Severity of road crashes involving

pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines

Nina Verzosa , Rebecca Miles
a

Abstract

Pedestrians are considered as one of the most vulnerable road users in less developed
countries (LDCs). Yet, pedestrian safety remains poorly addressed in both urban and
rural transportation plans in most LDCs. Since most pedestrian injury severity studies
are conducted in developed countries, this study fills the gap with an inquiry focused on
a highly urbanized region of an LDC that faces a rapid increase in car ownership and
increasing pedestrian-related traffic injuries, documenting specific pedestrian safety
issues and providing guidance for injury prevention measures in such places. Using the
Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System (MMARAS) data from 2008 to
2011, this study combines binomial logistic regression and street level analysis that
further explores the statistical results and examines other factors that contribute to
collisions and increase the potential for serious injury or death in three cities in Metro
Manila: Makati, Manila, and Quezon. The results of the binomial regression analysis
show that traffic crashes that involve heavy and multiple vehicles, and an elderly
pedestrian (60 years old and above), as well as those that occurred during the evening (7
pm to midnight) and late at night (1 am to 5 am) have significantly higher odds of
resulting in a fatal outcome; when the crash involves a female pedestrian and when the
road surface is wet the odds of a fatal outcome are lower. Moreover, by closely
examining the environment of these roadways, the study finds that most pedestrian
fatalities occur on high-speed, high-traffic-volume, multilane roadways, that are
surrounded by land uses that generate a particularly problematic mix of heavy vehicular
and pedestrian traffic. The street level analysis also finds that fatal pedestrian crashes
occur close to different types of transit stations. The results of this study of three cities in
Metro Manila, reflect the twofold challenge to pedestrian safety in rapidly urbanizing
areas in countries such as the Philippines that are classified as lower-middle-income:
they face some of the same pedestrian safety issues as more developed areas, but with a
much larger number of pedestrians using the streets, and a built environment that was
not planned for the high volume and speed of motor vehicle traffic on today’s roadways.
Policies and planning that support increased pedestrian safety therefore need to address
this dual challenge in the contexts where they are most needed.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457516302020

2016
 Road policing in Asia: Considerations for strengthening policy and practice to improve road safety

Dave Cliff, Judy Fleiter, Marcin Flieger, Brett Harman, and Blaise Murphet

ABSTRACT

One aspect of the Global Road Safety Partnership’s (GRSP) collaborative work in Asia is the provision of
technical road policing support to enhance traffic law enforcement across a range of agencies in Ho Chi
Minh City, Bandung, Shanghai, Bangkok, Mumbai and across the Philippines. Improved ability of
enforcement agencies to deter illegal/risky road use through effective enforcement practices that align
with international good practice is a critical component of this work. International experience shows that
data-led, appropriately resourced road policing makes a unique contribution to reducing road trauma.
This paper describes the GRSP’s road policing capacity building activities in Asia, highlighting some of the
key challenges experienced across the region and outlining potential solutions to improve traffic law
enforcement.

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/Article%204%20-%20Road%20policies%20in
%20Asia_Considerations%20for%20strengthening%20policy%20and%20practice%20to%20improve
%20road%20safety.pdf

2019
Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring
the case of Cambodia's traffic accidents
involving motorcycles
Yuto Kitamura , Makiko Hayashi , Eriko Yagi
a b c

Abstract
This article provides the background to the special issue by reviewing the status of traffic
problems in South East Asian countries, and in particular, the case of Cambodia. The
“Make Roads Safe” report by the Commission for Global Road Safety (2011) confirms
traffic accidents as the primary cause of youth mortality worldwide. Thus, the United
Nations declared the decade from 2011 to 2020 as the “UN Decade of Action for Road
Safety 2011-2020”, promoting road safety and to reduce the number of deaths in road
accidents by 2020. Furthermore, the “Sustainable Development Goals” adopted in 2015
highlight the important role of sustainable transport in tackling the exclusion
of vulnerable groups. On the other hand, the World Health Organization in 2015
indicate an increase in the death rate due to traffic accidents in low-income countries
since 2000. Traffic accidents were already recognized as a social problem before the
2000s in countries such as Thailand and the Philippines. At the same time, other
ASEAN member states such as Vietnam and Cambodia which have experienced rapid
economic growth since the 2000s are now experiencing the seriousness of traffic
problems. It is said that 70% of road accidents in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos involve
motorcycles and three-wheelers, but despite this situation, the regulatory framework for
motorcycles remains undeveloped. In the case of Cambodia, speeding by young people
remains the major cause of road deaths and this can be explained by the fact that people
can now travel at a higher speed because of road developments but remaining
challenges related to underdeveloped traffic legislation, and limited public awareness
and knowledge of road safety are overlooked. In 2010, the Cambodian National Road
Safety Action Plan 2010–2020 was drafted, aiming to halve the number of deaths in
traffic accidents in 2020. However, in reality, the number of road deaths did not
decrease to the level anticipated in the action plan until 2016. In this article, the authors
emphasize the importance of implementing the “three Es” namely Engineering,
Enforcement and Education in developing countries such as Cambodia. In particular,
the authors claim that the role of education to increase people's road safety awareness is
neglected compared to the other two dimensions and thus, it is highly important to raise
people's road safety awareness through education among the young people.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0386111218300748

