Identifying the Location of Ideal Sanitary Landfill in Bombon,

Camarines Sur Using Quantum Geographic Information

System (QGIS)

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering

Naga College Foundation Inc.

Naga City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering

By

Columna, Ranielle L.

Dilanco, Archibald F.

Fiesta, Michael Angelo. A

Florendo, Charlie Roren C.

Lomeda, John Francis. A

Engr. Maricel Gonzales

College Professor

2024
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

In Bombon, Camarines Sur, managing waste is a critical aspect of maintaining a

clean and healthy environment for residents. As the population grows, the need for

effective waste disposal solutions becomes increasingly urgent. One key component of

this process is identifying the most suitable location for a sanitary landfill.

This research focuses on using a software technology called the Quantum

Geographic Information System (QGIS) to pinpoint the ideal site for a landfill in Bombon.

Quantum GIS is like a highly advanced map that provides detailed information about the

geography of an area, including factors such as terrain, soil type, and proximity to water

bodies.

The primary goal of this study is to identify the perfect location for the landfill. This

involves analyzing various factors to ensure that the chosen site minimizes potential

negative impacts on the surrounding community and environment. For example, we need

to consider factors like distance from residential areas to reduce the risk of odor and

pollution, as well as environmental factors to prevent contamination of water sources and

soil.

By utilizing the capabilities of Quantum GIS, we can make well-informed decisions

about where to place the landfill, considering both practical considerations and

environmental concerns. This research aims to contribute to the development of

sustainable waste management practices in Bombon, ultimately leading to a cleaner and

healthier living environment for all residents.

 Through our study, we hope to demonstrate the importance of using advanced

mapping technology like Quantum GIS in addressing complex environmental challenges.

By identifying the ideal location for a sanitary landfill, we can pave the way for more

efficient waste management processes and improve the overall quality of life in Bombon,

Camarines Sur.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study seeks to determine the optimal location for a sanitary landfill in Bombon,

Camarines Sur, using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). By analyzing

geographical data, environmental factors, and community needs, we aim to identify the

ideal site for effective waste management in the area.

It aims to address the following key questions:

1. What factors should be considered to determine the best location for a sanitary

landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur?

2. How can we effectively use Quantum Geographic Information System (GIS) to

analyze geographical data and identify potential sites for the landfill?

3. What are the potential environmental impacts of establishing a sanitary landfill in

Bombon, Camarines Sur, and how can we minimize these impacts during site

selection?
ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS)

software to find the best location for a sanitary landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur, will

improve decision-making accuracy. This is because GIS technology provides precise, real-

time data about the area. With this data, the researchers can choose a landfill location

that minimizes environmental impact, considers nearby population density, and ensures

easy accessibility. Additionally, using GIS technology will speed up and improve the

process of finding the right location for the landfill. Ultimately, this will contribute to

establishing a waste management system in Bombon that is environmentally friendly and

sustainable in the long term.

HYPOTHESIS (es)

This study aims to predict how using Quantum Geographic Information System

(QGIS) will help find the best spot for a sanitary landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur. By

analyzing data carefully, we expect GIS technology to give us a good idea of where the

landfill should go, helping us manage waste better in the area.

1. Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of

identifying the location of an ideal sanitary landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur,

when using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) compared to not

using it.

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Using the Quantum Geographic Information System

(QGIS) leads to a more accurate identification of the location of an ideal sanitary

landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur, compared to not using it.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study holds significant importance as it focuses on identifying the most

suitable location for a sanitary landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur, utilizing Quantum

Geographic Information System. The beneficiaries of this study may include:

Local Community: The residents of Bombon, Camarines Sur, stand to benefit from this

research as it aims to identify a sanitary landfill location that minimizes environmental

impact and health risks. By ensuring proper waste management, the community can enjoy

improved sanitation and a healthier living environment.

Future Researchers: The study provides valuable insights and methodologies for future

researchers who may be interested in similar topics. They can build upon findings to

further enhance waste management practices and GIS applications in the region.

