MU FEY common to alt branches @ www.techneobooks.in = info@techneobooks.in prea eer a ae rivarercia rt : een Ceo mancned emAnioX} Roheem University of Mumbai Environmental! Management _ Strictly as per the New Syllabus (REV-2019 ‘C’ Scheme) of Mumbai University w.e.f. academic year 2022-2023 Semester 8 : Common to All Branches (Course Code : ILOC8019) (Institute Level Optional Course ~ Il) Vv. K. Kumawat ME. (Civil), L.M.LS.T-E. Formerly, Head of Department of Civil Engineering rati sare Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Technology, Pune. Maharashtra, IndiaTable of Contents troduction and Definition of 1-1 to 1-28 issues relevant to India. jle Development, the Energy scenario. ic Factors. it is the biotic factors ? ... otic Factors. tt is Abiotic factors ? d of Environmental Studies. late the need of environmental studies. : Significance of Environmental Management. Environmental Management for Contemporary prporate Responsibilitie: hat are the corporate responsibilities 2 : Carrier Opportunities. areer Opportunities in Environmental janagement on to All) (22-23) (M8-55) j 4Environmental Management ‘a0. 1.2.2 Welle an explanatory note on career opportunites In ‘environmental management. 1» Tople : Environmental Issues Relevant to India, ¥ syilabu 4.9 Environmental Issues Relevant to India. GQ. 1.3.1 Comment on Environmental issues relevant tolnda. ' Y syllabus Tople ‘custanaite Develop 4.4 Sustainable Development. nn Explain the role of Engineers towards ; achieving a Ga.1.44 development. 20,1142 Witea short rote on sustainable development, GQ.1.4.9 State and explain various points to be considered vile planning and construction of sustainable building. : ‘ 441 Engineer's Role in Achieving Sustainable Development. 1.42 Urban Sustainability GQ, 1.44 Write a note on urban sustainability, 1.43 Role of Construction Sector for Sustainable Development GQ. 1.4.5 State tho role of construction sector for sustainable ‘development. 144 Role of Engineers towards Achiaving Sustanablo Development... GQ.1.4.6 Enlist the various roles of engineers towards achieving sustainable development... 1.45 Environmental impact Assessment Ga.1.47 Write @ note on environment impact assessmemt wu Syllabus Topic : Energy Scenario 4.5 Energy Scenario 6.1.5.1 1.84 v Write a short note on energy scenario. Indian Energy Scenario... GQ,1.5.2 Explain indian energy scenario, Chapter Ends, (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-28) (Me-56) Tech-Neo Publ aI Table of Contents Environmental Management tess Leanne ee ep uEeEl v3 CHAPTER 2 : Global Environmental, concert | [syllabus = '* Global warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, ‘+ Hezardons waste ‘+ Endangered lfe-species + Lose of Biodiversity * Industrial /man-made disasters Atomic / Biomedical hazards Y Syllabus Topic : Global Warmin, 2.1 Global Warming — GQ.2.1.1 Write a short note on Global warming. GQ.2.1.2 What are the effects of Global Warming ?.. Y Syllabus Topic : Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion. 244 Green House Effect. GQ. 2.1.3 State various Green House gases. What are the ill effects of Green house gases on environment ?.. State various greenhouse gases. What are the ill effects of these gases on environment ?.. What is Green House Effect ? State any fourill effect of Ga.21.4 Ga.21.5 60.216 Ga.247 Explain with appropriate chemical equations, what is Acid rain GQ. 2.1.8 Write a short note on : Ozone depletion. Y Syllabus Topie : Hazardous Waste 2.2 Hazardous Waste 224 Ga.221Maragerrect athe of Conteris 60.281 Define biornecal WBE OO 2621 — Sources and Generation of Biomedical W018 enn 228 60.262 Enlist sources of Biomedical WEB neem 2B 60.263 State components of Biomedical Waste (BMMeenenmne 2B 2522 oa.264 List various types of hazardous wastes? Give thee characteristics? Cheractertics of Hazardous Wastes What are the characteristics of hazardous wastes? anes aoe 25 Cassifcation of Biomedical Waste (BMW) 60.225 Give the cassiication of BMW. YY Sifietous Topic : Endangered Lite Spacies.. 23 Endangered Lite Species 60.231 Wits a bret note on “Endangered life species”... Y Siflabus Topic : Ecosystems and interdependence between iting Orgeniems a 2:1. Eoceystems and interdependence betwean Living Ongar nce 24 GQ.3.1.1 Define Ecology, Enst any 4 ecosystems found in 18 AI. = GO.3.1.2 Define Ecce BET nen 6O.3.1.3 List out any four type's ecosystem and give salient a4 B44 B42 Go.3t4 oo.345 2424 60.316 2422 oa.387Environmental Man: tt ti 43.2. Introduction to Ecosystems ¥-_syllabus Tople : Food Chal ¥ Syllabus Tople : Role and Functions of Government as & 321 Food Chain... Planning and Regulating Agency. i and in wth a noat sketch: Food Chali, wn 42 Role and Fintona of Govermeni es Pen a Regulating Agency in Environmental Management... oe GO. 4.2.1 Describe the role and function of government as & Ga. 3.2. planning and recuse ae agency in environmental 43. Major Ecosystems. management. 45 33.1 Forest | Esosyetem 424 Funotions of Government as Planning and 60.9.3: Regulating Agoncy Explain in brief the importance of Forest 26.4 Natural Resource... 5 GQ. 4.2.2 State various functions of government as planning land regulation agency. Y Syllabus Topic : Environmental Quality Managemont (EQM! 4.3. Environmental Quality Management (EQM) 382 Grassland Ecosystem... GQ,3.3.2 Write a short note on : Grassland ecosystem, G0.3.33 Explain with a neat sketch : Grassland Ecosyste 33.3 Desert Ecosystem. GQ.4.3.1 Write a short on EOM. 60.934 Expsinwith a neat sketch: Desert Eosyeter Y Syllabus Topic : Corporate Environmental Responsibility. 24 Aquatic Ecosystem 44 Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Bat Pond of Lake Ecosystem .. GO.3.4.1 List out any four type's ecosystem and give. features of Pond ecosystem. 342 Riveror Stream Ecosystem. 343 Ocean or Marine Ecosystem GQ.3.42 Explain with a neat skotch : Ocean Ecosystem... % Chapter Ends... UNIT IV GQ. 4.4.1 Describe the role of Corporate environmental responsibilty. Syllabus: ‘Total qualty environment management, 60-1400, EMS centficaton, [Syitabus é Ses eae Y Syllabus Tople : Total Quality Environmental Management, le and functions of Government as panning and regulating 208 (Sete © Environment quaity management and corporate environment GQ.5.1.1 White a short note on (TOEM), ISO-14000, 54.1, Development Of the ISO 14000 series... GQ.5.1.2 Comment on development of the 150-14000 series. v Syllabus Topie : Scope of Environment Management 41” Scope of Environment Management, Ga.4.44 (MU-Sem 8-Common to Al) (22-23) (MB-55)‘Various Compliance to an 180-1400 (Total Qvalty Environmental Management), Stato various compliances to an ISO-14009 for TAEM. so Principles of 180-1400 Series Stato various principles of 180-1400 series, Jnotloctual Basis of [SO standards. GO. 8.1.5 What is basis of ISO standard 5.41.8 Lstof Important ISO 14000 series standards GO, 5.1.8 Mako alist of important {S0-14000 series stande ¥- Syllabus Tople : EMS Certilication 5.2. Environment Managoment System Certification (EMS Comtication)..m : GQ,5.2.1 Describe about EMS certification. Chapter ENB. on : Visi aed YS CHAPTER 6 : General Overview of | Legislations 613 G0. 5.14 6A4 syiabue * General overview of major legislations like environment Protection A * Air(P and CP) Act 4 + ator and.CP) Act © Witte Potecten ct Foret Act Factores he ot Environment Protection Act..j Ga. 6.1. ‘Stato the various major provisions addr ‘environment protection act. Environmental Management Table of Contents Y Syllabus Topic : Air (P and CP) Act. 6.2 Air(P and CP) Act (Air Pollution and Control of Pollution) Act. GO, 6.2.1 Explain Air(P and CP) Act. Syllabus Topic : Water (P and CP) Act. Water (P and CP) Act. GQ,6.3.1 Write a bret note on water (P and CP) Act... GQ.6.3.2 State the various salient featuros of water (P and CP) Act. ‘Syllabus Topic : Wildlife Protection Act. Wildite Protection Act. GQ, 6.4.1 Write an explanatory note on Wildlife protection act... Objectives of Wildlife Protection Act. .2. State the various objectives of wildife. protection act. Syllabus Topic : Forest Act. What is forest act Functions of Forest Conservation Division Enlist the various functions of forest conservation ‘ivision. Forest Conservation Act. Explain forest conservation act. wie Bret Provisions of Forest Conservation Act, 1980. Wirito on a brief provision of forest conservation act, 1980. ‘Syllabus Topic : Factories Act.. 616 e168 area ee aIntroductio; and Definiti CHAPTER 1 Of Environme Significance of Environment management for contempor ‘managers, career opportunities Environmental issues relevant to India, Sustainable Development, the Energy scenario. Environment ° ENVIRONMENT is the surroundings Om sitions in which all living organisms exist. Th eument may vary from micro level to case of some local studies such as 8 ecosystem or solid waste if level study, management, it is Wiad On the other hand global issues such as Green House Effect or Ozone Depletion form the macro level studies. Pollution is deliberate or accidental contamination of environment, Any manmade activity contributes to pollution. With rapid urbanization and industrialization, there has been tremendous burden on the natural resources. It has also lead to various types of pollutions such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and land pollution. {As all the civil engineering projects depend directly on natural resources, civil engineer has to have greater concern about the environment, With stringent norms being introduced, the civil engineer has to be well aware of different types of pollutions and ways and means to overcome them. Hence Environmental Pollution studies are an integral ‘part of civil engineering discipline. Main Features of Environment5 The interaction between these two 0 to formation ‘of Ecology which is a” ENVIRONMENT. When there is a proper balance between these leads to healthy environment (e.g. a self sug ecosystem without the external interference, man). + When this balance gets disturbed due to interference, it leads to various types of pollutions + For example, when an industry discharges its nearby water body, without proper treatment, an imbalance leading to degradation of envi imbalanced ecology. Decomposers ‘These are mainly the bacteria and fungi that decompose the decayed material. 