Lecture 1: Phonetics, phonology and speech

sounds.
1. What did you get from the lecture?
Phonology and phonetics are closely related but
different. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds
while phonology focuses on how speech sounds are
organized and used in a language.

Phonetics involves:
- The physical production of speech sounds by the
vocal tract
- The acoustic properties of speech sounds as heard
- The perceptual interpretation of speech sounds by
listeners

Phonology involves:
- Discovering the phoneme inventory of a language
- Understanding phonotactics - which sound
combinations are allowed
- Learning phonological rules that govern sound
changes

In summary, phonetics studies individual speech

sounds, while phonology studies how those sounds
pattern and interact in a language.
2. What aspects of the lecture are you interested in?
Why?
- Organs of speech are described 3 system: Respiratory
system, Phonatory system, Articulatory system.
Because: The respiratory system produces the air
necessary for language; The phonatory system
produces sounds and the articulatory system is
responsible for forming syllables and words using the
tongue, mouth, and other vocal organs. These three
systems work together to create language.
- Articulatory system. Because The articulatory system
refers to the anatomical parts of our body that allow us
to speak, including our mouth, tongue, lips, vocal
cords, larynx, and others. Speakers learn to move and
coordinate these vocal organs to shape sounds at an
early age, helping to develop speech and language
skills.
3. What aspects of the lecture are you confused about
and need to have more explanation?
I find it difficult to understand the articulatory system
and need to have more explanation. The "Articulatory
system" part is difficult to understand, possibly
because of its complex linguistic structure or highly
specialized terminology. The articulatory system
involves sound-producing organs in the mouth such as
lips, tongue, jaw... to create sounds in the language.

Lecture 2: Vowel.
1. What did you get from the lecture?
Vowels, diphthongs and triples are important parts of
pronunciation in English.
A vowel is produced when there is an unobstructed
flow of air through the larynx. Vowels are classified
based on: the place of tongue, the height of the tongue,
the position/shape of the lip.
A diphthong is a compound vowel formed when the
tongue moves from a position reserved for one vowel
to a position reserved for another vowel in the same
syllable.
A triphthong occurs when three vowels are produced
in one syllable. Triphthongs are not very common in
English
In summary, it is important to understand the
difference between vowels, diphthongs, and triplets, as
well as being able to identify examples of each in
pronunciation. This knowledge helps to improve the
accuracy of English pronunciation.
2. What aspects of the lecture are you interested in?
Why?
I am interested in the aspects of: classification of
vowels and describing vowels. Because describing
vowels helps us to recognize the correct pronunciation
of sounds. Vowels describe where the lips or mouth
open to make that sound. And classification of vowels
helps us to pronounce correctly and have music in
English.
3. What aspects of the lecture are you confused about
and need to have more explanation?

Lecture 3: Consonants
1. What did you get from the lecture?
The role of consonants in word and sentence
structure:Consonants provide alignment for vowels,
forming syllables, words, and sentences.
Correct pronunciation of consonants is very important
for the listener to understand the content.
There are 24 consonants including: 15 voiced
consonants, 9 voiceless consonants. And, we classify
consonants along 3 major dimensions: Manner of
articulation, Place of articulation, Voicing.
Besides, I also learned plosives; fortis and lenis;
specific descriptions of consonants.
2. What aspects of the lecture are you interested in?
Why?
I am interested in the aspects of: classification of
consonants. Because classification of consonants helps
us to characterize and distinguish sounds in a language
according to their production ability and how the air
flow changes during speech. Classification of
consonants is done according to criteria such as: Place
of pronunciation, pronunciation, movement, position
of pronunciation organs. This makes it easier to
distinguish and describe sounds.
3. What aspects of the lecture are you confused about
and need to have more explanation?
I do not understand the content of the part: plosives;
fortis and lenis and need to have more explanation.

Lecture 4: Phonemes.
1. What did you get from the lecture?
Phonemes make up the basic sounds in the language
and help differentiate the meanings between words.
Phoneme helps to distinguish the meaning between
similar words and distinguish the phonemes to
pronounce words correctly, avoiding confusion of
meaning.
Symbols and phonetics help us understand phonetics.
Symbols and phonetic systems can be used to describe
the sounds of any language.
Rules for English consonant allophones help me apply
it to the lesson to be able to solve the exercises more
easily.
2. What aspects of the lecture are you interested in?
Why?
Complementary distribution helps us understand how
sounds in a language are used in different
environments. When two sounds are used for different
purposes or in different environments that never
appear in the same place in the same word or sentence.
For example, in English, the sounds /p/ and /b/ are two
"additional allocation" sounds because they are used
differently in different words, for example "pin" and
"bin". An understanding of the "complementary
distribution" is necessary for the analysis, description,
and interpretation of how language is used.
Aspirated and unaspirated allophones help us to
understand more about the difference between two
tones (aspirated or "breathed" and unaspirated or
"unbreathed") of the same consonant. It is related to
the part of phonemic analysis and phonology in the
study of languages. Understanding this subject can
help us to pronounce correctly and understand the
phonetics of our language better.

Minimal pairs help us detect the smallest sound

differences in words, but still make a difference in
their meanings. This method helps learners detect
differences in pronunciation and learn to pronounce
more accurately.