2020 FORTEI-International Conference on Electrical Engineering (FORTEI-ICEE)

Design of Battery Energy Storage System Control

Scheme for Frequency Regulation for PV Integrated
Power System
Izzuddin Fathin Azhar Lesnanto Multa Putranto Sasongko Pramono Hadi
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Information Engineering Information Engineering Information Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada Universitas Gadjah Mada Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta, Indonesia Yogyakarta, Indonesia Yogyakarta, Indonesia
izzuddin.fathin.azhar@mail.ugm.ac.id lesnanto@ugm.ac.id sasongko@ugm.ac.id

Abstract— The penetration of intermittent renewable energy
sources (IRES) will affect the power balance between generation
and load, which can disturb the stability of the frequency in the
system. Ancillary service that can be used to increase frequency
stability due to IRES penetration is a battery energy storage
system (BESS). This paper discusses the effect of BESS
implementation on the performance of frequency stability due
to interference from the generation of IRES. Tests carried out
on the IEEE 9 bus system modified with IRES generator in the
form of photovoltaic (PV). The control circuit in BESS that is
used is virtual inertia control as inertial response (IR) unit and
droop control as primary frequency response (PFR) unit. The
results show that BESS as a support unit for frequency
regulation can reduce the frequency nadir of the system from
49.49 Hz to 49.80 Hz. The rate of change of frequency (RoCoF)
value is reduced from 0.270 Hz/s to 0.078 Hz/s. The steady-state
frequency value also approaches the reference frequency value
of 50 Hz from 49.80 Hz to 49.89 Hz.
Keywords—Frequency Stability, Battery, Energy Storage
System, Frequency Nadir.
I. INTRODUCTION
The increment of gas emission has a global impact due to
the influence of various fields, one of which is the electricity
system. For the environmental consideration, renewable
energy source (RES) technologies are used, including the
IRES such as wind and solar generation, as shown through the
energy mix target set by several countries such as Indonesia
has targeting RES of 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 [1]. China
has also targeting RES at 20% by 2030 [2], while Germany
has a RES target of 30% in 2020 and 60% in 2050 [3]. There
are two types of RES, dispatchable and intermittent.
Dispatchable RES means the output can be regulated, while
the intermittent RES cannot be regulated because of the
uncertainty in energy production. An accidental phenomenon
like cloud cover in photovoltaic (PV) can affect on decrement
of PV power output, as found in [4]. The nature of the PV
intermittence can affect the stability of the system, especially
in frequency stability.
One aspect of the stability of an electric power system is
frequency stability [5]. Frequency stability is defined as the
ability of an electrical power system to maintain the frequency
value of a disturbance that causes an imbalance between
power generation and load. If the frequency stability of the
system is not maintained, it might cause the system to
collapse. In this situation, under or over frequency relay would
be active and some generator might be shutdown. If this
continues, it can lead to blackouts. For example, there
occurred in some regions such as Hokkaido Japan. [6], the
United States and Canada [7], South Australia [8], and Europe
[9]. During under frequency events, the frequency stability
can be maintained by regulating generator dispatches,
performing load shedding, or activating ancillary services.
One of the ancillary services used to improve frequency
stability is energy storage technologies such as battery energy
storage systems (BESS) [10]. BESS can be used as energy
management and frequency regulation. In frequency
regulation, BESS uses a control circuit with an algorithm that
will initiate a frequency response when the frequency
decreases by its threshold value [11], hence it will supply
active power in response to the event. Thus, the frequency
deviation that occurs due to the disturbance of load imbalance
becomes smaller [12].
An analysis of the feasibility of BESS is carried out as a
support unit for frequency regulation in [13]. The researcher
analyses characteristics and types of batteries that are suitable
for frequency regulation. Moreover, BESS installation is
performed to support fast inertial frequency response in [14].
BESS is used as a unit that provides an inertia response that
affects the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) with simple
loop control added in the converter’s power control.
Meanwhile, The free governor mode of operation has been
added in power system generators for supporting the
frequency stability in [15]. The researchers [16] determined
the size of BESS as a unit for an inertial response (IR) and
primary frequency response (PFR). The BESS contribution is
obtained by setting the inertia constant and the droop gain
magnitude. In [17], it uses virtual inertia and frequency droop
control in the photovoltaic generation for supporting
frequency stability. Virtual inertia control is used to decrease
the rate of change of frequency when a disturbance occurs,
while frequency droop control is used for improving the
frequency after the disturbance has occurred. In [18], the
virtual inertia control circuit is applied to BESS to support the
high penetration of IRES generators on islanded microgrids.
Something similar is done in [19], which combines droop
control and virtual inertia control on the microgrid.
This paper focuses on BESS control modeling as a support
unit for frequency regulation with IR and PFR control based
on conventional generator droop control and swing equation
of synchronous machine, instead of using photovoltaic for
frequency regulation circuits for compensating the
intermittence of PV generation. The modified IEEE 9-bus test
system having a PV generating unit is used as the test system
for demonstrating the merit of the control method. In this test
system, BESS is placed on the same bus as PV. The drop of