1.1.1.2 Abiotic Factors ‘These factors mainly consist of non living part and can be broadly classified in following functional groups such as : “= Climatic Factors These include precipitation, light, temperature, atmospheric humidity and wind. © Physiographic Factors These include all such factors that have their origin in the form, behaviour and structure of earth’s surface. + Physical and chemical constituents of the soil, such as its structure, chemical properties ete. fall under this category. * ai 1 Biotic Factors 1GQ.113 _Whatis the biotic factors? ‘These factors can be broadly classified functional groups such as : == Producers These are self nourishing organisms. (cutotrophs) and algae are the examp! group, The autotrophs take solar energy and con chemical energy in the process of photosy’ This stored energy is utilized by other org "= Consumers ee ‘The main basic needs of environmental These are other organisms that depend on produ their energy source (called he = led birds, animals, fish ete terete (U-Sem 2-Conmen AN 2223) (Me55 [alr‘To maintain peace and harmony ‘To control changing number of bi diseases (means demography) in a comn ‘a period of time. ‘To control the problems due to growing py which include shortages of : (natural resources Gi) health care services Git) educational institutions (iv) water, sanitation and land (v) transport To keep increase in crime and problems low, ‘To monitor problems of poor status of fa children. Syllabus Topic : Significance of Environ Management DM 1.2. Significance of Enviro! Management for Con Mana : * Environment takes into consideration all ee of economic development and agement of environmental (MO-Sem 8-Common to Al (22-28) (M55) nee ee enteral Meregerect bre be A) ope knowledge of various facets of sound environmental managements is the sine qua non for sustainable development which meets not only the requirements of the present generation but also of information is increasingly being used for It becoming more important not only for environmental management decisions, but for all types of managerial functions with special emphasis on eco-efficiency and strategic position concept of environmental management. Following points shows the significance of Management (EM) : ‘EnvironmentPollution control being burning discussion environmental management sh extent to which pollution has been conta the corporate 4, Environmental manage! ; through better management of environ and thus benefits the natural and ‘%@ 1.2.1 Corporate Responsibilities nnn nnn mmm 1. Employees failing to observe environmental friendly code of conduct must be reprimanded; 2. Environmental friendly code of conduct must be noticed at all levels and by all the people; 3. Corporate commitment to environmental protection should be clearly stated; Environmental protection is a genuine task and no stone will be left unturned in preserving and safeguarding ment improves p environments. 5. Environmental management discharging organizational increasing environmental Sustainable development is possible wit colopealieetae” of environmental management as it helps Maintenance, replacement and repairs of machinery, ecological ability of enterprise. tools, equipment, vehicles, etc. should be done properly 6. Environmental management supports and in time; reporting to combat effectively all neg opinions in the global economy where e Alteration in product design should be made as far as possible to incorporate eco-friendly materials and other strong environment lobby against en ace aiftenily indiatiiee ig sual Renewable sources of energies like solar energy, wind energy, ete. must be used and so advocated; If the working of the corporate on any day or in any month is against environmental interest, staff doing this must seek apology; Adequate number of PROs to communicate with the external world and to clear the corporate commitment to the world at large must be recruited; E . Corporate manager should be proactive rather than active. The adequate measures must be initiated to protect environment before the new It to use or adopted; (MU-Sem 8-Common to Al) (22-23) (ME-55) 7. Environmental management reflects production and consumption patterns , Optimal allocation of scanty resources economy is possible with the help of env management. Impressive decision taking through the a of environmental management eliminates many environmental problems. (MU-Som 8.Commen to Al) (22:28) (M55) peleenvironmental Management 11. 12. 13. 14, (Int. & Def. of Env.) (intr. & Det. of Env, Favironmental engineers must be recruited fo their opinion on environmental related matters) nt in establishing a cleaner and @ minimizing wasta, 15. It is indeed expected that both conservationists and developers will come and work together over the need to make economic development sustainable, without it being undermined by long-term damage to natural resources and vital habitats. _——————$ $$ — Syllabus Topic : Carrier Opportunities involveme! production system thereby yptimum usage of all the raw materia ensuring 0 Participation in activities like social forestry, comm forest efforts, environment cleaning works, ete, made; ‘The audit report should contain the audit find summary of these findings) with reference to supy evidence. Subject to agreement between the lead and the MD, the audit report may also inclu following: i. _ the identification of the organization audites the client ii, the agreed objectives, scope and plan of the ii, the agreed audit criteria including a reference documents against which the at conducted the period covered by the audit and the date( audit was conducted %@ 1.2.2 Career Opportunities in Environmental Management Environmental resource management is a wide interdisciplinary area at the junction of Environmental sciences and Management and Organization studies. Hence there are possible career opportunities for graduates with a degree in Environmental resource management. Following are the same of the carrier option in environmental management. () Environmental manager is the most obvious career the identification of the audit team members cppertunity for 9. graduatea: i sa vi a statement of the confidential nature of the Environmental resource management . contents It supervise the environmental performance vii. the distribution list for the audit report organization both private and public, It develop and implement new strategies astons considering the increasing sei ool tel a ea significance of today’s disastrous human i G2) Specel Stet ae ee natural ecosystems. It is comforting to know tha smaller global populati aise population base and a less iv. 2Environmet Gi environmental engineering manage career path. (iv) There are public sector or in hu © Usually graduates in © Graduates with a bachel career with entry-level positions or volunte ‘* Various environmental companies can able the intership for fresh graduates. Environmental managers human health. ) There are some erad resource Managemen many graduates with a environmental management start their management start their career after receiving ¢ or MBA degree in this area. protection and conservation of natural e ‘The following chart is an overview of the b in environmental management. Environmental Management (lotr of Env: juates holding a « + Environmental management is a field focused on the preservation, conservation and regulation of the environment. Careers in environmental managements may be found in the fields of chemistry, transportation, logistics and engineering. Employers may include private businesses, government ‘ agencies and nonprofits organizations. tail Environ + An environmental manager serve as an expert in the management of environmental projects. «Using your environmental knowledge and expertise it is possible to discover ways to prevent further environmental damage, cleanup protected areas and preserve natural resources. ‘According to the U.S. bureau of labor statistics, the greatest number of job opportunities for environmental scientists are in the fields of management and scientific and technical consulting. + As of 2018, the average salary for professionals in these fields was $77,580. Syllabus Topic : Environmental Issues Relevant to India ment man resource ma lor degree usually oversee projects 1. _| Degree required Bachelor's degree 2. | Education field of | Environmental study engineering 3. | Key skills Management a . Amer analytical abilities, oral . i ‘These are explained briefly as folla 4. | Licensure required Certification 5. | Job Growth (2018-2028) 8% Median salary (2018) (WU Stine ad $71,730*intr, & Dof. of Env.) .aP Environmental Management (int. & De. of Env.) Page no.(1-14) is warming of ‘The greenhouse effect 5. Ozone layer depletion air above it. Cee, in the air that trap energ + Atmospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation + Ibis caused by Bases from the sun which cause skin cancer and damage the sun. to cataracts and as well as damage to plants and «These heat-trapping gases are called marine ecosystems. gases. * Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases used as coolants in rofrigerators cause depletion of this ozone layer, such that 1 atom of chlorine can destroy 100000 ae ozone molecules. 2. Climate change "i It means a change in the global or regional ¢ patterns particularly from the mid to late 200 of onwards and mainly due to the increased le atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the fuels. 3. Global warming 6. Nuclear accidents ‘They are mainly due to nuclear fusion, which cause explosion and also release dangerous radioactive radiations which affect the human life for decades together. Syllabus Topic : Sustainable Development It is the slow gradual rise in the temperal earth due to emission of excess quantities of am radiation-tripping gases like carbondioxide, chloro-flurocarbon, ozone, nitrogen oxides together called as green house gases. 4. Acid rain Its water contains higher acidity dissolved COs, sulphur oxides and nit Gases, from the factories, mills ete, Tt causes damage to trees, crops, building (MU‘Sem @-Common to Al) (22-28) (a. 55)@ @) @) @ &) © Let us discuss envi development as follows : (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-23) (MB-55) (intr. & Dat. of Env). en I Management {lnt,& Def. of Env.) Page 00.116) % 1.4.1 Engineer’s Role in Achieving Sustainable Development ronmental aspects of It must maintain @ stable resource be natural resources must be replenished at rate than they are used up. It includes maintaining biodiversity, atmog stability and other ecosystem functions. Environmental-social aspect of sustainab with our interactions with the env include designing and planning of our cities, care of our available resources. 