concen·
trated fllJ.me. Perfectly repair expense.
Absolutely safe. Complete information on request.
cODvenient. N o
130.236.57.156 on Fri, 09 Feb 2024 10:45:05 +00:00
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September 5, 19M
replaee the I OHses which occur in a ctive tions, involving radio and other means of
service. In some of the foreign armies inter-communication , would need to be es­
the first reserve of clothing is composed tablished in time of war, which would un­
of 10 per cent of trousers and shoes ; 5 doubtedly depend upon Signal Corps con­
per cent of caps, coats, and overcoats. trol. The Signal Corps would also be
These percentages are calculated on the called upon to lay and repair submarine
maximum war strength of the organiza­
tion. In those armies every soldier's kit
cables and operate cable stations, as it
does in the peace establishment in con­
must at all times contain an absolutely nection with the cable system from Seat­
lJew uniform ; this uniform the man is tle northward to Alaskan ports. It would
required to put on only when the order provide and distribute the code and cipher
for mobilization is received. The troops, systems so important in modern war, espe­
consequently, march into the field in new cially since the extensive ' employment of
clothing, which arrangement very greatly radio-telegraphy. In conjunction with
other arms, the coll ection of photographic
reduces the demands upon the reserves
during the qampaign. data by the Signal Corps, especially with
I A study of the orders given by Napoleon improved field tele-photo apparatus now
�
ihdic � {'� the care · he exercised to have a devised, will be most important for map
On and other graphical information.
sufficieiit' ... �;upply of shoes provided.
one ,.occ ;i§ion he wrote, "You know that
shoes Q;i"e always needed in war" ; and at
From Fighting Line to Hospital
another . time he said to Baron Lejeune,
"Shoes help ·on marches, and marches win
( Concluded from page 1 6P.)
battl es." T 6 Sir John Burgoyne's ques- Here he observes many cases being
tiop, addre�ed to Wellington, " What was brought in ;
an operating table has been
f
th � '�first requirenien t of a soldier ·I" "A improvise d by placing a litter on top o
he "And the four p osts, and some operating is goin g
good pair of shoes," replied.
second requirement ?" "A good pair of on. He is told that under the tent flies
shoes for a change." "And the third ?" pitched a. short distance away are numbers
"A pair of soles for repairs." of seriously wounded. At length four am-
IIi the foregoing discussion attempt h s bul ances arrive and he, with others, is
a
been made to outline in a very b rief and placed in one, and after riding an hour
cursory manner the supreme importance over a rough trali he arrives at the field
of the supply of an army in the fi el d and hospital, which is in tents, no buildings
­
the stupendous task imposed upon the being avail able. This hospital has a ca
officers charged with the execution of the pacity of t wo hundred and sixteen beds.
same. Here a careful reeord is made of his ease ;
'1'be results of a campaign are gaged by he is taken into a ward tent, his soil ed
the victories and other feats of arms, and b l oody clothes are taken off, he i s
which are exhaustively deseribed by the given a s uit of paj amaH, and placed on a
many participants therein ; but it is very bedsa ek filled with straw and laid on the
seldom that adequate credit is accor d ed g round. He is furnished with a pillow
the efforts of the administrativ e officer s and blanket, and a rubber blanket to UI'C
who indirectly contribute very greatly to in case of rain. Light diets are served
the successful issue, although the work the patients. The hospital rapidly fills
of such officers never ceases, and cannot up, and just at dusk he is again plaeed ill
flag for one instant. When the army is an ambulance and turned over to a Medi­
on the march the supply departments are cal Officer, who verifies carefully each of
the occupants of the ambulance and the
strained to their utmost to provide its
Rubber
property he carries with him, for the rea­
wants, an(l when it halts to recuperate
its strength, the same unremitting care son that Private B here passes out of
