Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366

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Materials Science and Engineering A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/msea

Effect of NiCrAlY platelets inclusion on the mechanical and thermal shock

properties of glass matrix composites
Minghui Chen, Shenglong Zhu ∗ , Mingli Shen, Fuhui Wang, Yan Niu
State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: NiCrAlY platelets modified glass matrix composites were prepared. Their microstructures were char-
Received 18 August 2010 acterized, their Young’s modulus, fracture strength in bending, Vickers hardness, and indentation
Received in revised form 8 October 2010 toughness were measured, and their thermal shock resistance was studied using quenching-strength
Accepted 8 October 2010
and indentation-quench methods. With increasing NiCrAlY content, evident enhancements of the Young’s
modulus and indentation toughness were obtained. The NiCrAlY alloy inclusion could exert significant
influences on the retained bending strength of the samples after quench tests, from 9.6 MPa for NiCrAlY-
Keywords:
free glass to 32.0 MPa for 30 wt.% NiCrAlY-containing composites. The indentation-quench tests showed
A. Mechanical characterization
A. Micromechanics
that NiCrAlY alloy inclusion elevated the critical quenching temperatures for propagation of pre-crack,
B. Glass from 150 ◦ C for NiCrAlY-free glass to 225 ◦ C for 30 wt.% NiCrAlY-containing composites. Inclusion debond-
B. Nickel based superalloys ing and intersection, crack deflection and bridging were observed, and are likely the micromechanisms
C. Sintering accounted for the improvement of fracture resistance.
D. Fracture © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction of oxidation and/or remelting of the ductile phase, which would

Glasses or glass-ceramics with excellent compatibility to cer-
tain metal substrates, showed good prospect to be used as coating
materials for high-temperature corrosion protection on inter-
metallics or titanium alloys [1–12]. In addition to the superior
high resistance to compressive stresses and chemical attack, glass
coatings stood out with the ease of processing. However, the inher-
ent brittleness and flaw sensitivity of glass, which results in a
high susceptible to spalling off, were major disadvantages which
limited its use as protective coatings in thermal cyclic applica-
tions.
It has been known that the incorporation of ductile metal dis-
persiods or tetragonal zirconia particles [13,14] into a glass matrix
can bring about improvement on glass mechanical properties for
many years. Several kinds of metallic inclusions incorporated in
glass matrices have been tested: Ni [15], Al [16], Cu [17], Mo
[18,19], V [19,20], W [21], and 316L stainless steel [22]. Substantial
enhancement of toughness could be achieved under the hypothesis
of optimum interfacial adherences between the metallic inclusions
and glass matrices [23]. However, these composites were all devel-
oped for structural applications at moderate temperature. When
employed at elevated temperatures as protective coatings on inter-
metallics or superalloys, they encountered the general problems
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 24 23904856; fax: +86 24 23893624.
E-mail addresses: mhchen0603@163.com (M. Chen), slzhu@imr.ac.cn (S. Zhu).
finally lead to the invalidation in protection.
NiCrAlY alloy was well-known for its oxidation resistance and
mechanical stability at high temperature [24–27]. It possessed a
high melting point and formed a dense protective oxide scale on the
surface during service. In the present study, NiCrAlY alloy platelets
were added to the SiO2 –Al2 O3 –ZnO–CaO based glass matrix and
pressureless sintering was employed to prepare the bulk compos-
ites, their effects on the mechanical properties and thermal shock
behaviors were studied in order to gain preliminary guidelines
for the design of glass–NiCrAlY composite coatings with improved
resistance of crack propagation. The common used quenching-
strength tests, as well as indentation-quench tests, were conducted
to evaluate the thermal shock resistance of the composites.
2. Experimental procedure
2.1. Composites preparation
The chemical compositions of the constituents (matrix glass and
NiCrAlY alloy) are presented in Table 1. The preparation processes
of the glass frit were described in detail elsewhere [12]. After ball
milled in an agate container for 100 h, powdered glass of less than
5 !m in size was dry-blended for 10 h with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and
30 wt.% NiCrAlY alloy platelets with diameters less than 40 !m.
The blended powders were uniaxially compressed in fused
quartz dies at pressure of 15 MPa for 20 min to form the green
compacts, which were then pushed out of the dies, pre-dried at

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doi:10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.015
 M. Chen et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366 1361

Table 1
Chemical compositions and physical properties of the composite constituents.