1 includes the ways we interact environment. * Anew concept in environmental and human affairs was introduced with the Brundtland Declaration of 1987: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of fature generations to meet their own needs.” + All the development that is taking place in developing countries like India is putting more and more pressure in the urban areas rather than the rural areas. Hence understanding the need of urban sustainability is very important issue at present. Environmental-Economic aspect of sust inslutien the interaction betweementm % 1.4.2 Urban Sustainability to their packages, garbages, left overs a their prices are less and affordal economically. ‘Their wide-spread use will further out th and make them more and more ect Gities are growing faster than government can infrastructure services for them. Slums surrou ‘Thus concept of sustainable development is importance for stabi public growth per capita, Establishing more industries, and job opportunities, agricultChinese cities like Shanghai ain. thie) way, of ving etna ‘urbanization and global trade ability, while easier accessi creating tremend¢ pressure for their sustain energy like coal, are problems. the remedies for more sustainable reso includes the following More efficient energy use and utilizing en renewable resources. o More efficient public transport systems. ‘More compact cities to reduce consumption fuels through automobile traffic. o Water management by appropriate landsea © More efficient recirculation systems like gre management and reduced burden on civic for wastewater treatment. ‘More efficient recycling of inorganic ¥ Plastics, metals and chemicals). More efficient recycling of organic Sewage and clinical wastes, ‘Taking all the above said aspects into accounty at fs whole construction industry ‘een m™mpact, both directly and ing sustain: ' ovine tinable development in 4.4.3. Role of Construction Sector for Sustainable Development Urban and rural area planning o Life cycle design of buildings > Production and manufacture of building materials o Site production and manufacture © Organizing the entire building processes o Facility management of buildings co Recycling and waste management. Clients, owners, developers and investors should have important role in disseminating _sustainable construction, since they represent the demand of the building sector. Planning system should be altered in order to promote sustainable development. Individual car use should be reduced and | should be promoted, use of public(intr. & Det, of Enw,) Environmental Manas nt. & Dot. of En. wm 144 Role of Engineers towards sustainable Development © Safe substitute for toxic chemicals should be ananononnnnnnnnnns doveloped and those technologies shall be Veqaas Gilat the various roles of engineers transferred to developing countries. Hazardous ‘ ustalnable development, wastes, like radioactive wastes should be disposed + aginvers play a vital role in the develop off in the country in which they were originated. ety at large, ‘They face many hi © Efficient use of materials and energy. : s follows © A major effort in reducing greenhouse gas ‘emissions; this involves sustainable energy, new technology and energy efficiency. © Support for internalization of environmental costs in energy pricing and for transfer of clean technologies to developing countries. + Engineers must become Knowledgeable in achieving sustainable development principles and must be continuously trained about the current sustainable development technologies applicable to their area of work, may be Computers, Electronics, Biotechnology or any core branch of Engineering. aeatiaee + Engineers must incorporate long-term en reapective fields, + ‘Tho Engineors have to face and ove hunles © They generally have to work within framework of law and policy; other contribution can be constrained, © Wide variation in the perception of future gonerations and ethical issues, ‘The downgrading of environmental & times of economic decline. © Need for professional capacity to under implement cleaner production and. Development objectives at levels of Fe impacts and costs into the analysis of ll * The role of engineers : Engineers from all a aa a can play a vital role in achieving sustainabilit ‘The Bagineer must possess an initi efficiency to consider setting a target of ae many-fold improvement in production | term with i deouie. * Possible increase im Fresh water to be given the Strategic approach has to be Protect and supply fresh water,Status of existing environmental conditions 2, Study of project activities 3. Suggestions to minimize adverse effects 4, Pollution abatement 5. Identifying damages For execution of any big development project, a mandatory these days. BIA is a tool to impacts or the damage a project will environment, when the project is executed, © There are @ 30 categories of industries Environmental Clearance from Central r 1. Status of existing environmental conditions + A. detailed study of prevailing environmental conditions in and around the study area is required to he carried out, before starting any project. «All the parameters such as physical (water, air, land ete.) and social environment (economical conditions, employment status, cultural & historical importance ete.) should be studied in detail. + It shall be specifically noted that, whatever may be the bonefits of the project, the present environmental conditions and quality of life shall not get disturbed due to the project u consideration. ra ts ane required in India. ‘+ Any development projects such as Construction ¢ construction of Thermal Power Plants, Ni Plants, have some adverse (negative) as beneficial (positive) impacts on environment. * These impacts or damages are to be ana before the project is taken up. © The main objectives of BIA are : } © To analyse the ill effects of any up-co on the environment in a rational study shall be unbiased, Board (SPCB), Ministy ironment , if a (MOEF) ete, ee To select suitable site(s) for the ‘proj consideration the environmental project is cost-benefit an;‘In case of mega projects like dams or road sometimes alternative sites are sugges project activities for such projects like ng construction or due to traffie movement the species in the nearby forest reserves, Suggestions to minimize adverse e On completion of some project, it is likely project will have adverse impacts environment either due to construction running of the industry. The waste discharged in the Environment ff particular industry such as a Sugar Indus Pharmaceutical Industry, may have elements in it. Hence proper measures to curb pollution industries should appear in an BIA report. help to reduce the damage to the enviro Pollution abatement Pollution prevention is not a difficult té types of pollutions such as pollution of Air, ¥ spe of pollution of Ain, The treatment incorporated in the py will help to curb the methodologies roject management pollution to a great @ the damages to the environment du Project under consideration, once the Heé technologies are incorporated in the Em Management Plan (EMP) of the P consideration, : Environmental Management (intr & Def. of Env.) ..Page no.(1-24) > 5. Identifying damages In almost all projects, there will be some or the other adverse impacts associated with the project. ‘There can be short term or long term effects of a project which are reversible or irreversible. ‘Also the effects may be restricted to local scale such. as the surrounding area of an Industry or may have effects on global scale, such as emission of Green House Gases. Quantifying the damages is also an important task for predicting the likely impacts. ‘The intensity and duration of exposure of a particular pollutant are equally important for establishing the damage. For example, exposure to vehicular pollution even for a small duration, increases the level of Carbon. ‘Monoxide (CO). It reacts with blood to form COHb i.e. Carboxy Hemoglobin. However, this is a reversible reaction and hence, after some time again CO gets removed from the blood. aie ; On the other hand, some toxic elements such ; may not show any immediate ill-efffectseo > 1. Primary and secondary energy + Primary energy sources are found or ston nature, Common primary energy sources oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood) > 2 @ Commercial energy © The en market RY Sources which are availa larket for a definite price are commercial energy, y ——— eee Energy dovelopment of any count Energy can bo ele following criteria : importance for the | has prime jfied into several types bag Primary and secondary energy ‘Commercial and non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy. ‘avironmantal Management (Inte & Dot, of En, ‘* Commorcial energy forma the basis of industrial, agricultural transport and commercial dovelopment in the modern world. + Bxamplos ; Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural ‘was ete, (ii) Non-commercial energy + Tho energy sources which are available in the commercial market for a price are classified as non-commercial energy: + Example : Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity gonoration, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water for irrigation; wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation, ete. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy which is obtained from, sources that aro essentially inexhaustible. Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power, : ‘Tho most important feature of renewable energy ean bo harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants. .(v) Nuclear power supply Nuclear power contributes to about 2.4 per cent of Coal supply electricity generated in India. «India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 «India has ten nuclear power reactors at five nuclear tonnes of proven recoverable reserves (@t th power stations producing electricity. 