and attention must be given by the admin- the control of the Division Commander
istrative officers. As Daru says : " T his and into the j urisdiction of the Line of
is perhaps the only service which takes Co mmunications. After an hour's ride
no rest during war." he arrives at the Evacuation Hospital ,
which has a capacity of three hundred
and twenty-four beds. Here he finds com­
The Nerves of an Army
fortable cots, abundant bedding and food.
( Concluded from page 1 6 7 . )
The next morning h e is placed o n a hospi­
try test, is now placed in the National
. tal train and conveyed to the base, where
h e fi n d s h·HllseIf In a h OSpl·t a1 0 f · fi ve hun-
Museum as a monument to that plOneer .
. . .
achIevement, and should be an lllcentive . .
. . . . . d re d b ed capaci·t y w ith s kI· l l ed ph vSIc1ans
to thIS country to regam Its pre-emmence . ' · ' '
t Tamed femal e nurs s, an d an a bun dance
in aeronautical progress. Within the . :
of supplIes of all kmds. Here he makes
limited means at its disposal, the Signal
an uneventful recovery, and after spend­
Corps in the five years since aviation be­
ing ten days in the convalescent camp,
gan, has been training the few officers
returns to his regiment.
whose services could be spared under for­
It will be noted throughout this state­
mer provisions of the law. It has ac­
ment of these plans that there is no men­
quired sufficient biplanes from American
ma­ tion made of the regimental hospital of
aeroplane manufacturers for the limited
former days. The old policy permitted
training possible. Under the more liberal
the retention of sick at the front, encum­
provision of officers and men now made
bering the movement of . troops. The pres­
in the l aw, and the correspondingly in­
ent plan, which is now adopted by all the
creased appropriations hoped for, rapid
great powers, contemplates sending all
strides will be made in securing modern
high power machines and the skilled avia­
sick to the rear, where facilities are
abundant and where they can receive bet-
tors to run them. Under recent War De-
partment orders , an aviation organization
ter attention than was ever possible when
they were retained with their regiments.
is authorized, called a "squadron." This
is divided into two companies. Each of
these companies is equipped with four Aircraft in War
( Concluded from page 1 72.)
aeroplanes. Each aeroplane and its ap-
purtenances, with the necessary person- Army Exercises. On page 172 a list of
nel, constitute a section. The aeroplane Zeppelins is given, in which army, navy,
squadron "'onsists of twenty officers and and passenger carrying vessels are in­
90 men. To supply, keep in repair, and cluded, and which is about as accurate as
transport the eight aeroplane sections and can be compiled at the present time. The
the headquarers, sixteen automobile list includes only vessels which are ac­
"tractors " and six motorcycles are pro­ tually a vailable and ships which can be
posed to be used. These automobile trac­ finished in a few weeks.
tors transport the personnel , the dis- From these tables it will be seen that
mounted aeroplanes, spare parts, and the most of the German airships of whate\'er
type have speeds well abo\'e 45 miles an
necessary fuel ( gasoline and oil ) . In-
cluded among the tractors is a portable
hour. The actual number of airships
which Germany has at the p res ent ·time
machine shop. Such an aero squadron is
considered the necessar� tactical .. unt);. to available is. not less. than.23;
serve with a division, having in view its J�t .what the Ger�an, aeropfline
best employment as a means for e()tl�t+; stJ!eqgf).J 1s-..:or fDe thut matter the aero­
plane. strength of any power-is a matter
ing and transmitting information..
�08ta In the foregoing ge neral .sl4tement; tne of guessing. Whl'!ll it is eonsidered that
field duties of the . Sillnal Co tp;; are only' the flying ma(!bine of to-day can: be . pro­
briefly touched upon. A:n e:nensiye. sys- · duced in ' quantltles as cheaply and quiekJy
tem of coast informatloll. and patrol sta- as a torpedo, statistics of fiying maehiues
'
This content downloaded from
September 5, 1914 · SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 193