Authority. Government authorities responsible for waste management and urban

planning gain access to valuable data and recommendations from your study. This can aid

them in making informed decisions about landfill location, policy development, and

resource allocation, ultimately leading to more effective governance and environmental

protection initiatives.

Researchers. The researchers involved in your study benefit from the knowledge and

experience gained through conducting research in the field of waste management and

GIS technology. This can enhance their professional skills and contribute to their academic

and professional development.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). NGOs working in environmental

conservation and community development can use this study to support their advocacy
efforts and implement projects aimed at improving waste management practices in

Bombon, promoting social equity and environmental justice.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study focuses on utilizing Quantum Global Navigation System (QGIS) software

to identify the optimal location for a sanitary landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur. The scope

encompasses a thorough assessment of environmental factors, including land topography,

soil quality, and proximity to water bodies. Social considerations, such as population

density and the potential impact on nearby communities, are integral aspects of the

identification process. Additionally, economic factors, including accessibility and cost-

effectiveness, will be considered in the criteria for determining the ideal landfill location.

The research aims to develop and implement a methodology that leverages technology,

ensuring a precise and efficient sanitary landfill site selection process.

However, certain limitations exist. The study does not extend to the detailed

engineering design and construction phases of the sanitary landfill, focusing primarily on

the identification aspect. While environmental considerations are within the scope, an

exhaustive analysis of the legal and regulatory framework governing landfill establishment

is beyond the research's purview. The community's perceptions and attitudes towards the

establishment of a sanitary landfill are not extensively explored. Additionally, the research

does not address the long-term operational and maintenance aspects beyond the initial

identification phase. Furthermore, the study does not conduct a direct comparative

analysis between GIS technology and alternative methods for sanitary landfill site

identification. By defining these scopes and delimitations, the research aims to provide a
focused and practical approach to utilizing QGIS software in the identification of an ideal

sanitary landfill location in Bombon, Camarines Sur.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sanitary Landfill is a designated area for the disposal of solid waste in a way that

minimizes environmental impact. It involves engineered methods to contain and isolate

waste from the surrounding environment to prevent contamination.

Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) is an open-source software that

provides advanced mapping and spatial analysis capabilities. It allows users to visualize,

analyze, and interpret geographical information, making it valuable in environmental

studies and urban planning.

Topography refers to the surface features of a place, including the elevation, terrain,

and physical characteristics of the landscape. It plays a crucial role in site selection for

various purposes, including landfill placement.

Geospatial Data includes information tied to a specific location on the Earth's surface.

This data often involves coordinates (latitude, longitude) and can include details about

land use, vegetation, elevation, and more.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the potential

environmental effects of a proposed project or development. It aims to identify and

mitigate any negative impacts on the environment before the project is implemented.

Mixed-Methods Research involves using both quantitative and qualitative research

approaches in a single study. This allows for a more comprehensive understanding of a

research problem by combining numerical data with insights from interviews, focus

groups, etc.

GIS Technology involves the use of computer-based systems to capture, analyze, and

present spatial or geographical data. It's widely used in various fields for mapping and

decision-making.

Spatial Analysis involves examining the spatial relationships and patterns within

geographic data. It helps in understanding how different elements are distributed and

interconnected in each space.

Ethical Considerations involve ensuring that the study is conducted with integrity,

respect for participants, and adherence to ethical guidelines. This includes obtaining

informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and being culturally sensitive.

Statistical Tools refer to techniques used for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting

numerical data. In the context of the research, statistical tools are employed to make

sense of data related to geography, environmental impacts, and community perspectives.

Ground Truth refers to the information provided by direct observation as opposed to

information provided by inference.

NOTES:
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents related literature and studies made by researchers to give

strength to the study, it can also show here the contribution and understanding of the

study for future purposes.