2008). (vi). Hydro power supply «This amounts to almost 8.6 % of the world ‘and it may last for about 230 years at Reserve to Production. fourth larges producer of cos India is endowed with a vast and viable hydro potential for power generation of which only 15 % has been harnessed so far. © India is the lignite in the world. factor is 84,000 MW. (ii) Oil supply + Oil accounts for about 36 % of India’s consumption. «India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling: Q.1,” Define tha enuitoatiet in the world @.2 Describe the significance of environment management for (ap), Nataral gas contemporary managers. 4 Q.3 State the various carrier opportunities in case of environment * Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per ¢ management. Q.4 Write a short note on “Environmental issues relevant to India”. Q.5 Comment on Sustainable development. ‘Write a short note on Energy scenario. energy consumption in the county. * Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 bi cubic meters, (iv) Electrical energy supply ° The a India installed capacity of elects generating stations under utiliti ason31*May200, 4 Tt consisting of 28,860 MW-bydro, 77,9% thermal and 2,720 MW. A " -nucl N Cinais gare iclear and 1,869 (MU-Sem &-Common to Al) (22:26) (Me.55)Environmental Management (Global Envi. Concerns) _.Page no (2-2) « Increase in Sea Level Increase in Sea Level increase in temperature of earth atmosphere results into glacier melting and thermal expansion of ocean which increases the vea level ra Effect on Water Resources + Due to global warming rainfall patterns are changing. + In some places excess rain fall occurs while in some places no rain fall oceurs with this the period of rain fall occurrence is changing. “= Effect on Agriculture and Forest Due to global warming rainfall and temperature of region gets changed resulting in reduction in crop yield and forest growth. ite + Global warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, + Hazardons waste * Endangered ife-species + Loss of Biodiversity Industrial man-made disasters Atomic / Biomedical hazards = Effect on Ecosystems chlorofluorocarbon, » 920ne, nitrogen oxides together called as green house gas, a es,‘As the percentage of CO, increases, more and more solar radiations get entrapped after they get Ya 214 Green House Effect reflected back from earth's surface. + This results in increase of temperature of the earth's GQ.213 State various Green House gases. Wi ‘ effects of + Greenhouse rate ms + This process is called green house effect because the glass cover of green houses used for agriculture purpose allows the short wavelength sun rays to penetrate in but traps the outgoing infrared radiations in the form of long wavelengths. + Due to this, temperature inside the green house can be maintained at such a level to suit the plant. growth. State various greenhouse gases, W effects of these gases on environmer cannot have control onee the pollutants are trig + The effects of air pollution are not confined boundaries but there could be global effects. + These global effects of air pollution are d following paragraphs : © Green house effect It has been estimated that, at the present rates of emission of green house gases such as 7 i are transparent to incoming solar ut the re-emitted infrared radiations Penetrate through them, It is due to this effect that the temy ae upto a healthy value 15°C, inereann ©248e of concern is the crease in the “oncentration of CO due of fossil. fax (orcy, | ethane and chlorf (MU-Sem 8-Common to, Al) (22-23) (e.g)enorme nnagenent_ (ube ET, Cones The most conspicuous effect of green hon the changed climatic conditions precipitation, «This will also adversely affect the ecogy agricultural eycles. + The green house effect is schematic Fig. 2.1.1. Fig 2.1.1 : Greenhouse effect "© Acid rain way back in 1872, It literally means presence of excessi precipitation, + Acidification of environment is phenomenon. Industrialization, use of the main causes of acid rain, The responsible for acid rain are SOg an Environmental Management (Global Env. Concerns) ..Page no. (2-6) In case of sulphur, following reactions take place : S+0, = SO, 280, +0, = 280, SO,+H,0 = H,SO, In case of nitrogen, following reactions are involved : NO+0, = NO, +0, NO, +03 = NO; +0) NO; +NO, = Ny Os N,O;+H,0 = 2HNO, + Pure rain water has a pH of 5.5 to 7. Due to emissions of SOz and NOx, the pH may drop to as, Tow as 2.0. * Due to this, the acidity of water bodies and lakes also increases. As mentioned earlier, the effects of air pollution are not confined to a particular area of origin, pr a + To sight an example, many Scandinavi receive acid rain wherein H,S0, —o ¥@ Ozone depletion Reduced rate of photosynthesis in plants agricultural yield, The retarded growth @ auch as reddish, potato, spinach Cormusion of houses, Monuments, statue ate Adverse human nervous respiratory and digestive system, Reduction in visibility leading to landing off difficulties in aviation industry, effects on GQ.2L8 Write a short note on: Ozone depletio (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-29) (Ma.eey Ozone is constantly produced and d nature cycle, the overall amount of essentially stable, This balance ean be stream depth at a particular location, Although individual water molecules past the observer, the total depth rei similarly while ozone production and balanced, ozone level remain stable. This was the situation until the decades, Large increase in stratospheric bromine, however, have upset that ball In effect, they have added a siphon removing ozone faster than natural 0 reactions can keep up, Therefore ozone “i environment, ‘The universe of hazardous waste is large roe Since ozone filters out harmful UV radiation, less ‘ozone means higher UV levels at the surface. The more the depletion, the larger the incoming UV rays, UV rays has been linked to skin cancer, damage to materials like plastic and harm to certain crops and marine organisms. Syllabus Topic : Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it ry dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the eoenirnentl Management (GIRS) Envir, Concems), i by products of manufac «They can be the i ar simply discarded commercial products fluids or pesticides. Examples of hazarders waste are : () Reactive wastes ‘This wastes are unstable and tend to with air, water or other substances. (1) Ignitability (2) Corrosivity (2) Ignitable wastes ‘This waste burns at relatively low temperat capable of spontaneous combustion du transport or disposal. (8) Medical waste > (1) Ignitability This characteristic of hazardous waste create fires under certain condition are spontaneously combustible, e.g. waste oils and wed solvents. > (2) Corroysivity This characteristic of hazardous This waste includes human tissue bandages, microbiological material and 0 generated by hospitals and biological (4) Radioactive waste Particularly high-level radioactive waste power plants. Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation can harm living organisms badly. (5) Corrosive waste This waste includes strong alkaline or @ which destroys the materi i terial and chemical reaction, (Sem 8-Conmon oA (2028) aenvironmental Managoment_ (Global Envir. Concems) ..Page no. (2-12). + ‘The waste like biohaze includes infectious waste, blood products, contaminated personal protective equipment (PPE), LV tubing, cultures, stocks medical waste like trace chemo includes empty vials, ampules, empty syringes needles, empty LV tubes, gowns, gloves, tubing, aprons, wipes etc. + Medical waste like plastic waste consists of IV-sets, tubings blood and urine bags, syringes. Infectious waste includes soiled bandages, dressings, pathological tissues, placenta. Medical waste like general waste paper and plastic packing’s, unsoiled plaster casters, kitchen waste, Pathological waste consist of human tissues, blood bandages, soiled cotton, soiled dressings ete. 5 Classification of Biomedical 3.225 CoMw) ‘Biomedical waste is classified into two major t 1, Hazardous waste 2. Non-hazardous waste Hazardous waste are further sub-classi types: i) Infectious (15 - 18 %) Gi) Other hazardous waste (5 — 7%) « Infectious waste consist of : Ree Microbiological waste consists of viral and bacterial Eien infected waste. (©) Plastic disposables (@)_ Liquid wastes + Other hazardous waste consist of : (a) Radioactive waste (b) Discarded glass (©) Pressurized containers (@) Chemical waste (e) Incinerator ash (Cytotoxic waste Medical waste like sharps includes the wi needles ampules, broken glass, blades, trocars, guide wires and other sharps. ‘The Endangered Species Act Congress in 1973. Un government has | n ‘(UD Giae Bifiresn se‘The Endangered Species Act has lists of pro and animal species both nationally and worldwi¢ When a species is given ESA protection, itis s listed” species. Many additional species are evaluated protection under the ESA, and they “candidate” species. ‘The Endangered Species Act is very important saves our native fish plants and other wildlife. extinct. %® 2.4.1 Definition 16.244 Define Bi Biodiversity is defined as the existence of different kinds ‘of animals and plants which together make a good, stable and healthy environment. * From providing cures to deadly diseases to m % 2.4.2 Biodiversity Levels the benefits of preserving threatened and species are invaluable. ‘The term “take” is used in the Endangere to include “harass, harm, pursue, hunt, Kill trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt any such conduct”, briefly as follows : (2) Genetic diversity The lew also protects against interf breeding and behavio ei ding ae ural activities or degr: Sey Goal of the Endangered ‘ ‘Species’ populations healthy and ¥ e delisted from the Endangered Species ae Species Day, which falls on y each Year, in a-day doleeln Species success stori Bie ries and learn(2) Species diver (3) Ecological diversity safety, Environmental Management _(GlOP8 It is very important toh 1uman i ‘becau on it for our cultural, economic, health and (Global Envir. Concerns) ‘A wide variety of species exist in an en which is known as species diversity. ‘The number of various species in a given orenvironment is called Species Richn ‘The total number of species in the world a 10 million, however only 1.75 million spec been named scientifically. ‘The nature of environment decides number of species. e.8. ‘Tropical North and South America have the h number (about 85000) of flowering plant huge store of water. Conversely all of Europe has only vascular plant. It is the variety of ecosystems in an area. Itim the complex network of various species prese the ecosystems and the dynamic inte between them, These 3 levels of diversity work together | the complexity of life on earth. Environmental Management _ (Global Envi. Concern) ..Page no. (2-16) YQ 2.4.4 Loss of Biodiversity () Meaning Biodiversity loss means : 1. ‘The extinction or ending of species (plants and animals) in the world or in some local area. 2. Reduction in ecosystem services like energy flow and food systems. 