3,243 plants are now filled with this sunshine

The Electrical Testing Laboratories, New York,
found that Rice' s Gloss M ill-White gave 19% to 36%
more day light, depen ding u po n the con ditions in the
plant. ( Read the Kello gg letter in box below. )
It ref/ects the light, instead of absorbin g it.
throws day l ight into dark corn ers. I t saves greatly o n
electric lighti n g bills. It e n ables e m ployees to work
better, because they can see better. M oreover, it is the
most sanitary interior paint. I t can be washed with
soap and water, without killin g the gloss.
Because it stays white longer than any other gloss
paint, Rice' s Gloss M ill-White requires less frequent
repainting. Another striking economy and convenience
is that it can be applied over cold water paint.
It Below are a few letters, . out of l iterally h u n d reds,
telling what it has done. Still stron ger proof . that it is
best can be secured in your own case, by o u r open
guarantee. Now is a n opportu ne tim e to repai n t ; we
invite stringent co mparison of Rice' s Gloss Mill-White
with every other interior finish .

Why it is better than imitations

A Few of Many What a Few U s ers
Rice' s is the original ' M ill-W h ite ; all oth er !? are i m i tations a n d
Users they c a n i m i tate only f o r a sh ort t i m e . F o r t h is is the o n ly Mill- White Say
made without varnish . For that reason it does not crack and scale l ike
It i s m ade
General Electric Co. Sanitary conditions in our plant have

judge we are getting 50 % more ' light

Pierce Arrow Motor Car Co. others ; it d oes not flake off w ith the jar of machinery. improved wonderfully. We should

than before . - K ellog&,t s Toa... ted Corn

Eastman Kodak Co .• R oches ter N . Y .
Ford Motor Car Co.. Detroit. Mich . by a special process, discovered and owned exclusively by the makers.
. There can p O Sitively be no substitute which. gives as good service. Flukes Co . • Battle Creek, Mich.
Gillette Safety Razor Co . •
B o. to n . M ass . "
I m i tati o n M i ll-Wh ites" may look as good when ./irst put on.
Cluett. Peabody & Co . . Troy. N. Y .
We are indeed astonished to note the vast

But six m o nths' exposure will prove t h e i r in feri ority.

amount Of daylight created by this pain t
Royal Typewriter C o. • Hartford . Conn. By that time -especially where we were formerly
forc.d to use electric lights all day. Now
many are so yellow that they might be yellow pai nts. Repeated tests
Providence. R. J .
General Fire Extinguisher Co .•
find it entirely unnecessary. Agreeably
have shown , without a sing le exception, that Rice' s remains wh ite longer
keep clean .- Knota l r
surprised to observe how easy it is to
Waltham Watch C o. • Waltham.Mass .
United Shoe Machinery Co . . than any other. Hosiery Co . .
Philadelphia, Pa.
Beverly, Mass.
Seaconnet M11ls. Fall River, Mass. Guaranteed to Remain White Longest The most practical interior finish we
Lancaster Mills. Clinton. M ass . have ""er used on walls and ceilings.

between %0 and %5 % in light.-B. J.

Whitin Machine. Whitinsville, M ass . These are far from being mere claims. We give an u n equivocal We imagine we will show an increcue of
New Nashawena Mill.
New Bedford. Mass. guarantee , w ith every triai, that if Rice' s does not remain white longer Reynolds Tobacco Co. (Makers of
Prince Albert.)
Graniteville Mfg. Co., than any other gloss paint-applied at the same time and under s i m ila'r
Graniteville. S . C .
West Point Mfg. Co. ,West Point, G a . c o n ditions-we will give free e n ough Rice' s to repaint the j o b with Find it very satisfactory indeed.-
Gillette Safety Razor. Co . .

The best thing we know Of.-H.Doherty

Quis se tt Mills. N e w Bedford, Mass . one coat. We give a similar guara ntee that Rice' s will not flake or
Silk Co . . Paterson, N. J.
Berkshire Cotton Mfg. Co . •
scale . In other word s , you can p rove our claims, i n your own case,
at our risk.
Adams. M ass .

Tested it in competition with severa' I

Foster Machine Co .. Westfield, Mass. You cannot lose under these e;uarantees.
Bullard Machine Tool Co.,
Bridgeport, Conn .
Even more liberal test offers will be made to those having 2 0 , 0 0 0 square feet other makes. The archilect (1nd owners

Yale & Towne Co . , auree that yours is

or over to cover. Tear out t h e coupon now, and give it t o your stenographer, respectively. Mr. Pitt and Canadian
Mass achusetts Mills
in �:."ie.
Ga. with instructions to "write o n our le tterhead, and have t h e reply come to m e
the best in appearance.- F. Telford ,
The Pell City Mfg. Co . . personall y . " We will send c o m p l e t e information a n d sample board. Niagara Falls, ant.
Pell City . Ala .

Is in as flne
Indian Head Mills of Alabama.
Cordova, Ala . One coat oj Rice 's Crano!ith makes best possible primer on inside Still pleased with the finish which was

concrete and brick, for a second coat 0/ Rice ' s Mill-White and permanent condition as when ap­
applied three years ago.
Pelzer Mfg. Co.. Greenville. S. C .