2018
 Factors affecting perceived effectiveness of
Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster
response among Filipinos in Luzon,
Philippines: An integration of protection
motivation theory and extended theory of
planned behavior
Yoshiki B. Kurata , Yogi Tri Prasetyo , Ardvin Kester
a b c a

S. Ong , Reny Nadlifatin , Thanatorn Chuenyindee

a b c d e

Abstract

Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) is considered one of the most devastating typhoons in the
Philippines in 2020. It caused fatalities, property destructions, and
catastrophic flooding in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. The purpose of this
study was to assess the factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of the 2020 typhoon
Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster response among Filipinos by integrating the Protection
Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). 567
Filipinos answered an online survey questionnaire with 75 questions (63 indicators and
11 latent variables). Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that geographical
perspective (GL) and typhoon – flood experience and knowledge (TPE) had significant
effects on Perceived Severity (PS) and Perceived Vulnerability (PV), which subsequently
led to Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Subjective Norms (SN), and Attitude (ATB).
PBC, SN, and ATB were also found to have significant effects on Intention to Follow,
which subsequently led to Behavior and Perceived Effectiveness from the
2020 Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster risk response. Interestingly, government
support (GR) was insignificant to an effective flood disaster response, and 52.38% of
respondents perceived that the typhoon had more severe effects than the flood after the
typhoon. This study is the first study that analyzed the perceived effectiveness of
disaster response towards 2020 Typhoon Vamco. The findings will be very beneficial for
academicians and policymakers as it provides a robust model and results for experts to
analyze natural disasters to develop optimum disaster risk responses in mitigating the
severe effects of typhoon floods. Finally, the SEM construct can be broadened and
adapted to flood disaster response effectiveness applicable in other natural disaster-
prone countries.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420921006312

2022
 Factors affecting perceived effectiveness of
COVID-19 prevention measures among
Filipinos during Enhanced Community
Quarantine in Luzon, Philippines:
Integrating Protection Motivation Theory
and extended Theory of Planned Behavior
Yogi Tri Prasetyo, Allysa Mae Castillo, Louie John Salonga, John
Allen Sia, Joshua Adam Seneta

Abstract

Objective
The current study integrated Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended Theory
of Planned Behavior (TPB) to evaluate factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of
COVID-19 prevention measures among Filipinos during Enhanced Community
Quarantine (ECQ) in Luzon, Philippines.

Methods
A total of 649 Filipinos answered an online questionnaire, which contained 63
questions. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to derive the causal
relationships of the latent variables construct.

Results
SEM showed that understanding of COVID-19 had significant direct effects on perceived
vulnerability and perceived severity. Also, perceived vulnerability and perceived severity
had significant indirect effects on intention to follow. Intention to follow had significant
direct effects on actual behavior and adapted behavior, which subsequently led to
perceived effectiveness. Of note, an understanding of COVID-19 was found to have a
significant indirect effect on perceived effectiveness.

Conclusions
The current study is one of the first studies to analyze factors affecting the perceived
effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures during the global pandemic. It is
proposed that the integrated PMT and extended TPB of this study can be applied and
extended to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of COVID-19 measures in other
countries that are currently dealing with COVID-19 pandemic.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220306226

2020
 Public utility vehicle service quality and
customer satisfaction in the Philippines
during the COVID-19 pandemic
Thanatorn Chuenyindee , Ardvin Kester S. Ong , Jon
a b c a b d

Pauline Ramos , Yogi Tri Prasetyo , Reny Nadlifatin , Yoshiki

a b a e

B. Kurata , Thaninrat Sittiwatethanasiri

a b d c

Abstract
The implementation of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected most
businesses worldwide. The transportation business, specifically in the Philippines, has
been heavily affected since only the healthcare and essential workers were allowed to
leave their homes during the early stage of the pandemic. This paper aimed to explore
the service quality of Public Utility Vehicles (PUV) in the Philippines during the COVID-
19 pandemic utilizing the SERVQUAL dimensions. A total of 564 participants answered
an online questionnaire using the convenience sampling approach, consisting of 58
questions. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to derive the causal
relationships between SERVQUAL dimensions, COVID-19 safety protocol, and customer
satisfaction simultaneously. Out of the six dimensions, the SEM indicated that COVID-
19 protocols, tangibility, and assurance variables were found to significantly affect PUV
service quality and thus, customer satisfaction. This study is one of the first complete
studies that analyzed the PUV service quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
findings could provide the government with an evaluation of the compliance of PUVs to
the imposed COVID-19 protocols. Furthermore, the framework of this study could also
be applied and extended in evaluating PUV worldwide.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957178722000029