3. Danger to both human and animal life, due to scarcity of food, water and medicines. (ii) Causes of Loss of Diversity ‘These are explained briefly as follows: (1) Destruction of habitat o The natural habitat of animals is destroyed by man_ for the purpose of settlement, ag industries, construction of bighenviromental Management (Global Envir. Concerns) a i n of selected species o Toxic wastes entering the water disturbs the food chain Insecticides, pesticides, sulphur and nitrogen oxides and acid rain adversely affect the plant and animal species. {8) Control of pests and predators Due to this other non-target species which are the component of the ecosystems also get killed ‘unfortunately. 9) Natural calamities co These include floods, draught, forest fires, earth- quakes, tsunami, cyclones ete. displace and kill a large number of animals and birds. © They also affect soil nutrients. 10) Other factors (@) Exploitation wn of medicinally important plant Exploitatio : heir disappearance from natural habitat, (4) Habitat fragmentation ‘The landmass is broken into cities and col which habitat fragmentation takes place, population of the species. (6) Collection for 200 and research o Animals and plants are collected biological laboratories for the rese and medicine. © Primates like monkeys and sacrificed for research because of genetic and physiological similaritie beings. They include (6) Introduction of exotic species © A species which is not a natural i locality but is deliberately or a ive. called as an exotic species. © Due to this, the native species hav food and space, (7) Pollution © Water pollution is injurious to bio coastal ecosystems,_ (Global Env. Concerns Page exo a Syiabus Topic : Industrial / Man-made Disaster «Response phase is the period that comes == x - = F occurrence of the disaster. Recovery phase is were Fae victims try to overcome the impact of disaster -made Di Industrial / Man D . In pene = disasters among the people try to access the warming signs of disasters and try to take first aid measures. + Preparedness measure includes. (Communication plans (ii) Development of multiagency coordination: Git) Proper training of emergeney services: (iv) Emergency population warning methods (v) Maintaining stock of suppbies and equipment + Mitigation phase involves knowing, aad unnecessary risks, Purchase of insurance cover fir © elements. Structural and no = limit impact of disasters. ibe the Man-made disasters, + Disaster is defined as severe damage and d functioning and operation of society aff spread human, material or environmental loss is more than the ability of affected society to own resources. + Disasters are divided into types : () Natural disasters e.g. rain storm, wind floods, earthquakes, voleano eruption, fore (i) Man-made disasters e.g. power failure, explosions, chemical attacks or leaks. + Disaster management is the action taken by ¢ organization in response to the disaster events. management involves administrative deci operational activities that involves : © Prevention © Mitigation 5 © Preparedness © Response 6 Recovery and Rehabilitation (0-Semn &-Common to All) (22-28) (MB-65)ent _ (Global Envir. Concems) ..Pag Environmontal Manag Environmental Management __ (Global Envir. Concerns) ...Page no. (2x So ee Sa Erie Coneerne) Page ro. (2-22) | + In 1991, @ food chicken processing plant in North Carolina saw 25 deaths due to a fire caused by a faulty hydraulic piece. ‘Although the world has seen many natural over time, man-made disasters continue tog equally tragic results, + Gas leaks tend to be some of the most dan disasters, because they seem innocuous until it's t Gas ean directly and indirectly poisonous to people tho environment ~ spreading rapidly, being unobse potentially igniting, causing death, Safety and prevention measures are no excuse for the loss of line in man-made disasters, Safety is maintained through equipment management, operational planning, diligent preparation and detailed prevention, + The most serious gas leak occurred in Bhopal, 1984, Known as the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, it the leakage of methyl isocyanides (MIC). + It killed roughly 5,000 people, affected 50,000 m people, and left at least 1,000 blind. Unfortunately, man-made disasters have many more causes now than ever before. Syllabus Topic : Atomic / Biomedical Hazards _ oa + Another gas leak occurred recently in 2016, at the Canyon Facility near Los Angeles. + Oil spills are some of the most familiar m disasters, devastating to people, the envi animals and global socioeconomics. % 2.5.1 Industrial Disasters Leaked gas or faulty mechanical equi considered a man-made cause, + For example, in 1944 leaked gas from a Cle company found its way into a sewer, where it i ‘The explosion blew manholes into the air funnels of fire, which set homes on fire. The disaster ended with 130 dead and homeless, 4 (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-28) (MB-65)Beta Particles (8) ‘Those are electrons or positrons having single negatj or positive change. Their weight is 1/1837" of amoun proton. They can damage to the skin. Neutrons (n) Neutrons are ejected during nucleus fission with hi kinetic energy. Gamma Rays (1) and X rays ‘These are electromagnetic radiations. y rays are et from energy change in nucleus of an atom while are originated from orbital electrons. They can tr speed of light. Fig. 2.6.1 shows the radiation shielding /| Environmental Management __(Global Env Conesins) Page no (2-24) + Development of cataract in eyes or permanent blindness + Change in genetic chromosomes i.e, genetic structures + Appearance of hematologic syndrome + Appearance of gastrointestinal syndrome + Damage to the central nervous system + Reproductive cells get damaged + It leads to hair loss, nausea, weakness etc. + Tt causes mental retardation in new born children + Children born to irradiated parents are too small in weight and size Functions of the Self-Renewal Tissues are given in Table 2.6.1, re SEL Peser lessor —_Leador Water or Thinmsial Trickeonereta Polyethylene Fig. 2.6.1 % 2.6.1 Radiation Effects 1. Radiation Effect on Humans Following are the radiation effects on humans + Development of cancer in skin, bones, blo * Anaemia + Mouth ulcer(Global Envir. Concerns) . Environmental Management (Global Env %@ 2.6.2.1 Sources and Gene: Biomedical Wastes s Following are the various sources and generation of biomedical waste : Environmental Management long term exposure affects the Radiations an‘ of the self-renewal tissues severely. 26.4 2. Radiation Effect on Environment Following are the radiation effects on environment} + Leads to air pollution «Leads to water pollution + Soil pollution + Itreduces farm livestock (Waste generated by hospitals (ii) Waste generated by nursing homes (iii) Waste generated by funeral homes 3. Radiation Effects on Plants Following are the radiation effects on plants : + It change plant cell structure + High level exposure kills plant + Tt hampers the fruit quality and quantity by plants (iv) Waste generated by clinics s (v) Waste generated by dentist clinic (vi) Waste generated by pharmacies (vii) Waste generated by pathological (viii) Waste generated by blood banks — (xi) wo 2.6.2 Biomedical Hazards (xi) (xii) or maternity hones, clinics, dispensary, institution; animal house, pathological labora potentially infectious to the human health environment is called as biomedical waste.Page no. (f (Global Envir. Concerns) Environmental Management, Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Infectious. of discarded blood, sharps, _unwani sists aoe - s and stocks, identifiable ba microbiological culture: parts, other human or animal tissue, used bandage dressings, discarded gloves. Fig, 2.6.2(a), (b) and (@) shows waste generated frg hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, dispensary ete. Nagel Discarded ineations ‘and syringes 2 _ Discarded injections and salines or Int venous tube (©) Fig. 2.6.2 : Medical wastes (MU-Sem &-Common to All) (22-29) (Me-55) Environmental Management (Global Envir, Concer no. (1) Needles, broken glass, blades, (2) Plastic waste, lutsen tubing, blood and urine bags. (3) Infections waste — soiled bandages, dressing pathological tissue, (4) Cytotoxic waste, (5) Chemical waste (6) Radioactive waste ete. °%& 2.6.2.2 Biomedical Hazards b oe ss Following are the various biomedical h 1. Blood, body fluids and body constituents of bio-medical waste h It passes via a number are potential ‘receipts’ of the i(Global Envir, Concerns) Environmontal Management Following points shows the occupational health haga causes by improper management of biomedical 6, (i) People happened to be in contact institution like laundry — workers, emergency medical personnel and refuse works i) ‘The occupants in institutions and spread | vicinity of the institutions, (iii) isks associated with hazardous chemicals, being handled by persons handling wastes at all levels ; (iv) Injuries from sharps and exposure to hi chemical waste and radioactive waste also & health hazards to employees, (vy) Risks of infection outside hospital for handlers, seavengers and (eventually) the g public, general public, (i) Emissions from incinerators and open burni lead to exposure to harmful gases which ca cancer and respiratory diseases. Gi) Improper practice such as dumping of biorn waste in municipal dustbins, open spaces, ¥ bodies etc, leads to the spread of diseases. ii) An often-ignored area is the increase healthcare activities. An increase in the diabetics who inject themselves with inst ( (4U-Sem 6-Common to All) (22-23) (MB.55) (iv) Exposure to radioactive wa 3 can also cause serious healt a) animal and birds “lg i Following points shows the biomedical i : f s ot and (i) Harmful chemicals such as dioxins and ; cause serious neal betas Bree Ba (ii) Injuries from sharps are common