Structure of Bombon, Camarines Sur

According to PhilAtlas (2024), Bombon is a municipality located inland within the

coastal province of the Camarines Sur. Covering an area of 28.73 square kilometers or

11.09 square miles, it consists of 0.52% of the total area of Camarines Sur. According to

the 2020 Census, its population was recorded at 17,995, constituting of 0.87% of

Camarines Sur’s total population and 0.30% of the entire Bicol Region’s population. It has

8 Barangays in total, with these statistics, the population density is calculated to be 626

inhabitants per square kilometer or 1,623 inhabitants per square mile.

Related Studies and Articles

Suitability Analysis for Sanitary Landfill Site in the Province of Ifugao,

Philippines.

According to Mark Joseph J. Buncag, Lea Mari Santos, and Angelica Magpantay of

Palawan State University San Vicente Campus (November 2019), Improper waste

management poses health risks and harms wildlife. Sanitary landfills are vital for waste

management, but selecting suitable sites requires adherence to criteria outlined by DENR's

DAO 1998-50 and the International Journal of Science and Management Studies. These
include land use, road access, slope, proximity to water bodies, biodiversity areas, soil

quality, and cultural sites.

Landfill Site Suitability Assessment Using Geographic Information System

(GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Butuan City, Philippines

According to FJT Macalam, KP Arreza, AT Magpantay, KY Rabaño (2023),

Landfilling is one of the most effective and responsible ways to dispose of municipal solid

waste (MSW). Identifying landfill sites, however, is a challenging and complex undertaking

because it depends on social, environmental, technical, economic, and legal issues,

Landfill Site Identification Criteria and Screening Guidelines of National Solid Waste

Management Commission, the integration of a Geographic Information System (GIS)

model builder and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used in this study to

address the aforementioned challenges related to the landfill site suitability analysis.

Multi-criteria evaluation of suitable locations for temporary disaster waste

storage sites: the case of Cavite, Philippines

According to Geline D. Lontoc, Ma. Brida Lea D. Diola & Mathew Harvey T. Peralta,

one of the problems that arise due to typhoons and flooding is the generation of large

volumes of disaster waste, which poses threats to the environment and human health

when not managed properly. with constraints set based on existing guidelines and past

studies. Map layers were standardized using Boolean logic, and the criteria were analyzed

using ArcGIS Pro and Google Earth Pro.

Analytical Modelling of MSW Landfill Surface Displacement Based on GNSS

Monitoring

The paper authored by Adamcová et al. (2020) published in the journal Sensors

Displacements of landfills play an important role in the reclamation process and

geotechnical safety improvement of such sites. Landfill settlements are defined as a

vertical displacement of waste body due to compression, degradable nature of the waste,

and creep phenomenon of the waste particles. to propose the model allowing landfill body

displacements simulation based on monitoring datasets applying a Global Navigation

Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurement.

REVIEW ON THE IMPACTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL SITES IN THE PHILIPPINES

According to Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe (2017), Disposal sites must have

appropriate control for leachate, landfill gas, and a lined pit to ensure safe operations on

site monitoring, however, revealed incomplete leachate and gas handling and a need to

rehabilitate the disposal site facilities. This is a major concern for countries like the

Philippines whose major option for SW disposal is through landfills and dumpsites.

Synthesis of the state of the art

The experts provided offer insights into various aspects of waste management and

landfill site selection in the Philippines. They underscore the critical need for proper waste

management practices due to the health risks and environmental harm posed by improper

disposal methods, Sanitary landfills are highlighted as vital for waste management, with

the selection of suitable sites necessitating adherence to strict criteria outlined by the

regulatory bodies. Combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic

Hierarchy Process (AHP) emerges as a promising approach to address the problem of

landfill site suitability analysis, considering social, environmental, technical, economical,

and legal factors. Additionally, the generation of large volumes of disaster waste during

natural calamities like typhoons underscores the importance of identifying suitable

locations for temporary storage sites. Advanced technologies such as GIS analysis and

multi-criteria evaluation aid in this attempt.

