Tourism Geographies

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Crime: A threat to tourism in South Africa

Sanette L.A. Ferreira

To cite this article: Sanette L.A. Ferreira (1999) Crime: A threat to tourism in South Africa,
Tourism Geographies, 1:3, 313-324, DOI: 10.1080/14616689908721324
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Crime: a threat to tourism in South
Africa

Sanette L.A. Ferreira

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of South
Africa, South Africa

Abstract

Tourism can play a significant role in overcoming the many socio-economic chal-
lenges South Africa faces, but only if the reality and perception of tourism safety
are addressed urgently and adequately as a strategic priority. Here, I analyse
the spatial pattern of crime against tourists in South Africa from 1993 to 1996.
'No-go' areas for tourists are identified and tourist perceptions of personal safety
are examined on a region by region basis. The analysis shows that, except for
the Gauteng region (the inland economic core region), most other cases of reported
crime against tourists are in the coastal areas of the country. Gauteng and
KwaZulu-Natal are perceived by foreign tourists to be the most 'unsafe' areas in
South Africa. Tourists from Australia, the Pacific, Asia and Scandinavia expressed
the greatest concern for their safety in South Africa. In spite of the current posi-
tive tourism marketing climate of 'post-apartheid' South Africa, there is increasing
concern that if the personal safety and security of tourists are not addressed in a
concerned and coordinated manner, tourism to South Africa will be adversely
affected.

Keywords: perception of tourist safety, crimes against tourists, 'no-go' areas,

partnership between safety and tourism

Introduction

The world is changing and experiencing shifts in social values that affect
the way that individuals, businesses and governments behave. In light of
these changes, there has also been an increasing awareness that past
economic growth has seriously impacted the environment. This has

R 1461-6688 © Routledge 1999 Tourism Geographies 1(3), 1999, 313-324

314 Ferreira
resulted in concern for the sustainability of the environment and the
economic activities that rely on the environment. According to Murphy
(1985, cited in Theobold 1994: 274), tourism's interest in sustainable
development is logical given that it is the one industry that sells the envi-
ronment, both physical and human, as its product.
According to the World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED 1987), the concept of sustainable development is not new. In
Loving Them to Death?, the Federation of Nature and National Parks
in Europe defined sustainable tourism as 'all forms of tourism develop-
ment, management and activity which maintain the environmental, social
and economic integrity, as well as natural, built and cultural resources,
in perpetuity' (Croall 1995: 21). It is within this context that crime against
tourists becomes a sustainable development issue.
South Africa currently attracts about 0.2 percent of the world's tourists.
This relatively small share generates a significant economic impact on the
country. In 1996, 4.9 million foreign visitors travelled to South Africa.
Of these, 3.6 million came from the African continent, mainly for busi-
ness, shopping or work-related activities, while 1.2 million came from
elsewhere (Satour 1996: 2). Of the tourists who arrived from outside
Africa, 20 percent came from the United Kingdom, 40 percent from main-
land Europe, 12 percent from North America and 10 percent from Asia.
The former Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Dawie de
Villiers (1995: 4), stated the government's opinion that tourism in South
Africa has the potential to create more new jobs, generate more income,
empower more people, contribute more to economic growth and the
'Reconstruction and Development Programme' than any other economic
activity.
According to a 1992 government White Paper, more than 90 percent
of foreign tourists (excluding those from Africa) come to South Africa in
the first instance to enjoy the country's scenery, flora and fauna (Ministry
for Administration and Tourism 1992: 2). In its endeavours to stimulate
and develop the South African economy, the government accepts that the
tourism industry can make a vital contribution to long-term sustained
economic growth. It also believes that tourism can be a major catalyst to
'kick start' the economy, thus providing a much needed economic upswing.
South Africa was 'blacklisted' by many foreign governments until 1992
(Bloom 1996: 91). People were discouraged from visiting the country on
account of the discriminatory policies pursued by the government at that
time. Since the advent of democracy, starting in April 1994, tourists have
flocked to South Africa. The turnaround in the last decade has been
dramatic. At the beginning of 1994, South Africa ranked 55th in the
world in international tourist arrivals. By the end of 1994, its ranking
had risen to 29 (Satour 1995: 14), making it one of the fastest-growing
destinations in the world. The South African Tourism Board (Satour)
 Place: Crime as a threat to tourism 315
expects an annual growth figure of at least 15 percent from 1995 to the
year 2000, when the annual number of international tourists from outside
of Africa is expected to reach 2.3 million (Satour 1995: 2). International
tourism currently accounts for less than 2 percent of South Africa's gross
national product, compared to close to 10 percent in many other coun-
tries, suggesting enormous opportunity for growth.

