Real Numbers In the earlier classes, we initiated the study of real numbers. Here, we continue our QVC discussion on real numbers and study some properties of real numbers. We begin with very important properties of positive integers namely the fundamental theorem of © Fundamental Theorem of arithmetic. Arithmetic TOPIC 1 © Revisiting rational Numbers Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Prime ané Composite Numbers Ad HL Anumberis called a prime number, ifit has no factors: other than Land the number itself. eg. 2, 3, 5,7, 11, 23, 43, 71 are prime numbers. ‘A number is called a composite number, if it has atleast one factor other than 1 and the number itself. g rete could be noted that ether prime nor compote. + Zintesmaten pie umber, is the ony evn pie number «+ The smallest composite even number is 4 and smallest composite odd number is 9. «+ Prime numbers have only two factors, | and the number itself. AS 1 fs not a prime number, donot include it when expressing a number as a product of prime factors, Factor of a Number Ifa number divides another number exactly (without leaving any remainder), then the number which divides, is called a factor of the number that has been divided. eg, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 are the factors of 24. 24, 45, 188 are composite numbers.Factor Tree ‘Acchain of factors which is represented in the form ofa tree, a= Example 13. The HCF of two numbers aand bis 5 and their LCM is 200. Find the product of ab. CBSE 2019 Sol. Given, HCE (a, and LCM (a, 6)= 200 Product of two numbers ab = ab=1000 2 Seo the following factor tree for factorisation of 156. Find the value of a. ;Allgzone Real Numbers 5 Compl following actor wea dh composite number x. < 4 Factorise the following numbers through the factor tree, ( 420 iy 408 Git) 308, (iv) 528 (w) 9072 (wi) 19530 5 Explain whether the following numbers are prime or composite numbers. 17), AE ee (3x5 x13 x46) +23, hy racanses ) OXSX4x3x2x1+10 “$y x11 x13 +5 6 Express each of the following integers as a product of its prime factors case 2015 y (9 945 (ii) 204 ii) 660 iv) 7325, (w) 99792 (wi) 974944 (wii) 3825 7 Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation method { ( 40f 36, 126 (ai) 84, 90, 120 © (ai 24, 15, 36 8 Can the number 16", 1 being a natural number, end with the digit 0? Give reason. 9 Check whether 12" can end with the digit 0or 5, for any natural number n. NCERT Exemplar; CBSE 2015 Hints & Answers 1. @ Hint i) Do same as Part (i) Ans. 21, 42 2, Hintax13=39 Ans. 3 10. Iftwo postive intogers a and b are written as iy andb = x y, where x,y are prime numbers, find the HCF of a and b. | NCERT Exemplar 11 isto positive integers pand q can he expressed os =p ab? andq = o'b; where a,b being prime numbers, find the LCM (p,q) CBSE 2011 12 Using prime factorization, find HCF and LCM of 96 and 120, 7 (CBSE 2025 (Standard) 13 Find LGM of 480 and 256 using prime factorization (CBSE 2023 (Basic) 1 Find the HCP and LCM of 60, 64 aid 108 by using the prime factorisation method. 15 Find the greatest possible length which can be used tomeasure exactly the length 7m, 3m 85cm and 12.98 cm. 16. Ifthe LOM of 26 and 91 is 182, find their HCE 17 Ifthe HCF of 150 and 100 is 50, find the LCM of 150 ‘and 100. 18 The HCF of twonumbor® is113 and their ECM is.“ + 156952. If one numbor is 904, find the othet number. 19 IfHCF (253, 440) =11 and LOM (253, 440) =253 x, find the value of R. ‘CBSE 2012, 11 20 Find the HCF of 26 and 455. With the help of HCE, find LCM also. 21 IELCM of 12 and 42 is 10m +4, findshe value 23. A circular field has a circumferenc: ‘Three cyclists start together and can and 72 km a day round the field. When. (ji) Do same as Part () Ans. x=1504, Hint Do same as Example 1 Ans. G)420=2%3x5x7 Gi) 468-2 3*x13 Gi) 908= 2x 7x11 Gv) 528= 24x 9x11 (W) 9072= 24x 3x7 (i) 19530 = 2x 38x 5x7 31 5. () Hint We have, ‘Tx11x 264 18= 19(7x11x 24 = 19x155 = 5x19x 31 ‘Thus, the given number has a factor other than 1 and itself. So, itis a composite number. i) Hint Do same as Part (i). Ans. Composite number. Gi) Hint Do same as Part (). ‘Ans. Composite number. Gv) Hint Do same as Part (i. Ans. Composite number. st We have, 711x13+ 5= 1001+ Now, prime factorisation of 1006 = 2x 503 ‘Since, it has a factor other than 1 and itself. 