Furthermore, studies on landfill displacements and safety improvement highlight

the significance of monitoring and simulation models utilizing Global Navigation Satellite

System (GNSS) measurements. Finally, there is a clear recognition of the impacts of waste

disposal sites on the environments and human health, emphasizing the necessity for

proper control measures and site multifaceted challenges and the importance of

employing innovative solutions in the realm of waste management in the Philippines.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Waste Management Theory

Waste management theory provides the foundational principles and practices for

effectively managing waste in a manner that is environmentally sustainable, socially

acceptable, and economically viable. This theory guides how waste is handled in ways

that are good for the environment, people, and the economy. In the study, it helps guide

the selection of landfill sites that meet environmental regulations, are easily accessible,

and do not harm nearby areas. By using QGIS to analyze factors such as land suitability

and environmental impact, the research follows the principles of waste management

theory to ensure that waste disposal sites are strategically located. This includes

consulting with the community and local authorities to ensure decisions align with their

needs and concerns.

Site Suitability Theory

Site suitability theory deals with assessing the suitability of different locations for

specific purposes based on various criteria. In your study, this theory would be applicable

in evaluating different potential sites in Bombon, Camarines Sur, to determine which one

is most suitable for establishing a sanitary landfill based on factors like accessibility,

environmental impact, and land use.

Sustainability Theory

Sustainability theory focuses on meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In your research,

sustainability theory informs the selection of landfill locations that minimize environmental

degradation, promote resource conservation, and support long-term waste management

practices.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework for this research outlines the key components and

connections involved in identifying the ideal sanitary landfill location in Bombon,

Camarines Sur, using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). The

framework encompasses legal and ethical compliance, data collection, spatial analysis,

community engagement, and decision-making processes.

Conceptual Paradigm

The research methodology prioritizes legal and ethical compliance at every stage

to ensure a strong and responsible approach. The initial steps involve obtaining formal

authorization from the Municipality of Bombon, indicating respect for local regulations,

and demonstrating a commitment to conducting research activities in compliance with

established guidelines. Simultaneously, participants' ethical considerations are addressed

through the practice of obtaining informed consent, emphasizing transparency and

respect for oneself.

In terms of data collection, the process begins with acquiring topography data

from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This step aims to

enhance the research's foundational understanding by incorporating accurate information

about the physical characteristics of the study area. The inclusion of geospatial data,

including satellite images, topographical maps, and current geospatial information,

contributes to a comprehensive analysis, capturing dynamic aspects of the environment

for a thorough examination.

Spatial analysis is a critical component, and the research uses GIS technology and

devices like QGIS for real-time mapping. The systematic evaluation of geospatial data

using GIS techniques ensures precision in the identification of potential landfill sites.

Statistical tools, including descriptive statistics and spatial autocorrelation, are applied for

quantitative analysis, offering insights into spatial relationships and patterns that inform

decision-making.

Community engagement plays an essential part in the research methodology,

involving focus groups, interviews, and surveys to gather insights from various

stakeholders such as locals, government officials, and environmental specialists. This

participatory approach ensures a diverse range of perspectives is considered, enriching

the research with valuable qualitative data. Ground truthing, or on-site visits, further

validates the outputs generated through GIS technology, confirming the alignment of

identified landfill sites with the actual physical conditions on the ground.

The decision-making process connects environmental impact assessment (EIA) to

evaluate the ecological, social, and economic effects of potential landfill sites.

Questionnaires and surveys are employed to analyze community perspectives and

evaluate the willingness of waste management agencies to adopt QGIS technology. The

research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data,

to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the identification of

the ideal sanitary landfill location. This approach facilitates well-informed decisions that

consider both numerical data and qualitative insights, contributing to the development of

sustainable waste management practices in Bombon, Camarines Sur.

NOTES:

RRL

1. Buncag, Mark Joseph & Santos, Lea Mari & Magpantay, Angelica. (2019). Suitability

Analysis for Sanitary Landfill Site in the Province of Ifugao, Philippines. International

Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS). 2. 85-94.

10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v2i6p110.