2022
 Low-Carbon Transport Policy in Four ASEAN
Countries: Developments in Indonesia, the
Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam
by
Stefan Bakker
1,*
,
Kathleen Dematera Contreras
2
,
Monica Kappiantari
3
,
Nguyen Anh Tuan
3
,
Marie Danielle Guillen
3,4
,
Gessarin Gunthawong
3
,
Mark Zuidgeest
5
,
Duncan Liefferink
6
and
Martin Van Maarseveen
1

Abstract
Emerging countries in Southeast Asia are facing considerable challenges in addressing rising
motorisation and its negative impact on air quality, traffic, energy security, liveability, and greenhouse gas
emissions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the approach and status of sustainable, low-
carbon transport policy in ASEAN countries and identifies differences and similarities. The methodology is
based on a taxonomy of policy components as developed by Howlett and Cashore. The data come from
comprehensive country studies for Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam and interviews with
policymakers. We find that each country has a specific set of goals, objectives and targets that support
sustainable transport, and, directly or indirectly, climate change mitigation. In terms of specific
mechanisms and calibrations, which we analyse based on the Avoid−Shift−Improve approach, there are
notable differences between the countries, for example in terms of fuel economy policy. Even though an
initial response to climate change mitigation challenges is visible in these countries’ transport policies,
much more effort is required to enable a transition to a transport system compatible with long-term climate
change and sustainable development targets.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/7/1217

2017
 Factors affecting intention to prepare for
mitigation of “the big one” earthquake in
the Philippines: Integrating protection
motivation theory and extended theory of
planned behavior
Ardvin Kester S. Ong , Yogi Tri Prasetyo , Fae
a b c a

Coleen Lagura , Rochelle Nicole Ramos , Keenan Mark Sigua , Jomy

b b b

Anne Villas , Michael Nayat Young , John Francis T. Diaz , Satria

b a d

Fadil Persada , Anak Agung Ngurah Perwira Redi

e f

Abstract

The lack of studies on Filipinos preparedness in natural calamities such as earthquakes,

specifically “The Big One”, posed the necessity for researchers to assess the
preparedness and disaster mitigation. This study aimed to assess the driving factors that
significantly influence the intention to prepare among Filipinos for mitigation of The Big
One earthquake. With the integration of Protection Motivation Theory and Extended
Theory of Planned Behavior, the study considered 727 valid responses to measure the
intention to prepare. Eight latent were measured namely: (1) perceived vulnerability, (2)
perceived severity, (3) subjective norm, (4) perceived behavioral control, (5) attitude, (6)
media, (7) understanding of The Big One, and (8) intention to prepare. By
utilizing Structural Equation Modelling, it is found out that Media, Attitude, Perceived
Severity and Subjective Norm are all key factors affecting the intention of the people to
prepare for the Big One. Moreover, it was also found out that the Understanding of the
Big One has an indirect effect on the intention to prepare. The findings of the study can
be utilized by the government to make Filipinos for conducting preparedness and
mitigation practices. Finally, the model construct of the study could also be utilized to
evaluate other types of natural disasters worldwide.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420921004283

2021
 Small-island communities in the Philippines
prefer local measures to relocation in
response to sea-level rise
Ma. Laurice Jamero, Motoharu Onuki, Miguel Esteban,Xyza Kristina Billones-
Sensano, Nicholson Tan, Angelie Nellas, Hiroshi Takagi, Nguyen Danh Thao &
Ven Paolo Valenzuela

Abstract
Most adaptation studies suggest that sea-level rise will lead to relocation as flooding
worsens. Here we identified and evaluated potential adaptation strategies for adapting
to sea-level rise, based on the experiences of four low-lying island communities in
central Philippines that have experienced flooding during normal high tides since a
2013 earthquake that induced land subsidence. Coastal surveys, interviews and
household questionnaires showed that island residents generally prefer in
situ adaptation strategies rather than relocation to the mainland. These results are
unexpected, particularly because a relocation programme has been developed by
authorities on the mainland. Direct measurements during a flooding event indicate
stilted housing as the most effective type of adaptation strategy. Many households
have also raised their floors using coral stones, although this might inadvertently
increase their vulnerability to typhoons and storm surges in the long-term.