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25% of PV power output fluctuation is simulated for
triggering the frequency deviation. The drop of 25% of PV
power output is based on [4], which occurs due to cloud cover.
The frequency response shows that the BESS implementation
decreases the frequency nadir and steady-state frequency
deviation.
II. BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR FREQUENCY
REGULATION

A. Energy Storage System

Some of the energy storage system (ESS) technologies
shown in Fig. 1, such as a battery, pumped hydro storage,
supercapacitor, flywheel, compressed air energy storage, and
power-to-gas, have its characteristics that are used for certain
purposes [10]. Applications that can be implemented with
ESS technology are generally divided into three such as in
generation side, network operators or systems, and on the user
side. ESS technology as frequency regulation requires
technology with a response of some seconds to hours and the
power required is around 10 kW to 100 GW. So, battery Fig. 1. Comparison of energy storage technology [10].
technology is chosen that has a response time in the resolution
of seconds to days with a power capacity of about 1 kW to 100 TABLE I. COMPARISON OF BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
GW. BESS
Lead-acid Li-ion Ni-Cd Na-S
technology
B. Battery Energy Storage System
Power capacity 0-40 0-50
0-100 [13][23] 0-100 [13][23]
Battery energy storage system (BESS) technology can be (MW) [13] [13][23]
used for several purposes, such as a power supply unit (UPS) Energy capacity
0,25-50 [23] 0,25-25 [23]
0-75 0-300
for improving power quality, transmission service operator (MWh) [24] [23]
(TSO), distribution service operator (DSO), energy millisec millisec
milliseconds milliseconds onds onds
management including load shifting, and as large-scale energy Time response
[13][23][24] [13][23][24] [13][23] [13][23]
storage. In the application of BESS, frequency regulation can [24] [24]
be used to control active power output faster than conventional 10-15
Lifetime (year) 5-15 [23][25] 5-15 [23][25] >10 [25]
power plants because BESS has no mechanical inertia and [23]
delay. Therefore, the addition of BESS to the network can 500- 300-500
Energy capital 200-600 1200-4000
1500 [13][24]
make the frequency deviation smaller [12]. cost ($/kWh) [24][26] [26]
[26] [26]
The batteries in UPS applications and power quality
C. Primary Frequency Response Control
improvement require some criteria, such as having a response
at seconds to minutes resolution, high power capacity to meet In conventional plants that use synchronous generators, if
the active power requirements of the network for primary there is a spinning reserve, the plant can provide primary
regulation, long life cycles on partial cycles that refer to regulation according to its droop characteristics. The control
battery age under the pattern certain discharges, low battery of the PFR can be modeled with the attributes of the droop, as
cycle costs, and fast response to meet active power output in a shown in (1) [27].
short time [13]. ∆
= (1)
TABLE I shows several types of battery technology, such ∆
as lead-acid, Ni-Cd, NaS dan Li-Ion. Ni-Cd and NaS are With,
widely applied to improve network stability. Li-ion battery is = droop gain (pu)
a type of battery that can also be used for UPS applications
∆ = frequency deviation (Hz)
because of its high performance. However, this type of battery
requires expensive costs, so it is not suitable to use on certain ∆ = power generation deviation (MW)
occasions. In (1) is shown a proportional relationship between
Lead-acid batteries are widely used in various industries. changes in frequency and power generation. If there is a
Lead-acid batteries in the Alaska electrical system are used for frequency change in the system, the generator will
a 0.5-second frequency response in an emergency, as compensate for these changes by changing the power
mentioned in [20]. Lead-acid batteries are also used for generation to follow its droop regulations. Thus, the PFR at
frequency regulation in the 8.5 MWh system at the BEWAG BESS is modeled with the proportional controller, as in (2).
plant, Berlin, Germany [21], the 4 MWh ESCAR system at the The power contributed by BESS changes following the
Iberdrola Technology Demonstration Center, Madrid, Spain, frequency deviation between the reference frequency 50
the 14 MW h 1.5 h system at PREPA, Puerto Rico, and the 40 Hz and measurement frequency in point of common
MWh system in Chino, California, United State [22]. coupling (PCC). It is also affected by the number of gain
control in PFR controller, which affects the slope
between power and frequency.