2. Macalam, Francis Jhun & Arreza, Kaleb & Magpantay, Angelica. (2023). Landfill Site

Suitability Assessment Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy

Process (AHP) in Butuan City, Philippines. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences.

Volume 5. 95-107. 10.30564/jees.v5i1.5381.

3. Jani, J., & Tare, V. (2023). Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in

Nanded, India: A Case Study. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. Advance

online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01705-9

4. Lach, J. (2020). Application of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing in

Solid Waste Management: A Bibliometric Analysis. Sensors, 20(21), 5998.

https://doi.org/10.3390/s20215998
5. Galarpe, V. R. K. (2017). Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the

Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Van-Ryan-Kristopher-

Galarpe2/publication/316598058_Review_on_the_Impacts_of_Waste_Disposal_Sites_in_

the_Philippines/links/59068c76aca272116d333183/Review-on-the-Impacts-of-Waste-

Disposal-Sites-in-the-Philippines.pdf

Others:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2019). National Solid Waste

Management Status Report 2008-2018. Retrieved from https://emb.gov.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste-Management-Status-Report-2008-

2018.pdf

National Solid Waste Management Commission. (2015). Solid Waste Management Plan.

Retrieved from https://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Solid-

Wastefinaldraft-12.29.15.pdf

Ausejo, J. M., & Bernasol, E. J. (2021). Preliminary investigation and evaluation of a

potential sanitary landfill area in Barangay Azagra, Tanjay, Negros Oriental, Central

Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Michael-

Ausejo/publication/350615950_Preliminary_investigation_and_evaluation_of_a_potential

_sanitary_landfill_area_in_barangay_Azagra_Tanjay_Negros_Oriental_Central_Philippine

s/links/606937e6a6fdccad3f6e4294/Preliminary-investigation-and-evaluation-of-a-

potential-sanitary-landfill-area-in-barangay-Azagra-Tanjay-Negros-Oriental-Central-

Philippines.pdf
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research methodology employed to identify the location

of the ideal sanitary landfill in Bombon, Camarines Sur, applying the Quantum Geographic

Information System (QGIS). The methodology covers the steps taken to collect, analyze,

and interpret data to make informed decisions regarding a suitable site for a sanitary

landfill.

RESEARCH METHOD

The research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and

qualitative research methods. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the

geographic, environmental, and social factors influencing the selection of an ideal landfill

site. "Mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and mixing

both quantitative and qualitative research and methods in a single study to understand a

research problem," based on Creswell, J. (2012). The main emphasis of this study was on

qualitative methodology due to the chosen data sampling and instruments.

POPULATION OF THE STUDY

Our study aims to identify suitable landfill areas in Bombon, Camarines Sur by

analyzing the area's different terrains, land uses, and environmental characteristics. The

human population's diversity is essential to our study. Locals, who are important

stakeholders, offer vital insights into the social dynamics at play by sharing their thoughts,
desires, and worries regarding possible landfill impacts. Officials from local governments,

particularly those in the planning and environmental departments, provide important

information on the policies and strategies guiding choices on landfills. Specialist knowledge

in environmental issues is brought to the assessment of ecological impacts and the

identification of environmentally sustainable sites.

The researchers will employ an applied sampling strategy, considering urban,

suburban, and rural regions, to provide a well-rounded picture. We use statistical analysis

to identify the appropriate sample size for representing citizens, public servants, and

environmental specialists. We gather information via questionnaires, interviews, and on-

site visits using Global Positioning System, Google Earth, Google Maps devices. Data

validation involves cross-referencing information and consulting stakeholders. Ethical

considerations, like informed consent and confidentiality, are integral throughout the

research process.

PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION

The investigation will begin with a crucial step of legal compliance and

authorization. A formal request letter will be meticulously drafted to seek permission from

the Municipality of Bombon, Camarines Sur, allowing the research team to conduct surveys

and perform on-site visits for potential sanitary landfill sites. Emphasis will be placed on

ensuring thorough compliance with all legal requirements governing research activities

within the community.