feature ; animals, (iii) Plastic waste can choke animals, on open dumps. aayatem is a group of blots # interacting with one another and on-living environment, exchanging munities of spec on with hole Concept of Ecology aud matter Types and Components of Ecos) yy St an eoosystom may be natural (eg Taki alana, ote.) oF mansmade (eg erop field ate.), temporary (0g. rainfed pond) oF per Jake, forest, ete), aquatic (og) pond terrestrial (et, and, forest, ete.) CHAPTER 3 University Prescribed Syllabus otwoan ving oxganisns, pacity, food chain, Aquatic Ecos) s, streams.) or salt water (og, m Syllabus Topic : Ecosystems and Interdependence between Living Organisms s6Qad {8Q325 Eplain ind 1 Ecosystems and Interdependet between Living Organisms. Define Ecology. Enlist any 4 ecosystems Notioand abiotic, nature, X 3.1.2.1 Biotic Cor Define Ecosystem, Ust out any four ty e's acosystern and g features of Pond eco: fi system, (nonlly * There are biotic (living) and abiotic components in the Environment, ‘The modern ecologists believe that aM definition of Keology must specify some unit % One such basic unit as described by Ecosystem,sonmertal Management {Concept of Ecology) reagan enionne $e Ge ‘The autotrophs take solar energy and Convert it | chemical energy in the process of phot hep ‘This stored eneray is utilized by other organism ronal Management (Coneapt of Ecology Pago no (ed —— en aly i 3.2 Introduction to Eco: {js seen in the earlier sections, Ecosystem is formed by interaction between biotic and abiotic factors interaction leads to the formation of transfer of en level to other. (2) Consumers ' ‘These are other organisms that depend on producers jy, their energy source (called heterotrophs) og, 1a, from one birds, animals, fish, ete. hese levels are called as Trophic Levels, leads to the formation of food chain and f explained below. (3) Decomposers + These are mainly the bacteria and fimgi thy decompose the decayed material. + They play a major role in converting the orgare matter in to simpler compounds. % 3.2.1 Food Chain YW 3.1.2.2 Abiotic Components These components mainly consist of non living part and can be broadly classified in following functional groups such as: * There are two basic types of fo kind of Ecosystem, as: © Grazing Food Chain "© Climatic factors * These include precipitation, light, atmospheric humidity and wind. + Physiographic factors : © These include all such factors that have earth's surface, © Physical and chemical constituents such as its structure, chemical prOP fall under this category,veamental MANAGED, (Concept ot Ecology) Page no, G ew enveerment anagerent {Conceet 2 E200). Pag ‘= Aquatic Food Chains (Phytoplankton — Zooplankton _, Saat Crustaceans he main features of any ecosystem aro the biotic and abiotic components in it and their interaction, Some of abi the major ecosystems are discussed in following i) Phytoplankton + Zooplankton — Fish -} gg paragraphs: alge wy 33.1 Forest Ecosystem = Detritus Food Chain ; : a It starts with dead organic matter and passes th 1 Explain in brief the ee detritus feeding organisms in soil to, organisms feed on detritus feeder and their predators. . Forests are natural plant communities with dor of trees. + India has a forest cover of just above 20% reports. WS 3.2.2 Food Web wth a neat sketch: Food Web. | + In nature, itis very difficult to find isolated food chains expecially at lower trophic levels. Thus, a network e food chains gets formed. * A-network of food chains which are interconnected at various trophic levels, so as to form a number of feeding connections amongst different biotic organisms is call as food web. For example, the producer plants are eaten by herbivores such as frog, sheep, deer, elephant Similarly more than one carnivore may feed on herbivores, e.g. frog may be eaten by a snake bird species. Different ecosystems like pond, lake, marine, desert ete, exist in nature, Sustaining interacting systems in the biosP(Concept of Ecology) 298 no, (3.9 The major types of forests found in Indi ing tropical rain forests, tropical deciduous pe forests temperate broad leaf forests, temperate neal 4 y Management (Concept of Ecology) ...Page no. nn ary Consumers : Bigger carnivores like lion, "igor ete. that feed on the secondary consumers, mmposers ee comprise of various microorganisms includ ie bacteria (such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas ete.), and ve mycetes. The rate of decomposition is governed bi actin " the temperature range in the forest. forests. Various components of forest ecosystem are ag follows: © Abiotic Components + These include inorganic and organic substenas . aad present in the soil and atmosphere, 33. ystel + The climatic factors (such as temperature, ligh, rainfall) and soil (viz. minerals) are peculiar for g forest and vary from forest to forest. Litter in the forest also plays a vital role in such ecosystem, (@q3a2_ Write a short note o "= Biotic Components i 7 summers. + Producers : Trees are the main producers in the forest ecosystem, There are varieties of trees in various types of forests in India. Teak, Sal, Deodar Pine ete. are the few amongst them. Apart from trees, shrubs and ground vegetation also form the art of biotic components, + Various components of grassland follows : © Abiotic Components * Consumers : The following are the main types Consumers observed in the forest ecosystem. * Primary Consumers : Harbivores such a8 # flies, beetles, spiders, elephant ete, feeding on Pl and trees, Secondary Consumers ; Carnivore’ snakes, birds, lizards ete, that feed | herbivores, (4U-Sem &-Comon to Al) (29:98) aug-an(Concept of Ecology) Page no. (210 Environments! Management Cone a oa oI siary Consumers + Mainly hawks that feed i weihe secondary consumers, on the sers ; eee of various microorganisms including et nucot, Penicillium ete.) bacteria and vayeetes, They help for decay of organia mating orbit to bring the minerals back to the soil, \ 4333 Desert Ecosystem ge ° tized by very low PP \ Producers Desert biomes are character ; BAAR ct ' less than 25 cm), Due to water scarcity the poorly presented, Pig 332 Biotic Components Producers + Various components of desert ecosystem are, Herbaceous plant cover and variety Grasses are the main producers in a grass’ lal w main grass species include Dieanthiam, Imparata, Saccharum etc. Besides this, few herbs tall shrubs are also the main producers. Consumers : The following are the main (pat consumers observed in the grass land ecosystem: Primary Consumers ; Herbivores such a8 buffalos, deer, sheep, rabbit, mouse 6té Peculiar species observed include Cicindella that feed on the leaves of grasses Secondary Consumers : Snakes, lizard, bi etc. are common that feed on the consumers, (L-Sem B-Common to Al) (22-28) (Wa-66)Environmental Management (Concept of Beology) .. Pago no, (Be © Ablotic Compo In dosort ecosystem, tomporature ig voy rainfall is very scanty, high + resulting in ve Oa \, Tertiary consumers 'Y POT nutty cycling (Bind ot Proy) "© Blotic Components: Producors + Those include shruby [specially bashes Some grasses and a fow troos, Variotios of Cat VAS a0 thy main amongst the producors in such ecosystems, Consumers : Insects, roptiles, birds, camol ote aro tho main consumers in a desert ecosystem, Decomposors : ‘Theso aro very fow in numbor, Thisis due to the fact that vegetation is poor in such ecosystems: and thus the amount of dead organic matter is very low, Some fungi and baetoria that ean survive high temperature are found in such ecosystems, »_3.4 Aquatic Ecosystem eS ‘Thoro are various kinds of aquatic ecosystems, rangi from small temporary puddles to large oceans. They variety of biotic and abiotic factors, (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-29) (Ma.58)(Concept of Ecology) . onagement age no. (3-14) Environmental Management {Concept of Ecology) ..Page no, ety ase onents, 1 Biotic Components 7 gate COMP! : These include green algae, producers + + Producers : These include green Photosynthet * ‘gniktons and water praseee organisms and main producers in a lake phytop! oF Pond, : These include water insects, snails, ecosystem include phytoplanktons and macr Consumers + Th : oPhytes | * Shes and crocodiles. Many birds and animals also. + Consumers : The following are the main typos Se ! consumers observed in the lake or pond ecosystem © Primary Consumers : them are zooplankton. Decomposers : These comprise of vario * pieroorganisms including fungi, bacteria, The main amongst © Secondary Consumers : These mainly comprise of camnivores that feed on the primary | re consumers and include insects and fish, Wy 3.43 Ocean or Marine Ecosystem oc Semin oe Explain with a neat sketch : Ocean Ee 4 area of the earth's © Tertiary Consumers : These are mainly large" teans cover more than 2/3" area fish that feed on the smaller fish. + These are characterized by their high e¢ *= Decomposers salts and mineral ions. 4 ; ing _|' Various components of ocean ecosystem are These comprise of various microorganisms including 2 fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. * Abiotic Components The marine component has mot main abiotic component of it. Dissolved oxygen, light a other abiotic components. ® Biotic Components % 3.4.2 River or Stream Ecosystem + Running water of a stream or a river has suffcie ‘oxygen and hence a well developed ecosystem can be Seen in such lakes and rivers, mainly if they unpolluted, Various components of river or stream ecosystem ate follows : : A biotic Components Fresh water from non polluted streams and light are the main components in these ecosyst (MU-Sem 8-Common to Al) (22-23) (Ms-65)Tertiary Consumers : These ay. Notes and Paper So t Elevating Excellence” Decomposers Review Questionsvxtl Management (Environment Mgmt ssportation, rapacious exploitation of resources, splanned urbanization ete. and thus itis essential to u Environment fave proper environmental management in order to vaistain the stability of ecological balance and Management resytem showing the wide scope in the area of vironmental management. Module IV CHAPTER 4 Invitommental management is, the process to impr tie relationship between the human beings vironment which may be achieved through check Scope of environment. destructive activities of man, const te Role and functions of Goverment as a planning and regulation and regeneration of nature. regulating