18N.2.HL.TZO.5 The diagram shows the position of the principal lines in the visible spectrum of atomic hydrogen and some of the corresponding energy levels of the hydrogen atom. energy / 10-"*J -0.605 -0.870 -1.36 ee 1 = 2 6S B B -5.44 A low-pressure hydrogen discharge lamp contains a small amount of deuterium gas in addition to the hydrogen gas. The deuterium spectrum contains a red line with a wavelength very close to that of the hydrogen red line. The wavelengths for the principal lines in the visible spectra of deuterium and hydrogen are given in the table. Hydrogen wavelength Deuterium wavelength Jnm inm Red line 656.288 656.107 Violet line 410.180 410.048 Light from the discharge lamp is normally incident on a diffraction grating. diffraction grating not to scale 3.5mm ai. Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (438nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum. (31ali. Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a)(i) Explain your answer to (a)(i). Qi bi. The light illuminates a width of 3.5 mm of the grating. The deuterium and hydrogen red lines can just be resolved in the second-order spectrum of the diffraction grating. Show that the grating spacing of the diffraction grating is about 2 x 107m. 2] bili Calculate the angle between the first-order line of the red light in the hydrogen spectrum and the second-order line of the violet light in the hydrogen spectrum (31 bili The light source is changed so that white light is incident on the diffraction grating. Outline the appearance of the diffraction pattern formed with white light. [3] 19M.1.SL.1Z2.24 A tadioactive nuclide with atomic number Z undergoes a process of beta-plus (8°) decay. What is the atomic number for the nuclide produced and what is another particle emitted during the decay?19M.1.HL.1Z2.34 The — meson contains an up ( ) quark. What is the quark structure of the meson? A 19M.1.SL.TZ2.26 Three conservation laws in nuclear reactions are |. conservation of charge Il, conservation of baryon number lll. conservation of lepton number. The reaction is proposed. Which conservation laws are violated in the proposed reaction? A. | and Il only B. Land Ill only C.Iand Ill only D.1, land Ill 19N.2.SL.1TZO.7 A stationary nucleus of uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-234. The following data are available. Energy released in decay 4.27 MeV Binding energy per nucleon for helium 7.07 MeV Binding energy per nucleon for thorium 7.60 MeVAqUIUALLIVE UELay 1S 9@1 LU LE TaHULIHE aU SpUrtaneous . Guu wie 1S meant by each of these terms. Random: Spontaneous: (21 b(). Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium-238. (3) bli). Calculate the ratio fe (2] 20N.1.SL.1Z0.27 Which graph shows the variation of activity with time for a radioactive nuclide? A B. A A 20N.1.SL.1TZ0.28 What statement about alpha particles, beta particles and gamma radiation is true? A. Gamma radiation always travels faster than beta particles in a vacuum. B. In air, beta particles produce more ions per unit length travelled than alpha particles. C. Alpha particles are always emitted when beta particles are emitted. D. Alpha particles are deflected in the same direction as beta particles in a magnetic field. 20N.1.SL.1TZ0.29 Four of the energy states for an atom are shown. Transition between any two states is nassible.E. to scale energy increasing —F, What is the shortest wavelength of radiation that can be emitted from these four states? A 20N.1.SL.TZO.30 The Feynman diagram shows some of the changes in a proton-proton collision. u at timeWhat is the equation for this collision? A B. 20N.1.HL.TZ0.24 The mass of nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor decreases at the rate of ___ every hour. The overall reaction process has an efficiency of |. What is the maximum power output of the reactor? A B. 21M.2.SL.1Z1.5 Radioactive uranium-238 _ produces a series of decays ending with a stable nuclide of lead, The nuclides in the series decay by either alpha (0) or beta-minus (B") processes. The graph shows the variation with the nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon. binding energy per nucleon / MeV 420 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 nucleon number A a. Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th). Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay. U5 re) b. Thallium-206 decays into lead-206 Identify the quark changes for this decay. a) ci. Outline why high temperatures are required for fusion to occur (2) cai. Outline, with reference to the graph, why energy is released both in fusion and in fission. ii. Uranium-235 (_) is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144. Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission. 21M.2.HL.1Z1.7 Radioactive uranium-238 _ produces a series of decays ending with a stable nuclide of lead, The nuclides in the series decay by either alpha (0) or beta-minus (B") processes. The graph shows the variation with the nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon.binding energy er nucieon / MeV 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 nucleon number A a. Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th). Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay. US i) b. Thallium-206 decays into lead-206 Identify the quark changes for this decay. i c. The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.5 x 10° years. The half-life of thallium-206 is about 4.2 minutes. Compare and contrast the methods to measure these half-lives. {al d.i. Outline why high temperatures are required for fusion to occur. (21 dui. Outline, with reference to the graph, why energy is released both in fusion and in fission. Ql) dil. Uranium-235 is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144. Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission. [2]21M.2.SL.1Z1.7 Conservation of energy and conservation of momentum are two examples of conservation laws. a. Outline the significance of conservation laws for physics. il b, When a pi meson 1- (dii) and a proton (uud) collide, @ possible outcome is a sigma baryon 3° (uds) and a kaon meson K° (d3). (31 Apply three conservation laws to show that this interaction is possible. 21M.1.SL.TZ2.26 The diagram below shows four energy levels for the atoms of a gas. The diagram is drawn to scale. The wavelengths of the photons emitted by the energy transitions between levels are shown. What are the wavelengths of spectral lines, emitted by the gas, in order of decreasing frequency? A. B. 21M.1.SL.TZ2.25 When a hiah-enerav -narticle collides with a hervilim-9( —) nucleus a nucleus ofcarbon —_ may be produced. What are the products of this reaction? Product 1 | Product 2 carbon-12 | proton carbon-12 neutron carbon-14 proton c9o D> carbon-14 neutron