Following authorization, the research will proceed to gathering information and

approval. Topography data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) will be obtained to enhance the research's comprehensive understanding. With

the necessary permissions in place, the collection of satellite images, topographical maps,

and current geospatial data will be initiated.

The spatial data analysis phase will use GIS technology to systematically evaluate

and analyze geospatial information. This will involve determining potential locations for

sanitary landfill sites, with careful consideration given to factors such as urban

accessibility, environmental considerations, and regulatory constraints.

Community engagement is essential to the investigation, and insights will be

gathered through focus groups, interviews, and surveys. This participatory approach aims

to understand the community's perspectives on potential disposal sites.

The investigation will incorporate site inspections to visually confirm the identified

trash locations, complemented by ground truthing to verify the accuracy of outputs from

both QGIS and GIS technologies.

Ethical considerations will be essential throughout the research. Informed consent

will be diligently obtained from participants involved in focus groups, interviews, and

surveys. To ensure a polite and ethical investigation procedure, information confidentiality

and cultural sensitivity will be important when working with the community.

The overall commitment to legal and ethical compliance will be guaranteed

throughout the research, ensuring that the chosen methodology aligns effectively with

established guidelines. This step-by-step procedure underscores a systematic and

transparent approach to the investigation, integrating legal and ethical considerations with

data acquisition, spatial analysis, community engagement, and verification processes.

INSTRUMENTATION

This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and

qualitative data through various instruments to achieve its goals. To understand Bombon's

topography and land-use patterns, geospatial data is collected, including satellite images,

topographical maps, and existing databases. QGIS devices facilitate real-time mapping for

accurate spatial data collection. GIS techniques analyze this data to identify potential

landfill locations based on accessibility, regulatory limits, and environmental factors.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures, using standardized tools, assess the

ecological, social, and economic effects of potential landfill sites. Questionnaires,

interviews, and focus groups explore the community's perspectives on waste management

and disposal sites. Surveys gauge local waste management agencies' willingness to adopt

QGIS technology. Ground truthing, or on-site visits, validates QGIS and GIS outputs.

STATISTICAL TOOLS

The statistical tools employed in this research serve to systematically analyze and

interpret data collected during the investigation, contributing to informed decision-making

regarding the ideal sanitary landfill location in Bombon, Camarines Sur. Descriptive

statistics are utilized to offer a concise summary of key characteristics, including land

terrains, land uses, and environmental features, through measures such as mean, median,

mode, and standard deviation. In the context of population sampling and sample size

determination, statistical techniques guide the selection of representative samples from

urban, suburban, and rural areas, ensuring diverse perspectives are considered. Spatial
analysis, conducted using GIS technology, employs statistical measures such as spatial

autocorrelation to assess the spatial relationships influencing landfill suitability.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is supported by quantitative analysis,

enabling the quantification and examination of ecological, social, and economic effects

associated with potential landfill sites. The community perspectives gathered through

questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups are subjected to quantitative analysis to

identify trends, patterns, and significant differences in the community's viewpoints on

waste management and disposal sites. Statistical tools, including regression analysis, are

applied to assess the willingness of local waste management agencies to adopt QGIS

technology, identifying influencing factors and measuring the degree of association

between variables. Data validation involves quantitative measures to ensure the accuracy

of QGIS and GIS outputs, comparing ground truthing data with spatial analysis results.

Ethical considerations, such as informed consent and cultural sensitivity, are

assessed using statistical analysis to understand their impact on data reliability and

participant engagement. The effectiveness of waste management optimization with QGIS

technology is quantitatively evaluated, employing statistical tools to measure

improvements in precision and efficiency. The level of compliance with legal and ethical

guidelines throughout the research is analyzed using statistical indicators, quantifying the

degree of alignment between the chosen methodology and established guidelines. These

statistical tools collectively contribute to a robust and data-driven research methodology,

ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the identification of

the ideal sanitary landfill location.

NOTES: