Analysis of Computer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A dissertation work of such a great significance is not possible without the help of several
people, directly or indirectly. First and foremost, I have immense happiness in expressing my
sincere thanks to my guide, Prof. Bidkar A. B for his valuable suggestions, co- operation and
continuous guidance.

I feel a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Gunjal S.B, Head of First Year Engineering for
her continuous encouragement and also for developing a keen interest in this field. It's my
pleasure to thank Dr. Nagarkar M. P. Principal, who is always a constant source of inspiration.
I am very much thankful to all my faculty members; whose presence always inspires me to do
better. My happiness culminates, when I recall the co-operation extended by my friends during
the completion of this project work.

1.Gauri Janardan. Adhav

2.Dhiraj Ramchandra Aher
3.Vaishnavi Rambhau Bargaje
4.Tejas Dattatray Bhabad
5.Chaitanya Subhash Bhaik

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Index
Sr. No. Title Page No.

Abstract 3

1 Introduction 5

2 Literature of Review 6

3 Analysis of Computer Process 9

4 Application of computer in Various Field 12

5 Generations of Computer 15

6 Conclusion 21

Reference

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Abstract

In the past few years, a number of scholars trained in computer vision, pattern
recognition, image processing and art history have developed rigorous computer methods for
addressing an increasing number of problems in the history of art. In some cases, these
computer methods are more accurate than even highly trained connoisseurs, art historians and
artists. Computer graphics models of artists' studios and subjects allow scholars to explore
"what if" scenarios and determine artists' studio praxis. Rigorous computer ray-tracing
software sheds light on claims that some artists employed optical tools. Computer methods
will not replace tradition art historical methods of connoisseurship but enhance and extend
them. As such, for these computer methods to be useful to the art community, they must
continue to be refined through application to a variety of significant art historical problems.
This paper focuses on the interrelationship between the mechanical and conceptual
aspects of qualitative data analysis. The first part of the paper outlines the support role a
computer program, HyperQual2, plays in the mechanical analysis process. The second part of
the paper argues that the most important aspect of analysis in any research endeavor is
conceptual in nature. It provides a "snapshot" of the in-depth analysis of one interview
protocol. The metaphor "snapshot" is apt because the intention is to capture the "essence" of
the analysis process. Such a focused approach is one way of reporting and making transparent
the qualitative research process. It can be used as a framework so that readers of the research
are better able to judge the fidelity of the results of the final analysis. Key words: CAQDAS,
HyperQual, qualitative research, analysis of qualitative data, reporting data analysis,
beginning teachers, teacher appraisal
The purpose of this article is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of computer
technology and Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) programs for current second
language learning. According to the National Clearinghouse for English Language
Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs’ report (2002), more than nine
million students are limited English Proficiency (LEP) in American classrooms every year,
learning how to use the computer technology and its attached language learning programs to
assist those students is a significant and urgent subject. In fact, the application of computer
technology and CALL programs has become a new trend in recently global second language
learning instructions. Research findings have proven that the use of computer technology has
a positive effect on the achievement levels of English as Second Language (ESL) students,

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but it still has its limitations and weaknesses, such as financial, isolated, and knowledge
required issues. The author emphasize that we must recognize both advantages and
disadvantages of using computer so we can get the maximum effectiveness of technology to
enhance second language learning.
Inspired by the rapid development of technology from the 1980s, computer has now
become an influential component of second language learning pedagogy. Educators recognize
that utilizing computer technology and Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)
programs can be convenient to create both independent and collaborative learning
environments and provide students with language experiences as they move through the
various stages of second language acquisition (Kung, 2002). I The purpose of this article is to
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of computer technology applied in current second
Language instruction. In second language acquisition domain, Perrett (1995) has mentioned
that if students are provided with the opportunities to use language and learning strategies in
the second language, and some training or explanation in their application, they can develop
these strategies through exposure to and experience in the second language. Therefore,
explaining the advantages and disadvantages of computer technology to teachers and students
seems to be necessary. Only after guiding, do teachers and students realize the benefits of
computer technology for second language acquisition, then they can apply computer
appropriately and join those computer assisted language learning programs by their own
wills.