agency. University Prescribed Syllabus, Envirenment quality management and corporate Environmental management should take into ae environment responsiblity. tthe society. ‘Thus the environmental manag Syllabus Topic : Scope of Environment Management ‘eas of development and stabi SSeS a These major areas are as follows: pi _4.1 Scope of Environment Management ronment Vaan a + Note that the ecological balance and ecosystem stabl oh both are maintained by the nature itself but 1) Socio-economic developn ecological balance through heavy industrial technological revolution, faster growth of menersoren (Environment Mgmt) 10. (4-4) Environmental Management ExwrennertMart)Pege mo (49) A ponmental education and training a wi + The scope of environmental management following objectives : has the , jironmental education and training should be given i «wo, college and University levels by professionals, ()Tocontrol environmental pollution and gradatin, Pe engemect (ii) To identify the environmental problem yun J OG and to determine its solution to overeome it, i) Preservation of resources ; a (HD To reduce the impacts of extreme events anq ) Classification of natural resources natural disaster. i) Conservation of resources (iv) To restrict and regulate the exploitation ang utilization of natural resources, jGmtrol of environmental degradation (*) To regenerate degraded environment and to reney ution natural resources (renewable) {) Regeneration of degraded environment. (vi) To assess the impacts of proposed projects and fi) Control of environmental degradation activities on environment, pollution. (vii) To formulate laws for the implementation of i in i ive measure environmental protection and _ conservation At) Using the suitable Preven a the natural hazards and disaster. (viii) To make optimum utilization of natural resources. (ix) To take review and revise the existing technologies and make them ecofriendly. So as to scope up with natural environment, ‘ Bvironmental impact assessment: The components of environmental management are based on five fundamental aspects : 1, Environmental perception and public awareness (@) Sources of environmental perception and publie awareness, (ii) Role of environmental perception in en\ planning and management, (MU-Sem 8-Common to All (22-28) (Ma-55)rr Environmental Management (Environment Mort) ..Page no. (44g) ypeestel Managomort (Entrcnmrans vo. Syllabus Topic : Role and Functions of Governmentasa™ |! por Si i ‘ae {or eaivonmaentah Planning and Regulating Agency laws which lays down the rules for granting an All-in- aoe permits for physical aspects, TT —S— rules and regulati WW 4.2 Role and Functions ofGovernmentaa, ' me oo eiiond, 5 ae stances harmful to environment, released a Planning and Regulating Agency in fens gcc ah eae fron large Environmental Management pee ni emical plants are required to co invirenmental/ Management i326 |. «in environmental permits whichisagieael 16Q.4.2 Describe the role and function of government a5 q planning and regulating agency in environmental } management. . 442.1 Functions of Government as Planning and Regulating Agency Following are the various roles to be performed by the government as a planning and regulating agency in cen ee ee ' There are a wide range of functions in order to ; . «avironment. 1, To make the national waste management plan in order to regulate municipal waste collection, disposal of discarded equipment such as refrigerators and TVs and permits for hazardous waste shipment. 2. To prepare the environment quality criteria for emissions and discharges of harmful substances such 48 green house gases and heavy metals to air, water and soil. 3, Government makes environmental impact assessment which is prerequisite for the construction of majo infrastructure such as refineries, nuclear power plants, chemical plant, roads, railways and oil and bn pipelines. (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-23) (MB-55)a q (Environment Moet isl Management .) Page no ( Environmental Managemant (Environment Mgmt) ..Page no, “7, ———————— nment give the notice to the . Fig. 4.2.1 shows the functions of government, fy. Gover companies and organisations to prepare an integrated PRTR Limits for the discharge of substances harmful to the report on waste; air emissions (gre < environment : uses gases) and discharges into water sources, ‘Fjabue Tople : Environmental Quality Management c (Eom) ection of the ‘environment i Regulate labour markets Functions of a stabiliy failure ‘Macro-economic Reduce marked ] {t@434 Write a short on EQI + Tavironmental Quality management play a vital sustainable developments in environmental syste Fig. 4.2.1 : Funetions of government 10. Human environment and transport inspectorate is + Environmental largely responsible for ensuring the provisions of gvrenmental compliance the environment management act are enforced. x +. ; vrvices, thus EQM is a leading: Enforcement is also a task of the municipalities, oe a a 8 2 eae the police and the justice system, ediation and construction ¢ 11. To make environmental reporting which is directed to stimulating companies to make production cleaner and more environmentally friendly. 12. To order or give the notice to many companies such as these involved in metal processing and chemical Production to publish an annual environmental report. 13. Ministry is responsible for ensuring that the reporting requirement of the HO. Pollutant release and Transfer register (PRTR) are met. (MU-Sem 8-Common to Al) (22-23) (Ma-55) -Tech-Noo Pane Envronmental Management {Environment Mgmnt) Page no, (4.9) onal Management _ (Environment Mant) Page no (4-1 rns related iy pyqaate environmentalism manifests ether as pant of fl corporate social responsibility (CSR) or safety, health tod environment (SHE) project of an organization, corporate environmental responsibility (CER) as defined ‘yy Jamison et al. (2005) takes into account + Following are the various common cone EQM. (@ Management processes ‘Documentation processes (ai) Customer or stakeholder process (iv) Human resource management cavironmental commitment, whereby the company fully ut a (¥) Product or service realization process embraces a a has a net positive impact on vironment and society. (vi). Monitoring and measurement process — (vii) Emission or Waste management process ‘Broadly CER can be described as pre (iti) Emergency management process wlicies organizations adopt to reduce oe hazards to environment (Kusku, 2007) ¢ stakeholder participation to induce t Gx) Continual re improvement process Syllabus Topic : Corporate Environmental Responsibility ei esponsibility polluting companies have also initiated Wi 4.4 Corporate Environmental “eponsible programs. Responsibility (CER) With increasing awareness on environmental issues and the magnitude of costs associated, it has become imperative for companies to integrate environmental efforts into their business strategy, * In this regard, a growing body of environmental management literature suggests that firms can gail sustainable competitive advantages by reducing the adverse impacts of their operations on the natural environment (Clarkson et al, 2011), Envi responsibility is now accepted as a norm for si Bees (MU-Sem 8-Common to Al) (22-28) a-55)Environmental Management (Environment Mgmt.) faa eis Management {Eovironment Mom) ..Page no. (4-1 = ¥ 4 Page no. (4-11) * Institutions are the “humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic and Social interaction” (North, 1990), * Therefore, institutional mechanisms are further classified as regulatory forces, stakeholder influence. + Each of the factors of CER has a different influencing mechanism, but at the same time they are interlinked and have synergistic effect. + Following Table 4.4.1 shows the classification of Institutional mechanising related to corporate environmental responsibility. Table 4.4.1: Classification of Institutional mechanism self-regulation, and se. | Regulatory | Markettorces | settregulation | stanenoter No.| forces influence ieeats eee le eee ee goverment | Aequrements _|Gioval compact |envronmenta poles factors | market (unco) movements. (2) Goverment [Pressure eo8t Te Global regan —|and price | reporting iiatve (b) Public eee ) ler peromance |Uberalizaton, | Biateraimabateral audits privatization and | reais, (@) industria —|2°8*HAHO | Gi) Votuntary associations |) Programe (national Dow Jones | andintemationa), industry grown noe ‘Sustainability | EMS 14001 Index FTSEA (Good (qau-Sem 8-Common 1 Al) (22-23) (Mass) ondary | Marka forces force ‘Selt-regulation eer, aor ee ies se capitis (dtm, 2 of In tspostonin rary. “Barriers to CER”ne 7 vot Management {Eevironment Mamt.) ..Page no. (4-1. (Environment Mgmt) .. amt.) Page no. (4-13) 7 sargolis and Walsh, 2001, 2003; Orlitzky et aL, Barriers in CER can be categorized as institutional 003) evaluated the relationship between changes in and cognitive. Both individual cognition and societal wironmental performance and changes in institutions act by force of habit, creating resistance eal performance using different methodologies to change and a rejection of new forms of policy and and concluded that environmental performance is wth indicators, growth indicators. positively related to financial performance, The effectiveness or compliance of environmental regulations is dependent on the cost of mitigation, «These ba eel 3 ae an the comprehensiveness of the law in relation to the e ae it becomes a two-way process. The level of development of the society; and the ability of ee ae which fri onaettiaye a the industry to bear the costs of mitigation, the ne revenues, and reputation do punitive measures, and the probability of detection it and so conte to go beyond of violation. a positive outcome. Environmental Management ‘To overcome the barriers, it is imperative to change beliefs and values assigned to the environment by all stakeholders. ‘Training and communication play a crucial role in increasing employee awareness, knowledge, and understanding of the adoption of EMS (Zutshi and Sohal, 2004). =} Benefits of CER + Azzone and Manzini (1994) classify in two sets the advantages obtained from environmental strategies: internal advantages (which are a consequence of costs savings derived from a more efficient use of natural resources, reduction of fines for pollution or harmful activities to the environment