CO. t Providence. R . I .
Waterbury Farr�1l Foundry and Ma- plied . - General Fire Extinguisher

RICE:5
chine Co. Waterbury. Conn .
Tremont and Suftolk M ill" .

White leads. - K.lll ingly

Lowell, Mass. Out of six comparative tests, Rice's Mi l l
l\itg.
Whitman M11ls. Np.w Bedford. Mass .
Diamond Chain and Mrg. 00 . .
Killingly. Conn.

Indianapolis. Ind .
We gave your paint a severe test in . U. S .
Chadwick-Hoskins Co. connection with several brands G UTTA
Charlotte. N. C . PE R C R A
Syracuse, N. Y .
and your paint stood the test

23 D udle y St.
Merrell-Soule Co .. the best. and gave com- PAI N T C O .
Passaic, N. J.

GLO S S
plete satisfaction.
=
Brighton Mills.

l
P u Co . , W ater­
-The American Providence, R . I .
Renfrew Mfg. Co.. Adams. Mass .
Tear out this Coupon as a re- =
Hood Rubber Co.. minder to have your stenogra- =
Greylock Mills C o . , N. Adams. M ass .
Boston. M ass . bury, Conn.

=
for ���h::i��fcul:r:��rIl���r���

MILL -WHITE
Utica. N . Y. White, stat ng approximate size of main
Utica Swam and Mohawk Valley Cot-
ton Mills,
buildioa'. etc. i
::
Chicopee. Mass . and =
Dwight Mfg. Co . .

Alabama Ci ty . Ala. Approx. length ___ Approx. width

Wm. A. Slatpr M i ll s . Jewett City. Ct.
___

Fall River Rleachery.Fail Rlver. M ass. U. s. Gutta Percha Paint Co. Number of Stories ____________
Edwards Mfg. Co.. Augusta. M e .
23 Dudley Street

Attention of ::
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II IF.

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1 94 S_CIENTIFIG-AMERICAN September 5, 1914

mean During a conflict such as The German have a capactty

203,000 cubic meters ; th e Freneh balloons
Light your plant
little. seven dirigibles.

tbat which is now raging, the statistics,

have only a capacity of 54,000 cubic meters.
of

if they were known with any accuracy, The G erman d i r igi bl es have m otors of 600 a nd
would probably be found to change from 800 horse-power. The German airships have

with daylight month to month.

Germany's development of the military
a speed of 50 to 60 miles an hour ; the French
dirigibles scarcely have a speed higher than
3 5 miles an hour, and only one of them can
flying machine, however, is remarkable. atta i n a speed of 45 miles an hour. Seven
France had incorporated the flying ma­ of the German destroyers are powerfully armed
chine into her army a full year before and can be used effectively in offensive opera­
tions. They can carry each 25 persons . . .
The scene below is a striking the great General Staff of the German
and 8 tons of weight, together with one ton
Empire determined to follow the French and a half of ammunition . . . . The car is
example of the difference a
example in 1911. The steady growth of supplied with machine guns. . . .
little paint makes inside of a the dirigible, above all of the Zeppelin, · ·France has n othing to compare with this.
. . . I n 1 9 1 1 France drew up a brilliant pro­
It was to comprise
factory. and the lack of an aeroplane industry at
gramme of dirigibl es.
Only one coat of Lowe Brothers Mill
all comparable with that built up in h eavy cruisers, light cruisers, and aerial scouts.
White h a s been applied to the farther France in 1909 and 1910, were no doubt But, alas ! in the following year It was reallze(l

Here's part of the room-but see how much the chief reasons for this tardiness.
the brief space of three years, Germany
In that the light c ruisers and aerial scouts could
not be of great service. Th e i r construction
lighter it is. You can get the same
a better
was therefore abandoned, and it was decid ed
results in your plant, with has not only caught up with France, but in November, 1 9 1 2 , to build seven iarge cruis­
may even have surpassed her. The best a

Mill White
ers with capacity of 24 ,000 cubic meters

evidence of that is to be found in the each . Four of them were to be delivered in

October, 1913, and three others in January,
new world records which have been made
1 9 14 . At present not one of these airships
by German aviators-records which could is completed. Only three of . them are build­
not have been made without superb ma­ ing ancl may be fi nished in a few months ; but