56, it is a composite number. ” 006 ) Hint Factorisation of 945 is, 945 Hence, 945 = 9 x 5x 7. Product ofits prime factors) (i) Hint Do same as Part i). Ans. 2° 3x17 ii) Hint Do same as Part (). Ans. 22x 3x 5x11 Gv) Hint Dosame as Part (i). Ans. 5° 293 (¥) Hint Do same as Part (i). Ans, 2° 8* x 7x11 (vi) Hint Do same as Part (i). Ans. 2° x 3x 7x31 (i) Hint Do same as Part). Ans, 5°x5?x17 2, (@) Hint Do same as Example 7 ‘Ans. LOM = 2520, HOF = 2 (Hint Do same as Example 7 | j ‘Ans. LCM = 2520 HCF = 6 Gi) Hint Do same as Example 7 ‘Ans. LOM = 360, HCF=3 4, Hint Clearly, prime factorisation of 16 is 2x 2%2%2 " Prime factorisation of 16" = (2 2x 2x2)" = 2%" ‘Now, apply fundamental theorem of arithmetic ‘Ans. No 9, Hint Do sameas Question. 8 qo, Hinta= 2, xaxaxyxyand b= ay" = 2x yx IXY ‘Ans. HOF (a, 8)= 29" nn Hint p=ab"=axbxb andg= b= axaxaxb ‘Ans. LOM (p, 9)= 0°" tot Do same as Exar 6 2 a gros t= 2 CH 8 120 = 40 tnt Do seme a8 Beam. ierans 1840 ‘Ans. LCM (480, 256) Allnone Mathematics Class | 14, Hint Do same as Example 7. ‘Ans. HCF (60, 84, 108) = 12and LCM = 8780 -45,,Hint Do same as Example 10. Ans. 35cm is 26x91__ 26x91 16, Hint HCF 26,81) = Fp eon” Gan 150x100 __ 160x100 HCF (60,1050 1a, Hint Letanother number bes Hor = 2*24 — y19= 2% TM "56952 ‘Ans. 7119 19, Hint ’ LOM (263, 440) = 259% 440 HICF(253, 440) 253x R = 253% 440 1 Ans. R= 40 20, Hint First, do same as Example 6. We get, HOF (26, 455)=13 or 26485, Rltet ad cacieaaees HCF(26, 455) ‘Ans. HCF (26, 455) =18 and LCM (26, 456) 21, Hint Given, LOM (12, 42) =10m+4 = 84=10m+4 Ans.m=8 22, Hint Factors of numbers from 1 to 10 are 9=1x3x3 10=1x2%5, + Least number that is divisible by all number ‘=LCM of numbers from 1 to10 HBX 2x Bx 9X 5X7 ‘ean cover 48 km in 1 day 360 For covering 260 km = S50 75 days 76x24 160% Cyclist 2 can cover 60 km in 1 day :, For covering 860 km = x24 144 b Cyt seam cover 72 km i 1 day « Foreoverng 250m = 20. 5dayg= 63 24 1208 Now, the cyclist will meet after = LCM (180, 144,120) Ans. 30 daysTOPIC 2 Revisiting Irrational Numbers Real Numbers A number, which is either rational or irrational, is called a real number. Different components of real numbers can be understood with the help of following flow diagram Real numbers ata numbers aol numbers VB, 5B, NG, 25, Iniagers Noriega racors) P22 AB =3 T 278 Negative tegers Whole numbers (Non-nagaive integers) 3-2-1 01,23, Zefo Natural umber Poste integers) 3 12.3, Rational Numbers ‘Annumber that can be expressed af, where p,q are integers and q #0, is called a rational number. ae aes BS ONS 3" Irrational Numbers ‘A number that cannot be expressed in the form fhe ‘poate integers and q #0, is called an irrational number. eg. Vi. AAS 22 ,0401101110111 te Be Note Coprime Integers A palr of integers having no common factors other than 1 (or ~9, are called coprime integes. eg. (1, 3),(-2.5),(6 35) ete ae coprime integers. Theorem 1) Let p be a prime number anda be a positive integer. If p divides a’, then p divides a. Given Let p be a prime number and 2 be a positive integer, such that p divides a”. To prove p divides a. Proof, We know that every positive integer can be expressed as the product of primes. So, let a= py Pan Pyr Where Py» Pav» Py ate primes, not necessarily all distinct. Then, = Now, since p divides a”. = pisa prime factor of a? = pis one of Py» P2»--» Pa» ‘since, by using fundamental theorem of arithmetic, (i only prime factors of aare Py» P2»+++» Pn: = pdividesa. [a= py: PaPal Thus, pdividesa? => pdivides a. Hence proved. ‘Theorem 2) V2 is irrational. CBSE 2023 (Standard), 19, 10, 09, 08 Proof Let us assume that /2 be rational. Then, it will be of the form Sowhere a bare integers and 6 #0. Again, let a and 6 have no common factor other than 1. , where a and b are coprime integers. (On squaring both sides, we get 2 ae = 267 wali) = 2dividesa? = 2dividesa {from Theorem 1] Then, a can be written as 2m, where m is an integer. On putting a=2m in