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 1 1
= ( − = ∆ (2)

With,
= power contribution from PFR (pu (MW))
= gain of PFR
= frequency (Hz)
= nominal frequency (Hz)
D. Inertial Response Control
In controlling virtual inertia, energy is obtained from dc- Fig. 2. Frequency Controller Model of BESS
links in the form of capacitors [28]. Balancing power between given to maintain the value of ∆ remains zero after the
the energy source and the grid inverter is done by charging initiation of power flow [12]. The power injection output from
and discharging the capacitors. Thus, the dynamic behavior of PFR and IR is limited to a value between pmax and pmin.
the inverter dc-link capacitor can resemble the characteristics
of the rotational inertia that rotates on the synchronous III. SIMULATION SETUP
generator as in (3). Another component to produce virtual
The test system uses IEEE 9 bus, which has 3 synchronous
inertia is in the form of a dc-current source to supply the
generators. However, in this research, 1 synchronous
amount of energy needed. Because the energy stored in the
generator is replaced with PV, as shown in Fig. 3. This system
capacitor alone is not enough to provide an inertia response,
is modeled in PowerFactory. There are 10 ac buses, 1 dc bus,
so it needs another additional energy source such as BESS.
3 loads, 4 transformers, 2 synchronous generators, 1 PV
− (3) system, 1 converter, and 1 battery. The voltage levels are 230,
= 18, 16.5, 13.8, 0.9 and 0.4 kV. BESS is placed on bus 9 which
2
is close to the PV system.
With,
Active power on Load A is 125 MW, Load B is 90 MW,
= grid frequency (Hz) and Load C is 100 MW. G2 is regulated as a voltage-
= time (s) controlled bus with a voltage magnitude of 1.025 V and a
= mechanical power (pu) voltage angle of 00. G1 is regulated as a reference bus with a
= electrical power (pu) voltage magnitude of 1.04 V and a voltage angle of 00. G2 is
= inertia constant (s) dispatched at 80 MW, while the PV system has a dispatch
The contribution of IR to BESS can be defined based on approaching 50% of the total system load, in this case, 150
the swing equation (3). Hence, it becomes in (4) and (5). MW with a power factor of 1.
Power contribution from IR is produced with following
The nominal frequency of the system is 50 Hz. G1 uses the
the change of frequecy deviation in power network and
HYGOV governor model for representing the hydro-
corresponding to gain control of IR .
generator, and G2 uses the GAST governor model for
∆ (4) representing the gas turbine generator [29], each model uses a
=2∙ ∙ 5% droop setting [30]. Other parameter values are typical in
PowerFactory.
∆ (5)
= ∙ PFR will be active when a frequency deviation exceeds ±
20 mHz or ± 0.0004 pu [31]. When a frequency deviation
The model is a derivative controller circuit. Hence, a filter occurs at ± 200 mHz or ± 0.004 pu [31] then BESS must send
is added as in (6) with a value of 1 s as for stability [18]. the maximum power or as the nominal power. So, the amount
s of droop or gain from PFR setting is 0.0036 pu and the
= ∆ (6) dead band is 0.0004 pu. the gain in this study was set at
1 s
500, and the dead band for IR is 0.001 pu [32].
With,
= power contribution from IR (pu (MW))
= inertia constant of IR control (s)
= rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) (Hz/s)
= gain control of IR
= filter time constant of IR
= time (s)
s = Laplace operator
E. Frequency Controller Model
Based on (2) and (6), a model can be formed for the BESS
frequency control circuit shown in Fig. 2. Deadband blocks
are given to make BESS work only if the frequency value is
outside the set dead band limit [16]. The offset block is
Fig. 3. Modified IEEE 9 Bus System with PV and BESS