Crime and tourism in South Africa

Although tourism in South Africa is a fast-growing industry that can

employ a great number of people and contribute to the economic growth
of the country, the security of international tourists visiting South Africa
gives cause for concern. According to Bloom (1996: 92), in spite of the
special tourism product that South Africa has to offer (i.e. ecotourism)
and the increasing interest and enthusiasm for this product in the inter-
national marketplace, the country's political unrest, violence and crime
could adversely limit South Africa's tourism, and thus threaten a major
socio-economic lifeline for years to come.
In the 1990s, crime in the Republic of South Africa increased consider-
ably in specific areas of the country. The crime rate overall increased by
9 percent between 1990 and 1995 (Glanz 1995: 19). What is discon-
certing is the fact that violent crimes and all types of very serious crime
increased at a higher rate than property crimes and less serious crime.
The 'big six' crimes that are of greatest concern are: public violence, rape,
murder and aggravated assault, burglary, robbery and motor vehicle theft.
Among the possible reasons for the increase in crime and violence is a
decline in effective law-enforcement coupled with the continued rejection
of the police force by large sectors of the population (South African Police
Services 1995: 22). There is also no doubt that South Africa's soaring
crime rate can be attributed to its unique socio-political history (Glanz
1995: 21). Considered geographically, the largest concentrations of serious
crimes in South Africa, such as murder, armed robbery and rape, are to
be found in the metropolitan areas of Gauteng (Johannesburg), KwaZulu-
Natal (Durban) and the Western Cape (Cape Town). These areas are also
important tourism regions. It has been estimated that about 2 percent of
international tourists to South Africa are affected by the country's esca-
lating crime rate. This amounted to approximately 20,000 tourists in 1995
(Satour 1996: 3).
Reliable statistics about crimes against tourists are in short supply.
According to Ambinder (1992: 10), tourist crime victimization data are
closely guarded by most tourism-reliant destinations. This is no less true
of South Africa. The data used in this analysis were obtained from three
different sources:
316 Ferreira
• All cases of serious violent crimes against tourists that were reported
in the press in 1993, obtained through the Institute for Contemporary
History (INCH-system). Normally, only the most sensational crimes
against tourists are reported in the press and, therefore, in this data-
base.
• Data on crimes against tourists extracted from the South African Police
Priority Crime Data Base. Unfortunately, not all crimes against tourists
are reported to the police, and it is only since 1995 that the South
African Police Research Unit has categorized these crimes separately in
their database.
• The bi-annual survey of international visitors conducted by the South
African Tourism Board.

Spatial patterns of crime against tourists

South Africa poses no greater security threat to international tourists than

any other tourist destination does, provided that tourists avoid - as in
any other country - certain areas, places and routes where incidents of
crime are unusually high. Unfortunately, some of the country's highest
crime rate areas are closely associated with major tourist destinations.
Figure 1 shows the spatial pattern of all cases of serious crimes against
tourists from January 1993 to June 1996. The analysis shows that, except
for the Gauteng region, which with Johannesburg forms the inland
economic core of the country, most other cases of reported crime against
tourists were in the coastal regions, including Cape Town, Port Elizabeth,
Durban and Sodwana Bay. The concentration of crime in coastal areas
has been seen elsewhere. For example, Clark (1988) found that the pleasant
tropical climate of Cairns (Queensland, Australia) had attracted many
non-tourists to the area, including a large number of drifters and drug
users. Both groups tended to be associated with increased criminal activi-
ties.
In this study of South Africa, a 'no-go' area for a tourist is defined as
an area with an existing high crime profile, together with a history of
attacks against tourists. This type of area shows a marked resemblance
to the 'hot spots' identified in the popular criminological 'hot spots theory'
(Sherman et al. 1989: 27). These places are unique physical locations that
provide convergent opportunities in which predatory crimes can occur.
The metropolitan areas of Gauteng (Johannesburg), KwaZulu-Natal
(Durban and Umgababa) and the Western Cape (Cape Town) are where
most of these no-go areas are found (Figure 2). The most dangerous areas
are the downtown commercial centres of Johannesburg and Cape Town,
the Golden Mile in Durban and the N2 freeway near Umgababa. As
would be expected, all of the major tourist crime areas are also major
 Place: C r i m e as a threat to tourism 317