Lowe Brothers Mill

the construction of the other four has not yet
chines. To stimulate industrial inter­
been comnlenced."
est in aviation the government as well
It will reflect and radiate the light
White is the kind of
paint you'd expect to as numerous private organizations offered The Senator's remarks are probably too
that comes through the windows prizes for machines and engines. It is severe. His estimate of the German air­
- mu l t i ply your
come from this house
of quality. It's speci­ daylight-give interesting to note that many of the prizes ship strength as well as that of France is
your men better working conditions,
fically made for its pur­ were awarded for purely technical tri­ somewhat low, although he probably had
yourself gas and electricity bills.
save them time and eye strain, save
pose. umphs. In a single year ( 1912 ) th e Ger­ in mind craft actually constructed and fly­
It works well, spreads freely, has man public subscribed $1,750,000 for avia ­ ing, whereas our tables include also ves­
rare covering and hiding power tion: The amount of flying that is being sels which can be made available for war.
in flat or gloss even one coat of
( 474 E. Third St., Dayton, Ohio
)
it will do wonders ; it is washable
Bo�ton Jersey City Chicallo �'RENCH AIRSHIPS.
Ka...... City Minneapolis S. r .. non-rigid.
and after wearing a long time,

LOWE BROTHERS, Limited.

r. denotes semi-rigid ; rigid ; n. r. ,

...
leaves a fine surface for repainting.

Toronto. Canad!o <= !!2

...
"'

See Sw�l's .,;

Get our book and t
s -= .
�. �
2 ..; -;'; 0
�
"
·8
t1, Cl) 0: <5
whole story " a
�
� +J <= - S � .� -=
o
'''
.
"tl ...
'" " '"

.� 0: E-< ...
§l
.S
""'

...l
before placing any or­ �
Be sure to get the book Name. Make. Date.
� .E � .�
'"

0
"

Ul -=
'"

A
tells how and wby Lowe
'"
ders for Mill White. It

Brothers Mill White is XVI. (n. r . ) . . . . . . . . . .

--- --- --- --- --- _ . _-

XV. (n. r . ) . . . . . . . . . . .
Astra . Astra Co . . . . . . . . . 1 9 14 38 . 0 60 1 ,000

Conte (n. r.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astra Co . . . . . . . . .

effi cient-economicaL Astra Astra Co . . . . . . . . . 1914 23 . 0 394 52 60 1 ,000
49
Give us an idea of the
Lt. Chaure (n. r.) . . . . . . . . . . .
1913 9.1 270 40 400
Astra 285 49
.

Co . . . . . . .
Adj . Reau (n. r . ) . . . .
. 1911 9.0 32 330

wish to cover and we'll

amou nt of surface you
Astra Co . . . . . . . . 1911 9.0 285 49 32 240
Coi. Henard (n. r.) . . . . Astra Co . . . . . . . . 1909 4.5 215 35 27 1 10
V. de Paris (n. r.) . . . . . . . . . . . .
arrange to make you a
Astra Co . . . . . . . . . 1 906 * 3.5 200 32 22 70
9.0
quotation.

Write today Adj . Vincenot (n. r . ) . . . . . . . . .

Dupuy de Lome (n. r.) . . . . . . Clement-Bayard 1912 290 55 35 260
us 9.0 55 35
Capt. M archal (s. r.) . . . . . . . . .
Clement-Bayard . 1911 290 260
1911 10 . 0 IGO
Lt. Selle de Beaucham!> (s. r.) .
Lebaudy . . . . . . . . . 293 51 28
28
Liberte (s. r.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lebaudy . . . . . . . . . 1910 7.0 280 51 160
45 160 '
Zodi ac . . . . . . . . . .
Lebaudy . . . . . . . . . 1910 7.0 280 33
47 45
Zodiae . . . . . . . . . . .
Spi{'s.� (r. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 20 . 0 459 400
43 ;{5
Com. Coutelle (n. r. ) . . . . . . . . .
Capt . Ferber (n. r . ) . . . . . . . . . . 1911 6.0 249 220
Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . Hill 9.5 38 400
Le Temps (n. r.) . . .
303 49
Zodiae . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 4.0 1 60 30 20 1 10
1912 G.5 252 41
Clement-Bayard VI. (n. r.) . . .
�'leurus (n. r . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government . . . . . 36 160
Clement- Bayard . 1913 6.5 245 41 40 360