Glass matrix NiCrAlY alloy

Oxide Amount (wt.%) Element Amount (wt.%)

SiO2 Balance
Al2 O3 5.98 Ni Balance
ZnO 9.00
CaO 3.66 Cr 24.73
ZrO2 5.29
TiO2 2.75 Al 4.90
B2 O3 4.66
Na2 O 3.40 Y 0.41
KNO3 7.00
Density, ! (g/cm3 ) 2.68 8.00 a

Thermal exp. coeff., ˛ (×10−6 /◦ C) 5.7 13.5a

Young’s modulus, E (GPa) 72 200a
a
Mean values of superalloys [26].

250 ◦ C for 2 h to remove entirely water in the compacts, and fired

with a three-step process via pressureless sintering: initially ele-
vated from 250 ◦ C to 590 ◦ C with a relatively lower heating rate of
3 ◦ C/min, then kept on firing up to 800–850 ◦ C with a rapid heat-
ing rate of 20 ◦ C/min; finally soaked at the ultimate temperature for
30 min and cooled down slowly within the furnace. The composites
containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt.% NiCrAlY were denoted as
PE, E5M, E10M, E15M, E20M, E25M and E30M, respectively.

2.2. Analysis methods

The as-fired composites were ground and polished to the nom-

inal dimensions of 4.7 mm in diameter and 80 mm in length for
Young’s modulus measurement, while of 2 mm × 4 mm × 36 mm
for the fracture strength determination. The Young’s modulus of
the composite was measured using non-destructive resonance fre-
quency technique. To determine the fracture strength, three-point
bending tests were performed using SKZ-500 (Xiangtan City Instru-
ment & Meter Co., Xiangtan, China) with spans of 20 mm and
loading speed of 0.5 mm/min. At least five bars were tested per com-
position. The fracture surfaces of broken samples were observed by
Fig. 1. Back-scattered electron micrographs showing the typical microstructures of
scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Inspect F 50, FEI Co., Hillsboro,
the as-sintered composites: (A) E20M and (B) E30M.
OR, USA) after being coated with a carbon layer. The indentation
tests were carried out on the polished top face by using Buehler
Micromet 5114 (Mitutoyo Co., Kanagawa, Japan) with a standard
per sample) were made by Vickers hardmeter on the polished sam-
Vickers diamond tip. The loading rate was 10 !m/s and the value
ple surface and the microcrack length was measured both before
of load applied was 4.91 N. Diagonals of the indentations and the
and after quenching.
extending cracks were measured on SEM micrographs at a mag-
The interphases between the glass matrix and alloy inclusions
nification of 1600×. The indentation fracture toughness was then
were characterized by using XRD (X’ Pert PRO, PANalytical Co.,
calculated with the equation [28]:
Almelo, Holland, Cu K" radiation at 40 kV) and SEM coupled with an
! E " 1/2 ! P " energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, X-Max, Oxford instruments
KIC = A (1) Co., Oxford, UK).
H c 3/2
where E is the Young’s modulus, H the Vickers hardness, P the
indentation load, c the crack lengths measured from the centre of 3. Results
Vickers impression and A the calibration constant taken as 0.008
for glass-metal system [19]. 3.1. Microstructure and interface
DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter, STA 449C, Netzsch Co.,
Selb, Germany) analysis was conducted by using 30 mg of the milled Fig. 1 shows the typical micrograph of the as-sintered
glass powders heated from 25 to 1000 ◦ C at 20 K/min, in order to glass–NiCrAlY composite. The NiCrAlY inclusions, of different par-
obtain the critical temperatures of the matrix glass, such as glass ticle sizes, were well distributed in the pore-free glass matrix. The
transition and crystallization. incorporated alloy platelets exhibited continuous interface to the
In each cycle of the thermal shock tests, samples were heated glass matrix, except that some agglomerates along with interfa-
to designated temperatures for 30 min and then quenched into cial voids were observed merely in the E30M composite (Fig. 1B).
water at room temperature (25 ◦ C). Four polished samples were The interdiffusion zone (IDZ) between the NiCrAlY alloy and glass
tested for each temperature difference ("T). The retained strength matrix was revealed in Fig. 2 at higher magnification, where the
was measured by three-point bending method for the quenching- constituents Ni, Cr and Si showed smooth alteration in content
strength test. For indentation-quench test, indentation pits (three according to the EDS line scans.
1362 M. Chen et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366

Fig. 4. DSC curves of the matrix glass powders (heating rate of 20 K/min).