1993 1994
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Bloem
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1995 1996

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isikisiki

• • = 1 reported
case of serious crime
against tourists

Figure 1 Spatial patterns of crime against tourists, 1993-1996.

tourist destinations. Johannesburg, for example, is the most frequently

visited destination for international visitors, with holiday tourists and busi-
ness visitors spending an average of 9.9 days there (Satour 1993: 6). In
addition, international tourists are advised not to visit a squatter area or
a township unaccompanied, along with other safety tips that are provided
upon their arrival at Johannesburg International Airport.
Tourist activity in South Africa is not confined to the major urban
metropolitan areas. Crime rates are, however, considerably lower in non-
metropolitan destination areas, such as Kruger National Park, the Lost
City and the Sun City resorts in the Pilansberg and tourist circuits such
as the Garden Route in the Southern Cape, the West Coast Route and
the various wine routes in the Western Cape. All of these areas only
experience isolated incidents of crime and violence.
318 Ferreira

Figure 2 No-go areas for tourists.

Tourists' perceptions of personal safety

Personal experience and word-of-mouth communication have been shown

to be the most important factors influencing a tourist's decision to visit
South Africa (Satour 1995: 3). This is why it is so important that tourists
should not fall victim to crime while touring the country. However, surveys
have indicated that more than half of all foreign visitors fear for their
personal safety in South Africa (Satour 1996: 11). According to the surveys
administered by Satour in 1996, over half of the visitors rated their
personal safety in South Africa as either 'fair' (33%) or 'below average'
(23%) (Figure 3). Tourists from Asia rate personal safety lowest (4.85)
(Table 1). This could be a result of the relatively low incidence of crime
against tourists in their home countries.
Fear of crime was the major reason for disappointment experienced by
foreign visitors to South Africa (mentioned in open-ended comments
by 17% in 1996). This was an increase of 8 percentage points over prior
surveys, indicating that the fear of crime may be growing among visitors.
It could also mean that the personality profile of visitors to post-apartheid
South Africa has changed. Perceptions of personal safety in the Gauteng
region were the lowest, with an average rating of 3.4 in late 1996, a
significant drop from February 1995 when its rating was 5.1 (this scale
is the same as used in Table 1). In addition, crime in central Johannesburg
was a particular cause for concern, being mentioned in an open-ended
question by 5 percent of foreign tourists.
 Place: Crime as a threat to tourism 319
100%
•" n *33
90% p: 31 •s:> P3 °*
* n 35 34 n*•* ij3
— 29
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23 n 23 —
80%
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= 36 35" 36

- 37 = 38 : 30 32 32 33

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40%
30%
20%
10%
33
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31
-
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40

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Jan'92 Aug'92 Jan'93 Aug'93 Jan'94 Aug'94 Jan'95 Aug'95 Jan'96 Aug'96

J Below average Fair I 1 Good

Figure 3 Ratings of personal safety, January 1992 to August 1996 (after Satour
1996: 29).

On the other hand, an encouraging proportion of foreign visitors (68%)

stated that they would recommend South Africa as a tourist destination
to others. However, this represents a marked decline of 8 percentage points
from the previous year's survey (Satour 1995: 11). Significantly fewer
visitors from Asia stated that they would recommend South Africa to
others as a tourist destination.