Eq, (i), we get 26? =Qm)? = 26? =4m? = 6? =2m? So, 2 divides? => 2 divides b [from Theorem 1) Thus, 2 isa common factor of a and 6. But this contradicts the fact that a and 6 have no common factor other than 1. The contradiction arises by assuming that V2 is rational. Hence, v2 is irrational. Hence proved.Method of Finding Irrationality of Numbers ‘We know that a number is an irrational number, ifit cannot be written or expressed in the form pig, where p, q are integers and q #0. Infact, for any prime number p, |p is an irrational number. To prove the irrationality of the numbers, we use the method of contradiction. Example 1. Prove that 13 is an irrational number. CBSE 2023 (Standard), 2020 (Basic) Sol. Let us assume on the contrary that 3 is a rational number. ‘Then, there exist positive integers a and b such that WB =F where a and bare coprime Now, =4 2 > a = 307 3 divides a? => 3 divides a So, 3isafactor ofa, 0) = for some integer e = a 9c? = 36? =907 bra? 2307] = 1c? => 3 dividesb? => 3 divided So, 3isa factor ofb «iy From Eqs. i) and (i), we observe that aand bhave atleast 325 common factor. But this contradict the fact that « and 6 are coprime. This means that our assumption is not correct. Hence, 3 isan irrational number. Hence proved. Example 2. Show that 3V2 is an irrational number, CBSE 2008 Here, we will prove itby contradiction, ie. assume that 32 is a rational and then show that our assumption is wrong, ol. Let us assume that 32 bea rational number. Then, it will be of the form eB where p, gare coprime integers and g #0. Now, 2=32 = 4 ‘Since, p isan integer and3q is also an integer (3q #0). Po 3¢ Allinone Mathematics Class | So, is a rational number =# V2 is a rational number, 39 But this contradicts che fact that V2 isan “Therefore, our assumption is wrong. Hence,3V2 is an irrational number. al number, Hence proved, Example 3. Show that 5 - V3 is irrational. Sol. Let us assume that 5 — 13 is rational number. Then, it will beof the form e where p, qare coprime integers and q + 0. s-=2 q Now, On rearranging, we get Since, 5 and 2 are rational. So, their difference will be rational 4 c- ¥B is rational. Buc we know that V3 is irrational. So, this contradicts the fact that /3 is irrational. ‘Therefore our assumption is wrong. Hence,5 ~ 3 is irrational. Hence proved. Example 4. Prove that 3 — 2V5 is an irrational number, given that V5 is an irrational number. CBSE 2023 (Basic), 2019 Sol. Let us assume that 3 ~ 25 is a rational number, so it can be ‘expressed in the form f where p and gare coprimes and q #0. = This shows that V5 isa rational number. But we know that v5 is irrational. So, it contradicts our assumption. = Our assumption of 3 ~ 25 is rational is incorrect. ©. 3-2N5 is an irrational number. Hence proved.1 is product of a rational number and an irrational ‘number, a rational number? Is product of two ‘rational numbers, a rational number or an irrational number? Justify by giving examples. €BSE2015, 2 Prove that each of the following is irrational umber. os ‘case 2020 (Basic) Gi) 37 cay 2 5 case 2011, 12 Gv) 1-7, () 6+v2 (BSE 2010, 11 (vi) 5-v2 CBSE 2015 3 Prove that24/3 + VS is an irrational number. ‘cBSE2012 4 show that V3 + V6 is an irrational number. 5 Prove that 11 +32 is an irrational number, given Hints & Answers |, Hint @) Consider 2 and V2. (Gi) Consider 2+ V3 and 2- V3, Also consider, V2 and /8, ‘Ans. No, either rational or irrational 2. Gi) Hint Do same as Theorem 2. (i) Hint Do same as Example 2. (ii) Hint Do same as Example 2. (iv) Hint Do same as Example 3. (v) Hint Do same as Example 3. (vi) Hint Do same as Example 3. 3. Let us assume that 2V3 + VBis rational. Then, it will be of the form, Fayhere and bare coprime integers and b# 0 5 vB Now, W9+15=$ = W3= On squaring both sides, we get = (2-5 2-(2-8 that v2 is an irrational number. CBSE 2023 (Basie) = 122 $+ 5-285 = oa e = oa Bab Now, s rational 3 Bis a rational number. ’sa, bare integers and b # 0 which i a contradiction tothe fact that Vis irrational. So, our assumption is wrong. Hence, 25+ VBis irrational. 4. Hint Do same as Question 3. Hint Do same as Example 4.