and sanctions for actions against environmental laws) and external advantages (marketing benefits ie from a company's improved image and, therefore, i$ social legitimating). (MU-Sem 8-Common to All (22:28) (MB-58)nn {Total Quality Envir pal Ma Pag (5-2) ree organizational elements and three additional protuct-oriented elements. ‘he organizational elements to be included are : ) Bavironmental Management System, Module Vv Total Quality cHapters Fhvironmental _ Management (i) Environmental Auditing, and 4 (ii) Environmental Performance. Thethree organisational elements depends upon: {) Life eycle analysis (i) Environmental labelling (ii) Environmental aspects of product The basis of all international standards 'S0is the central or prime idea of quality: Sucessful application of any of the existing 8 the upcoming ISO 14000 series | ‘umderstanding by the Professions, Total quality environment management, ISO-14000 EMS certification, “Syllabus Topic : Total Gually EWnOonna wo Syllabus Topic : Total Quality Environmental Management, 1s0-14000 > 5.1 Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM), ISO. . ‘180 9000 series is the international standard for a quality control system that guarantees a least performance level for products and guidelines to achieve ISO certification. « ISO 14000 standards are patterned from the 9000 series, 4 are expected to be issued within the next year, will encompass environmental management standards undB 5.11 (MU-Sem 8-Commen to Al) (22-23) (MB-55) Oo Environmental Management otal Qualty Envir. Mort). Page no, (Se environmentally 3) oriented requirements; and (©) continually improve in the above, ISO 14000 is similar to ISO that both pertain to the Produced, rather than to thi 9000 quality management in Process of how a product ig \e product itself, The current version of ISO 14001 is ISO 14001:2015, which was published in September 2016. Fig. 5.11 shows the flow chart of ISO ; environmental management, 14000 Development Of the ISO 14000 Series The ISO 14000 family includes most notably the a 14001 standard, which represents the core rod standards used by organizations for designing Management _(Total ually Envir. Mgmt) .. Page no. (Bed) enting an effective environmental management gem (EMS). er standards in this series include 1S 14004, which . additional guidelines for a good EMS, and more eijalzed standards dealing with specific aspects of eect management, ‘the major objective of the ISO 14000 series of norms is ‘provide “practical tools for companies and ganizations of all kinds looking to manage their svironmental responsibilities.” 14000 series is based on a voluntary ay i ta regulation. The series includes the 44001 standard, which provides guidelines for th establishment or improvement of an EMS. As like ISO 9000, ISO 14000 acts both as an intern management tool and as a way of demonst company's environmental commitment to its cust and dents. 451.2 Various Compliance to (Total Quality Enviro Management)Snwel by Sdentifving anf dliminsa, waste and inefSiciency. poe your consumption of materisis It Gecreases the cost of complying wit oom regulations. oo st Following points shows the principles of IS0-14000 series To be cost-effective, non-prescriptive and Sexiile sp ther are able to mest the differing neods af organizatimns af any type or size, worldwide As part of their flexibility, to be suitsble for iaternal and/or external verification. To result in better environmental management. iv. To be scientifically based. ~ To encompass environmental management systems =n the environmental aspects of products, vi. To promote the broader interests of the public as wall 5 a users of these standards. ii. To be applicable in all countries, (MU-Sem 8-Common to All) (22-23) (MB-55)onsiNanagement_(Totl Qualy Env Mgmt) Pa ro, AP g EE, Z-——Fyiabus Tople : EMS Certification List of Important Iso 14000 5, standards os Total Quaity Envir. Mam) Following points shows the list t of ISO 14000 series Describe about EMS certifies = ee =e | + |ISO 14001 Environmental |Requirements with |_|management systems guidance for use Brien: | 2. |ISO 14004 Environmental General guidelines on!| 1 180 14000 certification may be approached in [management systems implementation 1 phases : 3. ISO 14005 Environmental] Guidelines for a flexible} iy | | management systems approach — to phased! _—‘)_ Phase one should include the deve | implementation. education plan for the company that 4. |ISO 14006 Environmental] Guidelines for the clementd of he [management systems incorporating ecodesign. (i) Phase Two is the organization of th 5. ISO 14015 Environmental| Environmental environmental management | |management assessment of sites and| eae sate | organizations (EASO) esantcs aie ne | 6. |ISO 14020 to 14025 Environmental labels and] a 1 | declarations 7. |ISONP 14030 Green bonds [Environmental performance of nominated| projects and assets discusses post-production] environmental jassessment. |: [15014081 RoviroamentallRavironmantal |u| ‘management performance Guidelines.TTT agement _(Total Quality Envir. Mgmt, ...Page no, Environmeital Management _ (Total Quality Envir, Myint) ini Manage ) Pago no. (5-4 Page no. (6.9) iv) Phase Four is the process of selecting a registrar iy ture fall 10 slender: (ee Perform the actual ISO inspection or audit onnization ay hen a a ited to their own activities, goal: (¥) Phase Five will be the official audit, fee en statement (vi) Phase Six will be the removal of non- i we removal of non-conformities; ‘he second easily visualized place in the curriculum bere the ISO 14000 standards may be taught + Depending on the status of an organization's terhaps, even implemented is in a senior design cot environmental management system, and its size It is in these courses that senior e1 diversity, the registration process may take up to two engineering students are expected to solve years from the time when the decision is made to ued design problem including all the extern attempt ISO certification. social, ethical, economic, and political issues. (vii) Phase Seven, the final ISO 14000 Registration, H + ISO 14000 registration should be considered by any company who is responsible for or cares about environmental management; is concerned with certifications; or sells a product or provides a service that may relate to an environmental issue at some time. + Some ISO 14000 standards will be applicable to most every type of organization, + Large organizations, i.e., large chemical companies, power utilities; and those that already carry SO 9000 certifications for quality management will probably be among the first to become ISO 14000 certified, Sustainable Development is an integral part of the fountlation of the ISO 14000 environmental management standards, and can easily be included as a mechanism for an organization to approach and ultimately achieve —OC — Module VI General Overview of Major CHAPTER 6. Legislations | University Prescribed Syliabus _| * General overview of maj Protection Act, Air (P and CP) Act Water (P and CP) Act Wildlife Protection Act Forest Act Factories Act etc. jor legislations like environment bb_6.1 Environment Protection Act et Increase in population and rapid industrialization in India causes degradation of environment. Deere) of environment results into following problems. Increase in Cow ‘Nox emission causing acid rain, ocean acidification. « Depletion of ozone layer leading damage oa Emission of green house gases leads to te warming affecting ecosystems. Increase in infertility of soil, 1 Increase in smog level causing Smokey dark atmosphere. 'This reduces the visibility of area, + Water pollution, Destruction of rain forest, Tv reduce the effects on environment, government of ininis taking several steps for environment protection, One ithe steps is the development of environment protection, xsTb assists this cause ministry of environment and forest \WEF) is helped by central pollution control board, ailation control board, the forest survey of India, ‘idife institute of India ete, Fillowing acts are developed for pro ‘ucronment : * Environment protection act, + Water pollution act : * Air pollution act * Wildlife protection act * Forest conservation act Biodiversity act. Public liability insua Exvrcomental Management__ (Gen, Over. of Major Logl)...Page no 6-3) * As per this act no person running industry should discharge or emit pollutant in excess of specified standards + Under this act, central government has rusticated, prohibited industry site in different areas to safeguard the environment As per this act, central government has power to take all suitable measures for protection of environment As per this act, central government or its officers may take samples of air, water, soil or other substance from any factory for the purpose of analysis + As per this act, a guilty person may face imprisonment up to five years with fine of one lakh rupees or Rs. five thousand every day. * This act prohibit handling of hazardous substances except in compliance to regulatory procedures and standards + As per this act, section 19, any person in addition of authorized government officials can file complaint in court for environmental offences. + As per this act, the central government can make rules for the enforcement of the act by notification in the office gazette. + As per this act central government can establish environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out sample checking. (MU-Gom 8-Comman to Al) (2-28) (M85) —_—__ aia soot Menagoment_ (Gen Over of Major Loo) ..Page no, (6-4 sper this act, central government can plan and execute " ation-wide program for the prevention, control and jjatement of environmental pollution, As per this act central government can lay down the standards for ; quality of environmental pollutions emissions or discharge. , Asper this act central government can restrict the areas where industry can establish, This act does not lower down the powers of the s cqurts which can issue directions and orders from to time to control pollution, As per this act any. tr cannot modernize or expand any existing industry new projects prior to the permission of government or state government. / ' environment pollution offence is ante fverament department then head of that de ‘antake as responsible for that offence 4 No dvil court can entertain any sui spect to action taken by cent