Table 1 Perception of personal safety by

international visitors to South Africa

Country/region Safety scale*

Germany 7.51
Benelux 6.95
France 6.91
UK 5.24
Scandinavia 5.24
Rest of Europe 7.35
North America 7.24
Middle East 6.65
Latin America 6.28
Australia/Pacific 6.09
Asia 4.85

The safety scale is based on a 10-point Likert

scale with 10 being 'good safety' and 1 being
'poor safety'. Source: Satour (1996: 30).
320 Ferreira
Vital partnership between tourism and security

Personal safety is a well-recognized human need (Maslow 1954: 5) and

tourism is as an industry that thrives best under peaceful conditions.
Relatively few, but highly publicized, crimes against tourists have been
shown to cause destination shifts to safer localities (Crystal 1993: 42). A
common complaint among travel destination marketers is that, through
sensationalist reporting, the media can create hysterical over-reactions that
are out of proportion to the actual level of risk. Unfortunately, percep-
tions have very real impacts in the travel business (Schiebler et al. 1996:
38).
To succeed, tourism requires a vital partnership with safety. Leisure
tourism is a discretionary activity, and most tourists will not spend their
hard-earned money on travelling to a destination where their safety and
well-being might be in jeopardy (Pizam &C Mansfeld 1996: 1). Even busi-
ness travel, which is a less discretionary activity, is affected by incidences
of violence and crimes against travellers, since most companies are reluc-
tant to endanger their employees by sending them to unsafe destinations.
According to Pizam (1982: 10), one has to be constantly aware that
tourists are potential targets of crime, and that protecting them from
offenders is essential to the survival and growth of the tourism industry.
Tourism cannot be sustained if the question of safety is not addressed.
Egypt, for example, lost an estimated US$1 billion in tourism revenues
due to the publicity surrounding the murder of three and wounding of a
dozen other foreign tourists by Muslim extremists over a 12-month period
in 1992-93 (Associated Press 1993). During the Gulf War, tourism to the
Middle East dwindled to almost nothing (Mansfeld 1993: 132). Kenya,
once an exotic setting for African safaris, has developed a reputation as
a 'mugger's paradise' following adverse publicity arising from tourist
deaths and thefts, with the result that many hotels soon became virtually
empty (Khamisi 1995: 18). In Florida, several hundred thousand tourists
cancelled their trips to America's Sunshine State after the brutal murder
of a German tourist in 1993 (New York Times 1993). Major European
markets, in particular, declined 20-25 percent in 1994 (New York Times
1995). An aggressive state-wide campaign against crimes affecting tourists,
coupled with major image management efforts, have helped the state to
recover this decline in recent years (Rohter 1995).
While South Africa is no exception when it comes to the negative effects
of crime and violence-related tourist incidents, the country does have some
particularly intransigent issues to overcome in addressing this problem.
Political intolerance is still prevalent among the various population
groups in South Africa, which couple politics with strong feelings of eth-
nicity, language and religion. The Centre for the Study of Violence
and Reconciliation holds that the legacy of apartheid lies at the root of the
 Place: Crime as a threat to tourism 321
high crime rate, as emotions and resentment still run high over this legacy
(Financial Mail 1994: 47). The proliferation of firearms is another major
factor contributing to acts of violence in South Africa, which
has also suffered for many years from very high unemployment, socio-
political instability and a culture of violence as a means of problem solv-
ing. These factors are further exacerbated by a dwindling rural population
as people migrate to metropolitan areas in search of economic opportuni-
ties. Most of these economic migrants end up living in squatter communi-
ties and experience a breakdown in family and social support structures.
This is the situation that tourists face when visiting the major urban
centres of South Africa. Crimes against tourists, therefore, reflect the
larger social problems of the country, making its eradication as a single
issue extremely difficult. South Africa is currently dealing with a strange
paradox. On the one hand, the country is experiencing a dramatic growth
in tourism; on the other, South Africa and her markets are increas-
ingly aware of the country's rising crime levels. This paradox is likely
to be of a short-term nature, with catastrophic long-term implications.
The reality is that positive growth cannot be sustained in the tourism
industry if the crime factor is not addressed effectively and curtailed imme-
diately.
South Africa, with its heterogeneous population, faces significant chal-
lenges in facilitating participation in the growing tourism industry by all
social groups, especially the less privileged. According to Bloom (1996: 99),
tourism can play a vital role in terms of its employment-generating capacity
and as a catalyst to stimulate socio-economic change within communities.
Crime and violence could be addressed through community involvement and
programmes to improve social conditions. The government's Reconstruction
and Development Programme is perceived to be a very promising initiative
aimed at addressing backlogs of needs in various communities and improv-
ing social and economic conditions. To this end, Bloom (1996: 99-101)iden-
tified seven contributions of tourism to the Reconstruction and Development
Programme that have important implications for supporting future initia-
tives aimed at alleviating community violence:
• empowering community role-players in regional tourism structures;
• formulating tourism-linked human resource development objectives;
• reconstructing subsectors of the tourism industry in terms of future
challenges and opportunities;
• compiling fast-track programmes for capacity-building in human and
financial resources;
• providing guidelines for potential tourism entrepreneurs to become part
of the tourism industry;
• stipulating community responsibilities and self-initiatives; and
• addressing transparency and control issues.
322 Ferreira
Conclusions