Fig. 2. Back-scattered electron micrographs showing the interdiffusion zone (IDZ)

between the matrix glass and included NiCrAlY alloy, along with EDS line scans for
Ni, Cr and Si.

Fig. 3. XRD patterns of the as-sintered E30M composite. (a) #-Ni/#% –Ni3 Al and (b)
NiCr2 O4 .

Fig. 3 shows the XRD patterns of the as-sintered E30M compos-

ite. A very broad peak near 25◦ was present in the XRD pattern,
indicating the glassy phase existence. In addition to the strong
peaks of #-Ni/#% –Ni3 Al (phase of the NiCrAlY inclusion), weak ones
of nichromite (nominally NiCr2 O4 ) could be detected with the XRD.
Fig. 4 shows the DSC scans for the matrix glass. The curves indi-
cated an endothermic peak at around 585 ◦ C and an exothermic
peak at around 850 ◦ C. The endothermic peak was corresponded to
the glass transition temperature (Tg ) which was in accordance with
our previous results of dilatometric analysis showing a glass tran-
sition temperature of 585 ◦ C and softening temperature of 675 ◦ C. Fig. 5. Thermal shock resistance of glass–NiCrAlY composites in two different tests:
(A) quenching-strength test and (B) indentation-quench test.
The exothermic peak was related to the beginning temperature of

Table 2
Summary of measured mechanical properties (±std. dev.) of glass-matrix composites containing NiCrAlY platelets inclusions.
√
Weight fraction of NiCrAlY Young’s modulus (GPa) Fracture strength (MPa) Indentation toughness (MPa m) Vickers hardness (HV 0.5) Crack length (!m)

0 72.1 ± 0.7 97.7 ± 12.5 0.938 ± 0.027 628 ± 17 58.6

0.05 74.4 ± 0.5 77.0 ± 7.0 1.083 ± 0.099 646 ± 20 53.5
0.1 76.5 ± 1.0 77.5 ± 7.9 1.189 ± 0.068 655 ± 13 50.4
0.15 78.8 ± 0.5 78.9 ± 8.2 1.462 ± 0.148 658 ± 14 44.4
0.2 80.1 ± 0.7 82.0 ± 6.5 1.659 ± 0.311 670 ± 14 41.2
0.25 80.5 ± 1.3 84.1 ± 8.7 1.836 ± 0.259 661 ± 17 38.9
0.3 81.1 ± 1.0 89.2 ± 9.6 2.001 ± 0.153 645 ± 22 36.6
 M. Chen et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366
Fig. 6. Back-scattered electron micrographs showing the fracture surfaces of (A) PE, (B) E20M and (C) E30M along with the high magnification (D) of the rectangular zone in
(C).
crystallization (Tc ) from the matrix glass. It is higher than the firing
temperature of the studied glass–NiCrAlY composites. There would
be crystallites apparently precipitated from the matrix glass only
after more than 10 h annealing at 850 ◦ C according to our previous
woks [12].
Combining the EDS line scans at the interface glass/NiCrAlY
and XRD pattern of the composites, we conclude that the included
NiCrAlY alloy was slightly oxidized to form nichromite on its sur-
faces during sintering. By virtue of the high solubility of most oxides
in glass, this oxidation product dissolved and diffused in the matrix
glass, markedly altering the glass compositions in front of the inter-
face.
3.2. Mechanical and thermal shock properties
Table 2 shows the measured values of the Young’s modulus
(E), fracture strength in bending (#), Vickers hardness (HV 0.5),
indentation toughness (KIC ) and the medial–radial crack length
(c) of the composite samples. The Young’s modulus and fracture
toughness increased monotonically with alloy content, while Vick-
ers hardness showed a complex trend: initially increased to an
extremum (of 20 wt.% NiCrAlY alloy) then decreased slightly. For
fracture strength, it followed a sharp drop as the alloy platelet was
initially added then a slow increase with the alloy content.
Fig. 5 shows the thermal shock behaviors of PE, compos-
ites E10M, E20M and E30M by using the quenching-strength
and indentation-quench tests. As shown in Fig. 5A, the strength
responses of the monolithic glass and glass–NiCrAlY compos-
1363
ites agreed with the expected behavior from Hasselman’s model
[29,30], showing a critical temperature difference ("TC ), where
abrupt drop of fracture strength occurred. The curve for all the
tested materials presented the same "TC at about 200 ◦ C, while
the retained strength increased with alloy content: 9.6 MPa for
PE, 20.2 MPa for E10M, 25.1 MPa for E20M and 32.0 MPa for the
E30M composite. The indentation-induced crack growth after ther-
mal shock was presented in Fig. 5B. No obvious crack propagation
could be detected until the quenching temperatures increased up
to a critical value where cracks propagated unstably. Unlike the
results of quenching-strength test, NiCrAlY alloy inclusion elevated
the critical temperature differences from 150 ◦ C for NiCrAlY-free
glass to 225 ◦ C for 30 wt.% NiCrAlY-containing composites in the
indentation-quench tests.
3.3. Fracture surface and microcrack–inclusion interactions
Fig. 6 shows the typical fracture surface of the monolithic glass
and glass–NiCrAlY composites. With increasing alloy content, the
roughness of the fracture surface increased. Few round pores of
micron sizes, along with the pore-induced striations, could be
observed on the relatively flat fracture surface of PE (Fig. 6A), indi-
cating the fracture initiation sites. In cases of glass–NiCrAlY platelet
composites, ripples featured the fracture surfaces (Fig. 6B and C).
The retained alloy platelets, dispersed with various angles to the
fracture surface, demonstrated a firm bonding to the glass matrix
and a complex inclusion–microcrack interaction mechanism. Two
ways of cracks propagation were observed. One was to deflect and
1364 M. Chen et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366
Fig. 7. Back-scattered electron micrographs showing microcrack–inclusion interactions. Crack propagation direction was from left to right: (A) crack bridging and partially
debonding; (B) crack deflection and bridging; (C) fully debonding; (D) inclusion sectioned with limited plastic deformation.
pass through the glass matrix on intercepting a platelet vertical to
the crack plane, as indicated by arrows in Fig. 6B, where crack front
moved from bottom toward top. Another way was to run along
the interface and thus resulted in debonding of the platelet paral-
lel to the crack plane, as indicated by arrows indicated in Fig. 6C.
Fig. 6D illustrates the detached interface at higher magnification.
Some glass flakes could be observed still bonded on the platelet
surfaces. No plastic deformation of platelet was found.
Fig. 7 shows four modes of crack–inclusion interactions behind
the crack tip after Vickers indenting. The first mode is bridging
of the propagating crack and partially debonding of the metallic
inclusion, as indicated by arrow in Fig. 7A where the initial crack
tip moved through the parent glass with a contact angle of about
61◦ to the elongated alloy platelet. Fig. 7B shows the second mode
where the crack tip deflected in front of the inclusion and then cut
through it. The third one is that cracks extended along the inter-
face of glass/NiCrAlY and led to detachment of the NiCrAlY platelet
from the glass matrix, as shown in Fig. 7C where the crack tip moved
almost parallel to the interface. The fourth mode is the perfect inter-
section of the NiCrAlY platelet, as shown in Fig. 7D where crack run
vertically to the platelet (especially of small particle size).
4. Discussion
Dense bulk composites of glass/NiCrAlY alloy platelet were
prepared by using pressureless sintering. Experimental results
revealed the benefits on composites fracture toughness with
increasing alloy content. Theoretically, compared to metals nickel,
aluminum and copper, the inherent ductility of which had been
successfully exploited in glass matrix composites by plastic defor-
mation, NiCrAlY alloy was of higher hardness (HV 387) and fracture
strength values (550 MPa) [31], suggested more difficulty in defor-
mation, therefore, less effect in toughening of brittle glasses. Big
mismatches of CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) and elastic
modulus between glass matrix and NiCrAlY inclusions (as shown
in Table 1) would produce large internal stresses which steered
the propagating cracks around the inclusions and again avoided
utilization of the inclusion ductility. Fig. 8 shows the circumfer-
ential cracks formed around platelet in the composite E30M after
thermal shocked ("T = 300 ◦ C). Therefore, crack deflection, created
new crack surface as progressing, still not contributed substantially
to the composites toughness. According to the theory proposed by
Faber et al. [32], which demonstrated toughening by random spac-
ing platelet inclusions due to crack deflection, a maximal increase
in toughness of 80% is predicted for a 13 vol.% (here 30 wt.%) com-
posite over that of the unreinforced matrix. The actual increase in
toughness found for this composite was 113%, larger than expected.
This higher value, coupled with the more rapid increase in tough-
ness over that of the modulus, indicated that additional toughening
mechanisms were involved, especially at higher alloy contents.
In fact, the composites were fired in a process that the tem-
peratures were elevated slowly from room temperature to the
designed firing point in air. The alloy platelet was initially oxidized
and nichromite was produced at the surface before the glass soft
point. After that, glass melted and wetted the platelet followed by
the dissolution and diffusion of nichromite into glass (as shown
 M. Chen et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366
Fig. 8. Back-scattered electron micrographs showing circumferential cracking in
the composite E30M after thermal shocked at "T = 300 ◦ C.
in Figs. 2 and 3), which changed the composition of glass in the
vicinity of interface, i.e. added elements of nickel and chromium
in the parent glass with considerable amounts depending on the
sintering temperature and time. King et al. [33] and Brennan et al.
[34] had conducted a comprehensive investigation of the adher-
ence of glasses to metals, suggesting that the glass at the interface
must be saturated with an oxide of the metal substrate to form
metal-to-metal (here Ni-to-Ni) bonds and to accomplish a per-
fect adherence. So, dissolution and diffusion of nichromite might
improve the adherence of glass to the NiCrAlY alloy in current
work. This was demonstrated by the fracture interfaces (as shown
in Fig. 6D, with high anchor point counts and still bonded glass
flakes): extremely roughness, regardless of property mismatches
(CTE and elastic modulus) between the glass matrix and inclusions.
Moreover, substrates protected by this designed composite coat-
ings were mostly Ni-based superalloys, it could be thus expected a
close bond (Ni-to-Ni bond) to form between substrates and coat-
ings, which subsequently contributed much to the resistance of
spalling off as thermal shocked.
As presented in Fig. 7, crack bridging and inclusion debonding
were as well the frequent ways of the crack–inclusion interac-
tions accounted for toughness enhancement. Kotoul et al. [35,36]
expatiated the transition from crack bridging to crack trapping
mechanisms for toughening of brittle matrix composite, which
closely related to the extent of glass/inclusion debonding. Some
optimum interface debonding was requested to exert the inherent
ductility of metal phase. In our current system, fully debonding
occurred if the initial crack plane parallel to the alloy platelet,
while partially debonding and crack bridging were the main mark-
ings when the cracks were intercepted by the platelets arranged
vertically or near vertically. The bridging ligaments could exert
closing forces which reduced the stress intensity at the crack tip,
and glass/inclusion debonding could lower the constraint of the
Table 3
Thermal shock resistance parameters of glass–NiCrAlY composites.
Materials ˛a (×10−6 /◦ C) R (◦ C)
PE 5.7 190
E10M 6.1 133
E20M 6.6 124
E30M 6.8 129
a
Measured in our corresponding work at 200 ◦ C, assuming $ = 0.2.
1365
inclusion, permitting extensive plastic stretch and increasing the
work of fracture.
The inclusion of NiCrAlY alloys had suddenly decreased the frac-
ture strength at 5 wt.% and then followed with a slow increase by
increasing the alloy content to 30 wt.%. In brittle materials, the frac-
ture strength mainly depended on the size of the biggest defects
where the stresses concentrated. As shown in Fig. 6A the sintering
pores, which were mostly in micro-sizes, were the main defects
in the matrix glass indicating the crack initiation sites. However,
in glass–NiCrAlY composites agglomerating was inevitable and
apparent agglomerates could be found in the 30 wt.% alloy con-
taining composites as shown in Fig. 1B. Agglomerate always led
to the formation of weak bonding at the interfaces between alloy
platelets which became the biggest defects (much bigger than the
sintering pores) and thus responsible for the decrease in fracture
strength at the initial addition of NiCrAlY platelets. With increasing
alloy content, the size of the biggest defects unchanged, while the
internal stresses due to the mismatch in TEC between the matrix
glass and included alloys increased and exerted a growing resis-
tance to the crack propagation as discussed above, resulted in the
following increase in strength.
From the quenching-strength and indentation-quench tests, the
modification of NiCrAlY alloy addition into glass matrix on the
thermal shock behaviors was quiet evident. In order to assess the
response of a brittle material to thermal shock, thermal shock resis-
tance parameters (R parameters) were introduced by Hasselman
[29], such that:
# (1 − $)
"TC = R = (2)
˛E
k#(1 − $)
R% = (3)
˛E
2
kIC
R%%%% = 2
(4)
# (1 − $)
where # is the fracture strength, $ the Poisson ration, ˛ the ther-
mal expansion coefficient, E the Young’s modulus, k the thermal
conductivity and KIC the fracture toughness.
R and R% parameters predicted the critical temperature differ-
ence ("TC ) in a body under conditions of sharp and moderate
heat flow, respectively, which were expressed as the resistance
to crack initiation. R%%%% expressed the ability of a material to resist
crack propagation and further damage and loss of strength with
increasing severity of thermal shock. Table 3 shows the calculated
values of R–R%%%% parameters and critical temperature differences
from thermal shock tests for the glass–NiCrAlY composites. The cal-
culated R parameter decreased as the alloy platelet was included.
This was disagreed with the trends of "TC obtained by exper-
iment: unchanged in the quenching-strength test while slightly
enhanced in the indentation-quench test with increasing alloy con-
tent. Parameter R%%%% revealed a monotonic increase with the NiCrAlY
alloy content, consistent with the increasing retained strength in
Fig. 5A, which indicated growing resistance of crack propagation
under thermal shock. During the thermal shock tests, stresses led
to the fracture of glass–NiCrAlY composites originated mainly from
R%%%% (×10−3 /m) "TC (◦ C)
Quenching-strength Indentation-quench
0.115 200 150
0.302 200 175
0.512 200 225
0.629 200 225
1366 M. Chen et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 1360–1366

the two parts combined: the thermal stress due to the sharp drop
of temperature and the following exterior stress due to the three-
point bending. At "T < "TC , the thermal stress was not big enough
to initiate cracks, and the exterior stress causes the crack initiation Acknowledgements
and propagation to fracture. The increased temperature differ-
ences only decreased a little of the fracture strength. However at This project is financially supported by the Knowledge Inno-
"T ≥ "TC , the thermal stresses have been increased and become vation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, grant no.
big enough for the initiation of cracks. So a much lower value of YYYJ-0912, and by National Natural Science Foundation of China,
exterior stress (here corresponded to the retained strength) could grant no. 50774074.
cause the already produced cracks to propagate unstably. By using
the micromechanisms of crack bridging, deflection and interfa- References
cial debonding, the inclusion of NiCrAlY alloy platelets enhanced
the composites resistance to crack propagation as shown in Fig. 6 [1]
[2]
(increased roughness of fracture surfaces) and Fig. 7 (toughening [3]
mechanisms for alloy inclusion). They accounted for the increase in [4]
retained strength of the glass–NiCrAlY composites with increasing [5]
alloy content.
[6]
The combination of steady "TC and substantially enhanced [7]
R%%%% demonstrated that the NiCrAlY platelet inclusion exerted influ- [8]
ences little on fracture initiation while significantly on the [9]
[10]
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been detected [37,38]. It was well accepted that unstable crack [13]
[14]
extension resulted in the peeling of glass coating. Thus, a modified [15]
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endure severer thermal shock before spalling off, and followed by [17]
the crack healing process at high temperature. [18]
Based on these results, an improved glass–NiCrAlY composite
coating system was expected and further investigations of the R- [19]
curve behaviors and coating preparations would be conducted. [20]
[21]
[22]
5. Conclusions [23]
[24]
[25]
From the above study, the following conclusions can be drawn: [26]
[27]
(1) Dense composite of glass–NiCrAlY was prepared via pressure-
less sintering. A substantial increment in fracture toughness [28]
was achieved after the alloy platelets were added: from 0.938
√ [29]
for PE to 2.001 MPa m for the E30M composite.
[30]
(2) Platelets debonding, crack deflection and bridging were the [31]
most frequent ways of crack–inclusion interactions, which [32]
mainly accounted for the evident increase in crack propagation [33]
[34]
resistance in the glass–NiCrAlY composites. [35]
(3) The results of thermal shock tests showed that the NiCrAlY [36]
platelets inclusion exerted influences littler on the critical [37]
[38]
temperature difference ("TC ), which was 200 ◦ C for all the
tested materials, but significantly on the retained strength that
monotonically increased from 9.6 for PE to 32.0 MPa for E30M
composite.
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