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INTRODUCTION

Computer analysis determines the frequency in power (amplitude) components EGG signal.
The frequency component is the most reliable and interpretable of the clinical EGG parameters
that can be quantified in the clinical electro gas tropy. human gamma average approximately 3
cpm and two standard deviations if the mean define the normal gamma frequency range was
establishing with studies using sectional electrodes conform with simulates EGG recording .in
the study using do zone of electrode placed on the corpus antrum in anesthetized subject
undergoing operation.
A dilemma for qualitative researchers is how to cope with the quantity of text
generated from a research endeavor. Not only have the mountains of text to be managed in a
systematic way, but decisions as to why particular segments of the text are chosen to represent
patterns or categories need to be justified rigorously. Many researchers now use computers to
assist in the analysis of data. This creates a further problem in relation to how the results of the
analysis should be reported so that readers can feel confident that the analysis process has been
carried out professionally and the researcher has taken adequate measures to guarantee its
integrity. [1] A weakness of many qualitative research studies is the failure by researchers to
illuminate thoroughly how they derive the outcomes of analysis (HASSELGREN 1993). Some
commentators have argued for a more serious and rigorous reporting of techniques when
analyzing qualitative data using a computer program (BAZELEY & O’ROURKE 1996).
However, there is a dearth of explicit examples in the literature that are detailed and transparent
enough to provide models on how to "write-up" the computer analysis of qualitative research
data.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Computer science its related fields and information vocational practice, cut across every
academic discipline corporate organizational and all spheres of human end overs because of
its broadness indispensability and uniqueness This section therefore contains a review of
studies and works that relate to this study. Reviews of the related literature were done the
following heading;

a. Computer science technology infrastructure

b. Meaning of computer science technology
c. Computer science and vocational development
d. Vocational sector and usefulness.

This work aims to provide a practical guide to assist students of Computer Science
courses and related fields to conduct a systematic literature review. The steps proposed in this
paper to conduct a systematic review were extracted from a technical report published by the
researcher Bárbara Kitchenham [1] and arranged in a more objective format, in order to make
information more accessible and practical, especially for those who are having their first
contact with this technique. The target audience for this work are undergraduate, master's and
doctoral students that are in the initial phase of their bibliographic research
Qualitative research generates a large amount of raw data, usually in the form of text.
Researchers using manual methods to organize and manage this amount of data face endless
hours of sorting, highlighting, cutting and pasting. No doubt, some believe the investment of
a great deal of time in this aspect of textual data analysis is part and parcel of the qualitative
research process—a form of "penance" that qualitative researchers have to pay to achieve
"richer" outcomes. There is a tendency, too, for qualitative researchers to favor a "hands-on"
approach when analyzing their data. Physically handling the data, by marking text or cutting
and pasting the transcripts of interviews, seems to give the process a more human touch by
connecting the researcher to the researched. This differentiates qualitative from quantitative
researchers and is a reaction by the former against the "science, reason and evidence" of a
quantitative approach where "neutral" researchers preserve a "distance" between themselves
and those being researched (DENZIN & LINCOLN 1994). [3] So ingrained is this view that