Evidence from around the world demonstrates that safety, tranquillity and
peace are necessary for the prosperity and sustainability of the tourism
industry. In South Africa, a certain level of tolerance with regard to
violence and unrest has existed, based on the assumption that these are
inherent features of a society undergoing far-reaching socio-political
change. This tolerance, however, has now been exceeded and most consider
the rising crime rate as largely symptomatic of socio-economic decline
(South African Police Services 1995: 95). The current economic problems
facing the country may constitute the single most important variable
responsible for crimes against tourists.
A major challenge facing South African society is to bring about a change
in values to encourage a philosophy that sees hard work and societal change
as virtues. According to Bloom (1996:102), the involvement of community-
based organizations in the promotion of sustainable tourism-related activi-
ties, for example the participation by the rural population in ecotourism
projects, could help to foster a feeling of pride and belonging and ultimately
help to reduce crime and violence. For all to share in the economic benefits
that tourism can bring, it is essential for South Africans to deal more res-
olutely with the problems of lawlessness and to turn the tide of crime to pro-
tect this important national resource. If important parts of the country are
dangerous, South Africa as a whole becomes a dangerous destination. It is a
priority of the greatest urgency that the government should control crime on
all fronts. Yet, international experience has shown that tourist safety cannot
simply be the responsibility of the police. Creative solutions, relying on the
cooperation of the business community, the hotel industry and the general
public, are also necessary. At the present time, in spite of the fact that South
Africa has received some negative publicity due to its high crime rate, South
Africa's foreign tourism market is continuing to grow at a positive rate.
Hopefully, events and conditions in the country will not deteriorate to an
extent that results in a long-term reversal in this trend.

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Biographical note

Dr S.L.A. Ferreira received BA, BA honours and master's degrees from

the Rand Afrikaans University, and in 1993 a PhD in geography from the
University of South Africa (Unisa). She has been lecturing in geography
324 Ferreira
at Unisa since 1986, where she currently holds the position of senior
lecturer. She is responsible at a postgraduate level for a course in the geog-
raphy of tourism.

Résumé: Le crime: une menace pour le tourisme durable en Afrique du

Sud

Le tourisme peut êre un facteur-dé pour surmonter les nombreux défis socio-
économiques auxquels fait face l'Afrique du Sud, à condition que la réalité et la
perception de sécurité touristique soient considérées de façon urgente et suffisante
comme une priorité stratégique. Cet article se concentre sur l'Afrique du Sud et
analyse le schéma spatial de la criminalité contre les touristes (1993-1996), définit
les zones "no-go" (zones à éviter) pour les touristes, analyse région par région la
perception qu'ont les touristes de la sécurité personnelle, et démontre l'associa-
tion vitale entre tourisme et sécurité. L'analyse spatiale montre que, excepté pour
la région du Gauteng (coeur économique intérieur), la plupart des cas rapportés
de crime contre les touristes a lieu dans les régions côtières du pays. Le Gauteng
et le Kwazulu-Natal sont considérés par les touristes étrangers comme étant les
régions d'Afrique du Sud de plus forte insécurité. Les touristes d'Australasie,
d'Extrème-Orient et de Scandinavic ont les pires perceptions de la sécurité en
Afrique du Sud. Malgré le climat positif actuel de marketing touristique régnant
dans une Afrique du Sud "post-apartheid", il y a une inquiétude croissante,
renforcée par les recherches entreprises parmi les touristes, que si la sûreté et la
sécurité personnelles des touristes ne sont pas prises en compte de manière concertée
et coordonnée, le tourisme en Afrique du Sud en soit affecté très négativement.

Mots-clés: perception de la sécurité touristique, crimes contre les touristes,

zones "no-go" (zones à éviter), association vitale entre sécurité et tourism