https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3344

2017
 An application of DEMATEL-ANP and
PROMETHEE II approach for air traffic
controllers’ workload stress problem: A case
of Mactan Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines
Miriam F. Bongo , Kissy Mae S. Alimpangog , Jennifer
a b

F. Loar , Jason A. Montefalcon , Lanndon A. Ocampo

b b c

Abstract

In the general air transportation system, air traffic controllers play a key role in
maintaining a safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. The fulfillment of this role
is hindered as the complexity of controllers' workload aggravates due to various
stressors. It is, therefore, the intention of this paper to address controllers’ workload
stress problem by identifying the main stressors and arrive at an outranking of probable
measures which can be applied at the earliest hint of such issue. The synergy of
DEMATEL-ANP and PROMETHEE II approach is implemented to illustrate the
decision-problem in a case study at Mactan Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
(CAAP). The results revealed that the stressors presenting a significant contribution to
the evidence of workload stress are attributed to the operational responsibilities of
controllers. It then followed that compartmentalization outranked the other alternatives
in reducing workload stress.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969699717300613

2018
 The role of national health insurance for
achieving UHC in the Philippines: a mixed
methods analysis
Konrad Obermann
,
Matthew Jowett
&
Soonman Kwon

ABSTRACT

Background: Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) has by now

become a key health policy goal in many countries and some form of
National Health Insurance (NHI) is often used for this. The Philippines has
had more than 50 years’ experience with social health insurance and in 1995
established PhilHealth, the country’s national health insurer.

Objectives: Analyzing the role of the Philippine NHI scheme in moving

towards UHC, identifying potential avenues for improvement as well as
indicating challenges and areas for further development.

Methods: This paper is based on a mixed methods approach including

extensive literature search, data from PhilHealth and other sources, and key
informant interviews with staff at PhilHealth, health care providers, and
policy experts at national and international level.

Results: Major achievements were the expansion of population coverage

using an earmarked revenue source (‘Sin Tax’), the introduction of the no-
balance-billing to prevent co-payments, and the Health Facilities
Enhancement Program to improve quality. The share of PhilHealth in total
health expenditures is still only 14%, managing quality and cost of providers
remains insufficient, the benefit coverage does not reflect the country’s
burden of disease, and financial protection for PhilHealth members is low.
The UHC bill would provide a massive jump forward as all Filipinos would
then be automatically enrolled in and thus entitled to the benefits of
PhilHealth.

Conclusions: For expanding a contribution-based NHI beyond formal

employment there needs to be a large increase in budget transfers to cover
for citizens unable to contribute. The Philippine UHC bill shifts from the idea
of contribution leading to entitlement to the idea of citizenship leading to
entitlement and can thus be seen as a paradigmatic change in thinking about
NHI. There are three areas that we believe are of key importance in
developing further NHI: (i) governance, (ii) financial impact, and (iii) strategic
purchasing.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16549716.2018.1483638

2018
Modeling the lockdown relaxation protocols
of the Philippine government in response to
the COVID-19 pandemic: An intuitionistic
fuzzy DEMATEL analysis
Lanndon Ocampo , Kafferine Yamagishi
a b c

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which started at Wuhan, has shut down world economies,
prompting governments to impose drastic lockdown measures of the economy and the
society. As these measures are exhausted, non-COVID-19 related issues such as those
associated with the mental and physical well-being of people under lockdowns became
an emerging concern. As these issues are evident, not to mention the economic
downturn, governments are currently looking at designing lockdown relaxation efforts
by simultaneously considering both public health and economic restart. Without
documented experiences to rely on, governments are resorting to trial-and-error
approach in creating a lockdown exit strategy while preventing succeeding waves of
cases that may overwhelm healthcare facilities. Thus, this work pioneers the use of the
decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method with intuitionistic
fuzzy (IF) sets along with the domain of public health and the emerging COVID-19
pandemic. The DEMATEL handles the intertwined causal relationships among guideline
protocols for the relaxation strategy. The intuitionistic fuzzy set theory addresses the
vagueness and uncertainty of human judgments in the context of the DEMATEL. A case
study of the Philippine government response for the lockdown exit is presented to
evaluate the applicability of the proposed method. Findings reveal that compliance of
minimum public health standards, limited movement of persons, suspension of physical
classes, the prohibition of mass gatherings, non-operation of category IV industries, and
non-operation of hotels or similar establishments are the most crucial protocols for such
strategy. These findings offer practical insights for the government to allocate resources
and impose measures to ensure their implementation, as well as for developing
mitigation efforts to cushion their socio-economic impacts. Policy insights and avenues
for future works are also discussed.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038012120303864
2020
 Impacts of Leadership Style Effectiveness of Managers and Department Heads to Employees’ Job
Satisfaction and Performance on Selected Small-Scale Businesses in Cavite, Philippines
Dr. Van S. Dalluay
Abstract
This study primarily centered on determining the impact of leadership style effectiveness of managers
and department heads to employees’ job satisfaction and performance on selected small-scale
businesses in Cavite, Philippines. It utilized the descriptive research design and survey questionnaires as
its research instrument which were floated to 150 employees randomly selected for the purpose of this
study. The questionnaires contained the leadership interaction characteristics of the managers and the
department heads to his/her employees or subordinates in relation to its impact to the job satisfaction
and performance of these employees. All the questionnaires were retrieved and the responses were
analyzed with the use of percentages. Findings of the study revealed that the leadership style prevalent
is the participative leadership, the impact of the leadership style on employees’ job satisfaction is
satisfactory as well as increased productivity in terms of performance. Statistical analysis using
correlation and multiple regression, the results revealed that, leadership styles significantly impacts both
job satisfaction and performance. Based on these findings, the author concluded that the company
should continuously utilized and sustain the participative leadership style which will promote employees’
productive performance and satisfactory level of job satisfaction although there is always room for
improvement. However, the author has recognized that further studies shall be conducted to further
investigate the effect of leadership style in another setting and contexts.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Revenio-Jalagat/publication/
310244701_Impacts_of_Leadership_Style_Effectiveness_of_Manager
s_and_Department_Heads_to_Employees'_Job_Satisfaction_and_Pe
rformance_on_Selected_Small-
Scale_Businesses_in_Cavite_Philippines/links/
582b256c08aef19cb806a611/Impacts-of-Leadership-Style-
Effectiveness-of-Managers-and-Department-Heads-to-Employees-
Job-Satisfaction-and-Performance-on-Selected-Small-Scale-
Businesses-in-Cavite-Philippines.pdf
2016
 The rate, extent and spatial predictors of
forest loss (2000–2012) in the terrestrial
protected areas of the Philippines
Armando Apan , Luz Angelica Suarez , Tek Maraseni , Jose
a b a b b

Alan Castillo a b

Abstract

While studies on deforestation of protected areas (PAs) have been conducted in many
parts of the world, no comparative study has been done over an entire country in the
tropics. Thus, we conducted a country-wide assessment of forest cover loss in all
terrestrial protected areas of the Philippines, covering 198 PAs with a total area of 4.68
million ha. This study utilised Hansen's Landsat-derived global maps of forest cover
change from 2000 to 2012, with tree canopy cover data for 2000 as the base year.
Correlation and logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the
significance and magnitude of the relationships between forest cover and 11 predictor
variables. The assessment of forest loss reveals that the terrestrial protected areas are
generally effective in reducing forest loss. Over the 12-year period, the average rate
(2.59%) of forest clearing in protected areas is marginally lower by 0.1% than the entire
country (2.69%). Within the same duration, the average forest loss rate within the 2-
km buffer zones of selected protected areas is 1.4 times of those inside PAs. However,
there was a significant number of PAs with phenomenal forest cover loss in terms of
extent (48,583 ha over 12 years) and rate (up to 21%). We found that spatial predictor
variables included in this study have weak or no relationships with forest cover, and
hence they are not reliable inputs for predictive modelling. Comprehensive assessments
of deforestation are needed at the micro-scale (e.g. single PA level) level and relatively
shorter historical timeframe (e.g. less than a decade), to generate useful information for
policy formulation, planning, and management.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0143622817301583
2017
 Food safety practices of food handlers at
home engaged in online food businesses
during COVID-19 pandemic in the
Philippines
Mark Raguindin Limon

Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the self-reported and observed food safety practices
(FSP) of food handlers, who deliver food products that are prepared and cooked at home
during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. 751 participated in the online survey
who were selected using criterion sampling. A questionnaire developed by the
researcher was used to gather data with Cronbach Alpha of 0.91. t-test, ANOVA, and
Fleiss kappa were performed to treat data. There were no significant differences
between self-reported FSP in four dimensions and demographic characteristics, except
for age, where a significant difference exists between the FSP of the four age groups
along food preparation (F = 4.530,�<0.01). The FSP in the four dimensions obtained a
weighted �¯ and σ of 1.72 ± 0.69 which is interpreted as Sometimes Practiced. The food
handlers at home inadequately and inappropriately practiced the protocols in keeping
the food safe to eat. The observed reports showed that the food handlers at home do not
meet food safety standards as indicated in the weighted �¯ and σ in the four
dimensions 1.63 ± 0.11, with a description of Sometimes Practiced. Observed practices
further show very poor adherence to guidelines. Test for inter-rater reliability yielded
almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.81, �<0.05). There exists a significant difference with
the FSP in personal hygiene (t = 0.964, �<0.05), cross-contamination prevention and
sanitation (t = 0.815, �<0.05), food preparation (t = 0.753, �<0.05), and food delivery
(t = 0.794, �<0.05). Government and non-government agencies should work together
towards educating the food handlers at home on effective ways to learn about food
safety concepts so they could become advocates of safer food practices.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927121000022
2021
 Classification of Road Traffic Accident
Data Using Machine Learning
Algorithms
Bulbula Kumeda; Fengli Zhang; Fan Zhou; Sadiq Hussain; Ammar
Almasri; Maregu Assefa

Abstract:
The dramatic increase in road traffic accidents in the world is causing serious
problems in every aspect of human lives. The most important and meaningful
nature of traffic characteristics, causation analysis, and associations between
different causal factors have been ignored. Moreover, the traffic accident data
is only used to conduct a rudimentary statistical analysis and data mining
efforts which results only in patterns and statistics. The main targets of this
road accident data classification are to identify the major and key factors that
cause the road traffic accident and form policies and preventive actions that
would reduce the accident severity level. Machine learning algorithms are
used to analyze the data, extract hidden patterns, predict the severity level of
the accidents and summarize the information in a useful format. In this work,
we have applied different machine learning classification algorithms and
discussed here the six algorithms with high accuracy and best classification
performances such as Fuzzy-FARCHD, Random Forest, Hierarchal LVQ,
RBF Network (Radial Basis Function Network), Multilayer Perceptron, and
Naïve Bayes on road traffic accident data set obtained from UK road traffic
accident of the year 2016. The data set contains information on all road
accident casualties across Calderdale. The results from our analysis show
that Fuzzy-FARCHD algorithm is effective to classify the dataset and achieves
an accuracy of 85.94%. In this work, we have revealed that Lighting
Conditions, 1st Road Class & No., Number of vehicles are the key features in
selecting the attributes.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8905362
2019
 Social costs of road crashes: An
international analysis
Wim Wijnen , Henk Stipdonk
a b b

Abstract

This paper provides an international overview of the most recent estimates of the social
costs of road crashes: total costs, value per casualty and breakdown in cost components.
The analysis is based on publications about the national costs of road crashes of 17
countries, of which ten high income countries (HICs) and seven low and middle income
countries (LMICs). Costs are expressed as a proportion of the gross domestic product
(GDP). Differences between countries are described and explained. These are partly a
consequence of differences in the road safety level, but there are also methodological
explanations. Countries may or may not correct for underreporting of road crashes, they
may or may not use the internationally recommended willingness to pay (WTP)-method
for estimating human costs, and there are methodological differences regarding the
calculation of some other cost components.

The analysis shows that the social costs of road crashes in HICs range from 0.5% to
6.0% of the GDP with an average of 2.7%. Excluding countries that do not use a WTP-
method for estimating human costs and countries that do not correct for
underreporting, results in average costs of 3.3% of GDP. For LMICs that do correct for
underreporting the share in GDP ranges from 1.1% to 2.9%. However, none of the
LMICs included has performed a WTP study of the human costs.
A major part of the costs is related to injuries: an average share of 50% for both HICs
and LMICs. The average share of fatalities in the costs is 23% and 30% respectively.
Prevention of injuries is thus important to bring down the socio-economic burden of
road crashes.

The paper shows that there are methodological differences between countries regarding
cost components that are taken into account and regarding the methods used to
estimate specific cost components. In order to be able to make sound comparisons of the
costs of road crashes across countries, (further) harmonization of cost studies is
recommended. This can be achieved by updating and improving international guidelines
and applying them in future cost studies. The information regarding some cost
components, particularly human costs and property damage, is poor and more research
into these cost components is recommended.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0001457516301592
2016
 Sustainable ecotourism indicators with
fuzzy Delphi method – A Philippine
perspective
Lanndon Ocampo , Junine a

Angela Ebisa , Jefferson Ombe , Meredith Geen Escoto

b b b

Abstract

The development of sustainable tourism indicator sets is a popular strategy in current

literature in order to plan and manage the sustainability performance of tourism sites.
Such development is contextual to the geographic location of tourism sites due to their
underlying differences in specific conditions and needs. Although ecotourism lies within
the border of the sustainability sphere, current studies are concerned about the negative
impacts of ecotourism activities not just to the sites but to the immediate local
communities of the sites as well while limited works have been reported on the
development of sustainable ecotourism indicators. Thus, this paper attempts to advance
the domain literature by (1) establishing sustainable ecotourism indicators from a
comprehensive list of sustainable tourism indicators sets, (2) exploring a new case, the
Philippines – a developing country where the debate on the efficacy of ecotourism
activities is widely pronounced, which has never been studied in the past and (3)
presenting a methodology that addresses various stakeholders’ interests while capturing
uncertainty which is inherent in decision-making process. This work adopts a fuzzy
Delphi method in establishing sustainable ecotourism indicators where fuzzy set theory
is used to address vagueness and uncertainty of judgments and the group decision-
making process is handled by the Delphi method. From the 666 indicators generated
from literature, 59 indicators are considered relevant to sustainable ecotourism. Using
the fuzzy Delphi approach, the list of 39 sustainable ecotourism indicators for the
Philippine perspective is reported in this work. The proposed approach provides greater
tractability due to its straightforward approach and flexibility for decision-makers when
specific case conditions require an increase or decrease of the number of indicators. The
sustainable ecotourism indicators are expected to provide the government sufficient
information granules crucial for resource allocation and policy-making in the
conservation of the ecotourism sites as well as in improving the welfare and
inclusiveness of the local communities. Future works are also identified and reported.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S1470160X18304023
2018
 The Philippines’ COVID-19
Response: Securitising the Pandemic and
Disciplining the Pasaway
Karl Hapal

Abstract
The Philippine response to COVID-19 has been described as being one of the longest and
strictest lockdowns in the world. Why has the Philippine government relied heavily on
draconian measures in its “war” against COVID-19? And what discourse informed the
framing of its response as a war against the virus? This article argues that the government’s
reliance on draconian measures was a consequence of securitising COVID-19, appreciating
the virus as an “existential threat.” The securitisation of COVID-19 was reinforced with a
narrative characterising the situation of the country as being at war against an “unseen
enemy.” This war-like narrative, however, invariably produced a subject, the pasaway. As
the perpetual enemy of health and order, the pasaway became the target of disciplining
and policing. The targeting of the pasaway was informed by deep-seated class prejudices
and Duterte’s authoritarian tendencies.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1868103421994261
2021
 Transition pathway towards 100%
renewable energy across the sectors of
power, heat, transport, and desalination for
the Philippines
Ashish Gulagi , Myron Alcanzare , Dmitrii Bogdanov , Eugene Esparc
a b a

ia Jr. , Joey Ocon , Christian Breyer

b b a

Abstract
Transition towards sustainable energy systems is of utmost importance to avert global
consequences of climate change. Within the framework of the Paris Agreement and
Marrakech Communique, this study analyses an energy transition pathway
utilising renewable resources for the Philippines. The transition study is performed from
2015 to 2050 on a high temporal and spatial resolution data, using a linear optimisation
tool. From the results of this study, technically, a 100% fossil free energy system in 2050
is possible, with a cost structure comparable to an energy system in 2015, while having
zero greenhouse gas emissions. Solar PV as a generation and batteries a as storage
technology form the backbone of the energy system during the transition. Direct and
indirect electrification across all sectors would result in an efficiency gain of more than
50% in 2050, while keeping the total annual investment within 20–55 b€. Heat pumps,
electrical heating, and solar thermal technologies would supply heat, whereas, direct
electricity and synthetic fuels would fuel the energy needs of the transport sector. The
results indicate that, indigenous renewable resources in the Philippines could power the
demand from all energy sectors, thereby, bringing various socio-economic benefits.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121002264

2021
 E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia,
the Philippines, and Vietnam: A case study
of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors
Aya Yoshida , Atsushi Terazono , Florencio C. Ballesteros Jr. , Duc-
a a b

Quang Nguyen , Sunandar Sukandar , Michikazu Kojima , Shozo Sa

c d e

kata e

Abstract

The amount of electronic waste (e-waste) is rapidly increasing due to economic growth
and the advancement of information technology. End-of-life (EOL) cathode ray tube
(CRT) TVs and computer monitors make up the greatest proportion of the total mass of
e-waste. Because of international trade in secondhand CRT TVs and monitors and the
toxic substances contained in them, the EOL fate of CRTs is an emerging concern in
developing countries. In this study, the recycling and treatment techniques of
EOL CRT TVs/monitors were investigated in three Southeast Asian countries
(Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam). The current recycling methods of CRT
TVs/monitors in Japan and China were also reviewed for comparison. The process flows
and destinations of materials or parts at both formal and informal recycling sites were
compared. Among the three countries, only one formal facility in the Philippines has
automated processing equipment for CRTs. CRT glass handled by informal sectors was
illegally dumped or disposed of with regular municipal solid waste. Some waste CRT
glass was also informally recycled as glass materials or exported to China. A number of
recommendations are made to improve recycling conditions at both formal and informal
recycling sites.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S092134491530118X