* Rebuilt 1 908.

done may be judged from the high avia- It is evident from the foregoing table
tion death rate-higher than that of any that the French army airship material is
other country in Europe-as well as the rather of a varied character. The speeds
experimental character of many of the are much lower than those of the German
latest inventions. dirigibles. It is doubtful if most of the
It is impossible even to state the num- French ships can be effectivel y used in
daylight warfare. The average aeroplane

The
bel' of machines which the German army
can count upon. In a general survey of
the aviation strength of Germany made
for the London Time8 in 1913, by a spe-
speed is much higher than the average
French dirigible speed, which simply
means that in daylight an aeroplane could

Aut o g rap h i c Ko d ak
cial correspondent who visited the Euro-
pean aeroplane shops and gathered his
information at first hand, the number of
German machines is placed at not less
than 200 or more than 250. That was
Date and title your negatives perma­
over a year ago, and in a year a country
nently, when you make the exposures. so technical and martially active as Ger- the great National Aeroplane Subscription
many can do much. The German army
out-maneuver nearly all French airships
and subject them to fi re.
The aeroplane strength of France is
more accurately known than that of any
other European Power, thanks to a COIl­
troversy which was the direct outcome of
inaugurated some two years ago. It was

VERY p icture that is worth taking is worth a d ate is usually credited with 600 aeroplanes, all eged that the machines bought for the
E and a title. The places you visit-interesting dates
which includes all the private machines
that can be commandeered in time of war.
army were not new and that the orders
for new machines fel l short by two hun­
and facts about the children, their age at the time the That is probably too high ; 500 is nearer dred of the number voted. While some
pi ctures were made-the autographs of friends you p hoto­ the truth. manufacturers undoubtedly did seize the
opportunity of foisting on the government
France as an Air Power.
grap h-these notations add to the value o f eve ry picture
aeroplanes of an old type, and while all
you make . Architects, engineers and contractors who
Last January Emile Reymond, the most the machines voted were not actually de­
make photograp hic records of p rogressive work, and the competent authority in the French Sen- livered, chiefiy because of the limited out­
amateur who wants to imp rove the quality o f his work can ate on military aeronautics, made some put of some makers, the charges of dis­
m ake notations with dates o n the negative s , b y means of extraordinary revelations, which, if true, honesty were not justified. The investi­
would place - France far below Germany gation made because of the controversy
the Autograp hic Kodak.
as an air power. In our opinion he has showed that 751 aeroplanes have been

ever notation you want; expose from 2 to 5 seconds; close the door and you are
Just release a stop and a door opens in the b ack of the Kodak ; write what­ underestimated the French dirigible equip­ added to the aeronautic establishment of
ment. It is probably inferior to the G er- the French army during the past two
ready for the next exposure . On the margins between the negatives wili appear
a permanent photograp h ic reproduction of the notation you ma.e , and this can man, not only in quality, but in organi­ years, and about 1,000 machines since the
he printed or not. j ust as you choose . zation ; but it is much more effective and beginning of 1911. Because flying ma­
serviceable than he would have it, as the chines deteriorate rapidly, and because
The greatest photographic advance in twenty years. brilliant success that it achieved in the new types have been evolved for military
last maneuvers adequately proved. Sen- use-types which are much faster tha n
No. 3:\ Autographic Kodak , pictures 3J« x 5� inche s , $22.50 ator Reymond's comparison may be here the monoplanes and biplanes used by offi­
N o. 3 Autograph ic Kodak , p ictu res 3 ]4" x 4 3-( inches, 20.00 quoted with propriety, coming as it does cers in 1911-the effective aeroplane
x 4J4
from a French official, who happens at strength of the French army at the pres­
No. 1� Autographic Kodak , pictures 2� i nches , • 17.50
the same time to be an excellent pilot ent time cannot be less than 500 first-class
EASTMAN KO DAK COMPANY, himself : flyers•
.4, aU Kodid d.al ... • . ROC HE STER , N . Y . The Kodak City. "Germany possesses of
fourteen dirigibles,
Great Britain and the Air.
The British pubUc has been to
which seven are Zeppelin airships, capable of
being used as destroyers. France bas only taught

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