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even though computer programs represent a genuine advance over manual methods of data
analysis and have been designed to help speed up the process, some researchers continue to
resist their use. They continue to perceive computers as a "devil tool of positivism and
scientism" and as interlopers into the qualitative realm of research. According to this view,
computers seem to fit more easily in the quantitative domain since their very existence is
based on numbers. Interestingly, there is a contrary position taken by other commentators
who believe that to use a computer program for data analysis lends a scientific gloss to
qualitative research (COFFEY, HOLBROOK & ATKINSON 1996). The logic of this
argument is based on the premise that qualitative researchers need to compete with the "rigor"
of quantitative data analysis and replace the obligatory statistical analysis with something
equally as complicated and "scientific -like". [4] In considering the question of using a
computer program in the analysis of qualitative research data, it is necessary from the outset
to understand fully what computers can and cannot do in the research process.
Any computer can be programmed to do the mechanical part of analysis, but no computer
can do the conceptual part. Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)
is designed to help in the analysis of data by storing, managing and presenting data in written
form (LEE & FIELDING 1991, 1996; RICHARDS & RICHARDS 1994; PADILLA 1994a;
COFFEY, HOLBROOK & ATKINSON 1996). [5] COFFEY, HOLBROOK and ATKINSON
(1996) raise the following four, important issues in this respect: 1. Most computer-based
approaches depend on particular segments of text being marked using code words attached to
discrete stretches of data thus allowing the researcher to retrieve all instances in the data that
share a code. 2. The underlying logic of coding and searching for coded segments in this way is
little different from manual techniques. 3. There is no great conceptual advance over the
indexing of typed notes and transcripts, or of marking them physically with code words or
colored inks. 4. In practice, the speed and comprehensiveness of searches is an undoubted
benefit of using a computer to assist in analysis.
[6] While computer software offers a number of ways of organizing and managing
qualitative research data, COFFEY, HOLBROOK and ATKINSON (1996) are resolute in
maintaining that coding data using 658255588computer programs is not analysis. They note
that such a narrow approach, results from accepting such procedures uncritically and is
premised on an elementary set of assumptions for managing qualitative data. In addition, they
warn "that many of the analytic strategies implied by code-and-retrieve procedures are tied to
the specific inputting requirements of computer software strategies". Consequently, "there is
an increasing danger of seeing coding data segments as an analytic strategy in its own right,
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and of seeing such an FQS 3(2) Robert Thompson:
Reporting the Results of Computer-assisted Analysis of Qualitative Research Data
Copyright © 2002 FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/ approach as the analytic
strategy of choice" (COFFEY, HOLBROOK & ATKINSON 1996, paragraph 7.7). [7]
BAZELEY and O’ROURKE (1996, p.17) argue for a more serious and rigorous reporting of
techniques for the analysis of qualitative data using a computer program. They criticize
researchers for using "brush off" statements that say the data will be analysed using a
specific computer program. They contend that this is done as if the very mention of the
program’s name conveys that the researcher knows how to use it, and as if the program can
be fed data, following which it will more or less "spit out" the results. Accordingly, they
maintain that the researcher needs to tell the computer what to do and not vice versa.
BAZELEY and O’ROURKE (1996) concede researchers who use qualitative data may find
it more difficult to describe what is done when analyzing huge volumes of interview text.
However, they believe there remains a need to convince readers "that it involves more than
intuitive reading and becoming submerged in lovely, gooey 'in depth' data" (p.17). In other
words, the researcher needs to write not only how the data were collected, but also what he
or she did with them. [8] Two assumptions underpin the computer analysis of qualitative
research data. Firstly, the computer is used because it frees the mind of the researcher as
much as possible from the mechanics of qualitative data analysis so the focus can be placed
on the more important conceptual aspect of data analysis.
This takes into account that while the mind is well suited to making decisions about
pattern recognition and the development of categories or themes, it is easily confused by large
amounts of data and becomes bored with having to do monotonous tasks repetitively
(PADILLA 1994a). [9] Secondly, the computer plays no part in the type and quality of data
acquired. No matter how powerful the computer program is, or how much skill the researcher
has in using the program, if the data are of poor quality, then this will be reflected in the
research outcomes. More importantly, the decisions made to select parts of interview text that
illustrate the categories or themes in a study remain the responsibility of the researcher not the
computer. The strength of the analysis depends to a large extent on the well-established
strategies used in analysing qualitative research data. [10] 3. The Mechanical Analysis of Data
Many computer programs used in qualitative data analysis are expensive and

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ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER PROCESS

1. What is a computer?
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user
and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a
result (output), and saves it for future use. This tutorial explains the foundational concepts
of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. along with how to get
the most value and impact from computer technology.

2. Functionalities of a Computer
There are three basic functionalities of a Computer System and they are as follows:
1. Input
2. Process
3. Output
But if we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following
five functions:
Step 1 - Takes data as input.
Step 2 - Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
Step 3 - Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Step 4 - Generates the output.
Step 5 - Controls all the above four steps.

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ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

Following are certain advantages of computers.

High Speed
 Computer is a very fast device.
 It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
 The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
 It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will
spend many months to perform the same task.

Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
 The calculations are 100% error free.
 Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is computer.

Reliability
 A computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have long lives.
 Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

Automation
 Computer is an automatic machine.
 Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the computer
receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer memory, then the
program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.

Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

 The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in
paperwork and results in speeding up the process.

 As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.

 Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it substantially

reduces the cost.

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DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

Can’t Take its own decision

A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be
given to the computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency

1. It functions as per the user’s instruction; thus it is fully dependent on humans.

Environment

1. The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.

No Feeling

1. Computers have no feelings or emotions.

2. It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge

unlike humans.

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APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Business
1. A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, orversatility
which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations.
2. Computer is used in business organizations for:

 Payroll Calculations
 Budgeting
 Sales Analysis
 Managing Employee Database
 Maintenance of stocks, etc.

Banking
Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide the following
facilities:
 Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits
and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
 ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for
customers to deal with banks.

Insurance
1. Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers.
Insurance companies, stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
2. Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing:

 Procedure to continue with policies

 Starting date of the policies
 Next due installment of a policy
 Maturity date
 Interests due
 Survival benefits
 Bonus

Education

1. The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system.

2. The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based
Education).
3. CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

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 Analysis of Computer
4. Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.
5. There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to
educate the students.
6. It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out
on this basis.

Marketing
In marketing, uses of the computer are following:
1. Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write
and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
2. Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through the use of
computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct
entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
3. Healthcare - Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and
dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and
medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG,
ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines.

Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.
1. Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of
illness.
2. Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by
computer.
3. Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check the patient's signs for
abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.
4. Pharma Information System - Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates,
harmful side effects, etc.
5. Surgery - Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Engineering Design
1. Computers are widely used for Engineering purpose.
2. One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and
modification of images. Some of the fields are:
I. Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships,
buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.
II. Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation, and
improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.
III. Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings,
determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

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Military
Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also
employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been
used are:
 Missile Control
 Military Communication

Communication

Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received

and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas
in this category are:

 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing

Government

Computers play an important role in government services-

 Sales tax department
 Income tax department
 Computation of male/female ratio
 Computerization of voters’ lists
 Computerization of PAN card
 Weather forecasting

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being

used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware
technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which
together make up an entire computer system.
2. There are five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. In the following
table, approximate dates against each generation has been mentioned, which are
normally accepted.
3. Following are the main five generations of computers.

Sl. No. Generation & Description

First Generation
1
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.

Second Generation
2
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.

Third Generation
3
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.

Fourth Generation
4
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.

Fifth Generation
5
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

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1. First Generation Computers

The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first
generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU
(Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the
installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large
organizations were able to afford it.
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards,
paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in
this generation used machine code as the programming language.
The main features of the first generation are:

 Vacuum tube technology

 Unreliable
 Supported machine language only
 Very costly
 Generates lot of heat
 Slow input and output devices
 Huge size
 Need of AC
 Non-portable
 Consumes lot of electricity

Some computers of this generation were:

1. ENIAC
2. EDVAC
3. UNIVAC
4. IBM-701

Fig1.1. First generation computer

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2. Second Generation Computers

The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were
used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster
than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores
were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.

In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like

FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming
operating system.

The main features of second generation are:

 Use of transistors
 Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
 Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
 Generates less heat as compared to first generation computers
 Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
 Faster than first generation computers
 Still very costly
 AC required
 Supported machine and assembly languages

Some computers of this generation were:

1. IBM 1620
2. IBM 7094
3. CDC 1604
4. CDC 3600
5. UNIVAC 1108

Fig1.2. Second generation computer

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3. Third Generation Computers

The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation
used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size,
reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming
operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL
PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
The main features of third generation are:

1. IC used
2. More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
3. Smaller size
4. Generated less heat
5. Faster
6. Lesser maintenance
7. Costly
8. AC required
9. Consumed lesser electricity
10. Supported high-level language

Some computers of this generation were:

1. IBM-360 series
2. Honeywell-6000 series
3. PDP (Personal Data Processor)
4. IBM-370/168
5. TDC-316

Fig1.3 Third generation of computer

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4. Fourth Generation Computers

The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation
used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to
have microcomputers of fourth generation.

Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As
a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real
time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++,
DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

The main features of fourth generation are:

1. VLSI technology used

2. Very cheap
3. Portable and reliable
4. Use of PCs
5. Very small size
6. Pipeline processing
7. No AC required
8. Concept of internet was introduced
9. Great developments in the fields of networks
10. Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation were:

1. DEC 10
2. STAR 1000
3. PDP 11
4. CRAY-1(Super Computer)
5. CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

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5. Fifth Generation Computers

The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.

Fig 1.5. Fifth generation of Computer

The main features of fifth generation are:

1. ULSI technology
2. Development of true artificial intelligence
3. Development of Natural language processing
4. Advancement in Parallel Processing
5. Advancement in Superconductor technology
6. More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
7. Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
 Some computer types of this generation are:

1. Desktop
2. Laptop
3. Notebook
4. Ultrabook
5. Chromebook

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CONCLUSION

The secret of system success is the correct organization of its data. If the data are
organized so as to minimized redundancy along the lines of the structure, I of the business will
not require significant changes to a system based on the data. Achieving this resiliency if the
face of constant business change has been the holy grail if the computer industry for many
years. It can be done if requirement is defining in tone of clear understanding of the
inheritance structure of the enterprises data.
The secret to winding up with the write organization of data in a system is to understand
how different players view it. The system design must not only a commanded all the different
external views that are initially understood but if it must be structure so that it can a
commanded future views as well. This is possible only if the underlying fundamental
structure of the data is understood.
Hence, it is necessary to translate from the external to a schema before using this concept
of the basis data base design.

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REFERENCE
[1] www.wikipedia.com

[2] Textbook on Basics of Computer.

[3] MSCIT Book.

[4] Encyclopedia.

[5]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283540479_INTRODUCTION

_TO_COMPUTER

****

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