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 The flowchart in this study is shown in Fig. 4. The
simulation is done in 900 seconds. Disturbance simulation
conducted in the form of loss of power on the PV system by
25% of the power generated is 150 MW to 112.5 MW at 5
seconds. There are four test scenarios observed, such as
without using BESS, with IR control of BESS, with PFR
control of BESS, and with IR and PFR controls of BESS.
When under normal conditions, BESS is set not to provide
power to the system. BESS only works when frequency
deviations exceed the dead band values of each PFR and IR
control. It will also be observed how each control influences
to verify the performance of each control set if it works
individually.
The parameter of BESS is shown in TABLE II. The power
capacity of BESS can be calculated as (7) [16].
Δ
=−
Δ response after a disturbance, and compare the value of the
Where,
= power/frequency characteristic (MW/Hz)
Δ = change of active power (MW)
Δ = change of frequency from nominal frequency (Hz)
Because of power loss in PV system by 37.5 MW and the
steady-state frequency target by 49.8 Hz, so the power
capacity of BESS ( ) is shown in (8) [10][16].
= ∙ ∙
From (8), the power capacity of BESS is 33.75 MW. Instead
of using 33.75 MW, in this research will be used 36 MW
power capacity of BESS based on the lead-acid
implementation in Texas [33].
In this research, it is assumed that BESS has a depth of
discharge (DOD) of 80% [34], efficiency ( ) of 90%
[22], and BESS is used to provide primary frequency reserve
for 900 seconds ( ) [35]. The energy capacity of BESS
( ℎ ) can be calculated as (9).
TABLE II. PARAMETER VALUE OF BESS
Parameter Value
Capacity of each cell 200 Ah
Min. voltage of empty cell 12 V
Max. voltage of full cell 13.5 V
Number of series connected cells 60
Number of parallel connected cells 78
Internal resistance of cell 0.001 ohm
Nominal of BESS voltage 810 V
∙
ℎ = (9)
3600 ∙ ∙
From (9), the energy capacity of BESS is 12.5 MWh. It is
equal to 197.85 Ah per cell with 810 V of BESS nominal
voltage. Using a battery with a capacity of 200 Ah per cell, a
battery energy capacity of 12.64 is obtained.
(7) The analysis carried out is to look at the system frequency
frequency nadir, overshoot, and steady-state error for each
scenario on buses 9. G1 and G2 power generation was also
observed to see the effect of BESS.
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
A. Impact on System Frequency Response
The recapitulation of the simulation result is shown in
TABLE III. The minimum frequency limit is 49.5 Hz based
on manual load shedding operation in the Java-Madura-Bali
(8) system [30], while the steady-state frequency limit is 49.8 Hz
[30]. The RoCoF is measured every 500 ms after a disturbance
occurs based on ENTSO-E standard [36]. The RoCoF limit is
0,5 Hz/s [37].
As shown in TABLE III and Fig. 5, the frequency nadir
after implementation of BESS is reduced. The frequency nadir
for without the BESS scenario is 49.49 Hz, which exceeds the
minimum frequency limit. After BESS implementation, with
IR control only, the frequency nadir reduces to 49.62 Hz,
while the frequency nadir with PFR only on BESS reduces to
49,84 Hz. The best configuration is combining IR and PFR
control, which can reduce the frequency nadir to 49,86 Hz.
The steady-state frequency of without BESS scenario and IR
control only of the BESS scenario is 49.8 Hz, which coincides
with the steady-state frequency limit. With IR control only,
BESS will reduce the RoCoF value, which is correspondence
to the system inertia response, so the deviation of steady-state
frequency is not decreased. When the control of BESS
includes PFR control, the deviation of steady-state frequency
will be decreased because of the addition of power injected by
PFR control in BESS. The steady-state frequency of with PFR
control only of the BESS scenario and with IR and PFR
controls of the BESS scenario is 49.89 Hz.
The RoCoF simulation result, as shown in TABLE III and
Fig. 6, is calculated by using the backward difference
approximation from the frequency response, as shown in Fig.
5 with a time sampling of 500 ms, as mentioned before. It
TABLE III. SIMULATION RESULT OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Freq. Steady
RoCoF
Scenario nadir state freq.
(Hz/s)
(Hz) (Hz)
without BESS 49.49 49.80 0.270
with IR BESS 49.62 49.80 0.111
with PFR BESS 49.84 49.89 0.098
Fig. 4. Workflow of research with IR and PFR BESS 49.86 49.89 0.078

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 50.1 40

Active Power (MW)

50 30
Frequency (Hz)

49.9
49.8 20
49.7 10
49.6 0
49.5
-10
49.4 0 5 10 15 20 25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time (second)
Time (second)
with IR BESS with PFR BESS
without BESS with IR BESS
with IR and PFR BESS
with PFR BESS with IR and PFR BESS
Fig. 7. Power contribution from BESS in each scenario
Min. freq. limit
Fig. 5. Frequency response simulation result 100

Active Power (MW)

0.1 95
0 90
without BESS
-0.1 85
RoCoF (Hz/s)

with IR BESS 80
-0.2
75
-0.3 with PFR BESS 0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.4 Time (second)
with IR and
-0.5 PFR BESS without BESS with IR BESS

-0.6 RoCoF limit with PFR BESS with IR and PFR BESS
0 5 10 15 20 25 Fig. 8. Power contribution from G1 in each scenario
Time (second)
130
Active Power (MW)

Fig. 6. RoCoF simulation result

shows that when the frequency drops to its nadir value, the
RoCoF value is negative. Then, it starts to increase when the
frequency response has reached the nadir value and begins to
rise to the steady-state condition.
All scenarios have RoCoF values below the RoCoF limit.
The weakest RoCoF is shown in without the BESS scenario,
while the best configuration, which has the lowest RoCoF
value, is shown in with IR and PFR control of the BESS
scenario. When the BESS is not implemented in the system,
the RoCoF value is 0,270 Hz/s, while the BESS is
implemented with IR and PFR controls the RoCoF value is
reduced to 0,078 Hz/s.
B. Impact on Power Generation
The power drop of the PV system in the fifth second makes
the BESS’s frequency control strategy and free governor
response of the generators active, as shown in Fig. 7, Fig. 8,
and Fig. 9. The power injected by BESS, G1, and G2 increases
simultaneously to compensate for the power generation
disturbance in the power system network. The loss in power
generation makes the frequency of the power system network
starting to drop. As shown in (3), when there is a difference in
active power in the system, it makes the power system’s
frequency changed, as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
The comparison of power generation by BESS in each
control scenario is shown in Fig. 7. When BESS only operates
with IR control, BESS will only give active power to the
system in a short period, which is the inertia response period.
In this case, it is about 20 seconds. With PFR control, BESS
can supply active power in the primary frequency response
period. So, more BESS energy is produced. The combination
of IR and PFR controls will increase the power generation in
120
110
100
90
80
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
without BESS with IR BESS
with PFR BESS with IR and PFR BESS
Fig. 9. Power Contribution from G2 in each scenario
the period of the inertia response. BESS will affect the power
generated by other generators such as G1 and G2, as shown in
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. The power generation in the inertia response
period is decreased after BESS has been implemented in the
system. The addition of PFR BESS control reduces the power
generated by G1 and G2.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper discussed the impact of BESS implementation
as frequency regulation support due to the intermittencies of
IRES, especially power loss in the PV system. There are four
scenarios tested to evaluate the effect of the control circuit on
BESS, such as inertial response control and primary frequency
response control. Based on the result, the IR control of BESS
will support only in a short period. The RoCoF value is
reduced from 0.270 Hz/s to 0.078 Hz/s. The PFR control will
support for a longer period, in this case, for 900 seconds. The
deviation of steady-state frequency is reduced from 49.8 Hz to
49.89 Hz, and the frequency nadir is reduced from 49.49 Hz
to 49.86 Hz. So, the addition of IR and PFR controls to BESS
shows the effectiveness of frequency support by BESS. For

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future work, the gain control of IR can be optimized for better
frequency regulation in the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was funded by the Rekognisi Tugas Akhir
(RTA) Program of the Research Directorate of Universitas
Gadjah Mada based on letter no. 2607/UN1/DITLIT/DIT-
LIT/PT/2020 about Pemberitahuan Pemenang Program
Rekognisi Tugas Akhir Tahun 2020. Any opinions,
conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the
Research Directorate of Universitas Gadjah Mada.
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