2016
 Building back better: The COVID-19
pandemic and transport policy implications
for a developing megacity
Marc Hasselwander , Tiago Tamagusko , Joao
a a

F. Bigotte , Adelino Ferreira , Alvin Mejia , Emma J.S. Ferranti

a a b c

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human mobility via lockdowns, social distancing
rules, home quarantines, and the full or partial suspension of transportation. Evidence-
based policy recommendations are urgently needed to ensure that transport systems
have resilience to future pandemic outbreaks, particularly within Global South
megacities where demand for public transport is high and reduced access can exacerbate
socio-economic inequalities. This study focuses on Metro Manila – a characteristic
megacity that experienced one of the most stringent lockdowns worldwide. It analyzes
aggregated cell phone and GPS data from Google and Apple that provide a
comprehensive representation of mobility behavior before and during the lockdown.
While significant decreases are observed for all transport modes, public transport
experienced the largest drop (−74.5 %, on average). The study demonstrates that: (i)
those most reliant on public transport were disproportionately affected by lockdowns;
(ii) public transport was unable to fulfil its role as public service; and, (iii) this drove a
paradigm shift towards active mobility. Moving forwards, in the short-term
policymakers must promote active mobility and prioritize public transport to reduce
unequal access to transport. Longer-term, policymakers must leverage the increased
active transport to encourage modal shift via infrastructure investment, and better
utilize big data to support decision-making.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670721001542
2021
 Valuing the protection services of
mangroves at national scale: The
Philippines
Pelayo Menéndez , Iñigo J. Losada , Michael W. Beck , Saul Torres-
a a b

Ortega , Antonio Espejo , Siddharth Narayan , Pedro Díaz-Simal , Gl

a a c a

enn-Marie Lange d

Abstract

In this work we pilot a methodology to value the annual coastal protection benefits
provided by mangroves in the Philippines and identify where these natural coastal
defenses deliver the greatest protection. This is the first rigorous, engineering-based,
nationwide evaluation of the effectiveness of mangrove habitats as natural defenses. By
comparing flood damages for scenarios with and without mangroves, the study
estimates the socioeconomic benefits for protecting people and property, to inform
conservation and disaster risk reduction policies. Without mangroves, flooding and
damages to people, property and infrastructure in the Philippines would increase
annually around 25%. These habitats reduce flooding to 613,500 people/year, 23% of
whom live below the poverty line. They also avert damages to 1 billion US$/year in
residential and industrial property. If mangroves were restored to their 1950
distribution, there would be additional benefits to 267,000 people annually, including
61,500 people below poverty and an additional 453 mill. US$ in avoided damages.
Currently, mangroves prevent more than 1.7 billion US$ in damages for extreme events
(1-in-50-year). Ultimately, rigorous economic estimates of critical ecosystem services
like this will help the national government to integrate the value of mangroves to people,
into their national accounting systems.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S2212041618301232
2018
 Safe-sex belief and sexual risk behaviours among adolescents
from three developing countries: a cross-sectional study

1. Alfonso Osorio1,2,3,
2. Cristina Lopez-del Burgo1,3,4,
3. Miguel Ruiz-Canela3,4,
4. Silvia Carlos1,3,4,
5. Jokin de Irala1,3,4

Abstract
Objectives This study intends to evaluate whether the belief that
condoms are 100% effective in protecting against HIV infection
is associated with sexual risk behaviours among youth.
Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in
representative samples of high-school students in the
Philippines, El Salvador and Peru. Participants completed a self-
administered questionnaire. Students were asked about the risk
of HIV transmission if one has sex using condoms. They were
also asked to indicate whether they had ever had sexual
relations and whether they used a condom in their first sexual
relation. The sample was composed of 8994 students, aged 13–
18.
Results One out of seven adolescents believed condoms are
100% effective (safe-sex believers). Those adolescents were 82%
more likely to have had sex than those without such belief, after
adjusting for confounders (OR=1.82; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.21). On the
contrary, no association was found between risk perception and
condom use. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses produced similar
results.
Conclusions This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study
conducted specifically to evaluate this phenomenon and that has
used the same questionnaire and the same data collection
protocol in three different developing countries from Asia,
Central and South America. These results reasonably suggest
that there could be an association between safe sex beliefs and
sexual initiation. Longitudinal studies are needed to better
understand this possible association as it could influence how to
better promote sexual health.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/4/e007826.short
2015