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Art. 1769. In determining whether a partnership themselves, are not indicative of the existence of
exists, these rules shall apply: a partnership.
1. Except as provided by Article 1825, persons Persons not partners as to each other Persons
who are not partners as to each other are not who are partners as between themselves are
partners as to third persons. partners as to third persons. Generally, the
converse is true: if they are not partners between
2. Co-ownership or co-possession does not of themselves, they cannot be partners as to third
itself establish a partnership, whether such persons. Partnership is a matter of intention,
co-ownership or copossessors do or do not each partner giving his consent to become a
share any profits made by the use of the partner. However, whether a partnership exists
property. between the parties is a factual matter. Where
parties declare they are not partners, this, as a
3. The sharing of gross returns does not of itself rule, settles the question between them. But
establish a partnership, whether or not the where a person misleads third persons into
persons sharing them have a joint or common believing that they are partners in a non-existent
right or interest in any property from which partnership, they become subject to liabilities of
the returns are derived. partners (doctrine of estoppel).Whether or not
the parties call their relationship or believe it to
4. The receipt by a person of a share of the be a partnership is immaterial. Thus, with the
profits of a business is prima facie evidence exception of partnership by estoppel, a
that he is a partner in the business, but no partnership cannot exist as to third persons if no
such inference shall be drawn if such profits contract of partnership has been entered into
were received in payment: between the parties themselves.
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Should there be dispute; the remedy of partners Sharing of profits as owner It is not merely the
is an action for dissolution, termination and sharing of profits, but the sharing of them as co-
accounting. For co-owners it would be one, for owner of the business or undertaking that makes
instance, for nonperformance of contract. People one partner. Test: Does the recipient have an
can become co-owners without a contract but equal voice as proprietor in the conduct and
they cannot become partners without one. control of the business? Does he own a share of
the profits as proprietor of the business
Persons living together without benefit of producing them? One must have an interest with
marriage another in the profits of a business as profits.
Property acquired governed by rules on
coownership. Burden of proof and presumption The burden of
proving the existence of a partnership rests on
Sharing of gross returns not even presumptive the party having the affirmative of that issue. The
evidence of partnership The mere sharing of existence of a partnership must be proved and
gross returns alone does not even constitute will not be presumed. The law presumes that
prima facie evidence of partnership, since in a those acting as partners have entered into a
partnership, the partners share profits after contract of partnership. Where the law presumes
satisfying all of the partnership’s liabilities. the existence of partnership, the burden of proof
Reason for the rule is on the party denying its existence. When a
Partner interested in both failures and successes; partnership is shown to exist, the presumption is
it is the chance of loss or gain that characterizes that it continues and the burden of proof is on the
a business. Where the contract requires a given person asserting its termination. One who alleges
portion of gross returns to be paid over, the partnership cannot prove it merely by evidence
portion is paid over as commission, wages, rent, of an agreement using the term “partner”. Non-
etc. use of the term, however, is entitled to weight.
The question of whether a partnership exists is
Where there is evidence of mutual not always dependent upon the personal
management arrangement or understanding of the parties.
Where there is further evidence of mutual Parties intending to do a thing which in law
management and control, partnership may constitutes partnership are partners.
result.
Legal intention is the crux of partnership. Parties
Receipt of share in the profits strong may call themselves partners but their contract
presumptive evidence of partnership An may be adjudged something quite different.
agreement to share both profits and losses tends Conversely, parties may expressly state that
strongly to establish the existence of a theirs in not a partnership yet the law may
partnership. It is not conclusive, however, just determine otherwise on the basis of legal intent.
prima facie and may be rebutted by other However, courts will be influenced to some
circumstances. extent by what the parties call their contract.
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1. The partners share in profits and losses. freedom to choose the transaction or
2. They have equal rights in the mgt and transactions they must engage in. The only
conduct of the partnership business. limitation is that the object must be lawful
3. Every partner is an agent of the partnership, and for the common benefit of the members.
and entitled to bind the others by his acts. He The illegality of the object will not be
may also be liable for the entire partnership presumed; it must appear to be of the
obligations. essence of the relationship.
4. All partners are personally liable for the debts
of the partnership with their separate Effects of an unlawful partnership
property except that limited partners are not 1. The contract is void and the partnership
bound beyond the amount of their never existed in the eyes of the law;
investment. 2. The profits shall be confiscated in favor of the
5. A fiduciary relation exists between the government;
partners. 3. The instruments or tools and proceeds of the
6. On dissolution, the partnership is not crime shall also be forfeited in favor of the
terminated, but continues until the winding government;
up of partnership is completed. Such 4. The contributions of the partners shall not be
incidents may be modified by stipulation of confiscated unless they fall under #3.
the partners.
A partnership is dissolved by operation of law
Similarities between a partnership and a upon the happening of an event which makes it
corporation unlawful. A judicial decree is not necessary to
1. Both have juridical personality separate and dissolve an unlawful partnership. However,
distinct from that of the individuals advisable that judicial decree be secured. 3rd
composing it; persons who deal w/ partnership w/o knowledge
2. Both can only act through its agents; of illegal purpose are protected.
3. Both are organizations composed of an
aggregate of individuals; Right to return of contribution where
4. Both distribute profits to those who partnership is unlawful
contribute capital to the business; Partners must be reimbursed the amount of their
5. Both can only be organized where there is a respective contributions. The partner who limits
law authorizing is organization; himself to demanding only the amount
6. Partnerships are taxable as corporations. contributed by him need not resort to the
partnership contract on which to base his claim
Art. 1770. A partnership must have a lawful or action. Since the purpose for which the
object or purpose, and must be established for contribution was made has not come into
the common benefit or interest of the partners. existence, the manager or administrator must
When an unlawful partnership is dissolved by a return it, and he who has paid his share is entitled
judicial decree, the profits shall be confiscated in to recover it.
favor of the State, without prejudice to the
provisions of the Penal Code governing the Right to receive profits where partnership is
confiscation of the instruments and effects of a unlawful
crime. Object or purpose of partnership Law does not permit action for obtaining earnings
from an unlawful partnership because for that
The provision of the 1st paragraph reiterates 2 purpose, the partner will have to base his action
essential elements of a contract of partnership: upon the partnership contract, which is null and
1. Legality of the object; and without legal existence by reason of its unlawful
2. Community of benefit or interest of the object; and it is self-evident that what does not
partners. The parties possess absolute exist cannot be a cause of action. Profits earned
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do not constitute or represent the partner’s dormant. Only one of these features, profit-
contribution. He must base his claim on the sharing, seems to be absolutely essential. But a
contract which is void. It would be immoral and mere sharing of profits of itself does not of
unjust for the law to permit a profit from an necessity constitute a partnership. The court
industry prohibited by it. T he courts will refuse must consider all the essential elements in light
to recognize its existence, and will not lend their of the facts of the particular case before deciding
aid to assist either of the parties thereto in an whether a partnership exists.
action against each other. Therefore, there
cannot be no accounting demanded of a partner Art. 1771. A partnership may be constituted in
for the profits which may be in his hands, nor can any form, except where immovable property or
recovery be had. real rights are contributed thereto, in which case
a public instrument shall be necessary .Form of
Effect of partial illegality of partnership business partnership
Where a part of the business is legal and part contract
illegal, a n account of that which is legal may be
had. Where, w/o the knowledge or participation General rule
of the partners, the firm’s profits in a lawful No special form required for validity or existence
business has been increased by wrongful acts, of the contract of partnership. Contract maybe
the innocent partners are not precluded as made orally or in writing regardless of the value
against the guilty partners from recovering their of the contributions.
share of the profits.
Where immovable property or real rights are
Effect of subsequent illegality contributed
of partnership business Execution of public instrument necessary for
Contract will not be nullified. Where the business validity of contract of partnership. To affect 3rd
for which the partnership is formed is legal when persons, the transfer of real property to the
the partnership is entered into, but afterward partnership must be duly registered in the
becomes illegal, an accounting may be had as to Registry of Property.
the business transacted prior to such time.
When partnership agreement covered by the
Community of interest Statute of Frauds
between the partners for An agreement to enter in a partnership at a
business purposes future time, which by its terms is not to be
The salient features of an ordinary partnership performed w/in a year from the making thereof
are a community of interest in profits and losses, is covered by the Statute of Frauds. Such
a community of interest in the capital employed, agreement is unenforceable unless it is in writing
and a community of power in administration. This or at least evidenced by some note or
community of interest is the basis of the memorandum.
partnership relation. However, although every
partnership is founded on a community of Partnership implied from conduct
interest, e very community of interest does not Binding effect
necessarily constitute a partnership. Property Existence of partnership may be implied from the
used in the business may belong to one or more acts or conduct of the parties, as well as from
partners, so that there is no joint property, other other declarations, and such implied contract
than joint earnings. To state that partners are co- would be as binding as a written and express
owners of a business is to state that they have the contract.
power if ultimate control. But partners may agree
upon concentration of management, leaving Ascertainment of intention of parties In
some of their members entirely inactive or determining whether a particular transaction
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constitutes a partnership, as between the parties, Commission. This is the effective date of
the intention as disclosed by the entire registration. If the certificate of recording is
transaction, and as gathered from the facts and issued on a subsequent date, its effectively
from the language employed by the parties as retroacts to date of presentation.
well as their conduct, should be ascertained.
Art. 1773. A contract of partnership is void,
Conflict between intention and terms of whenever immovable property is contributed
contract thereto, if an inventory of said property is not
If the parties intend a general partnership, they made, signed by the parties, and attached to the
are general partners although their purpose is to public instrument. Partnership with contribution
avoid the creation of such a relation. of immovable property
Art. 1772. Every contract of partnership having a Where immovable property contributed, failure
capital of three thousand pesos or more, in to comply w/ the following requisites will render
money or property, shall appear in a public the partnership contract void:
instrument, which must be recorded in the Office 1. The contract must be in a public instrument;
of the Securities and Exchange Commission. 2. An inventory of the property contributed
Failure to comply with the requirements of the must be made, signed by the parties, and
preceding paragraph shall not affect the liability attached to the public instrument. Art. 1773
of the partnership and the members thereof to is intended primarily to protect 3rd persons.
third persons. Registration of partnership W/ regard to 3rdpersons, a de facto
partnership or partnership by estoppel may
Partnership with capital of P3, 000 or more exist. There is nothing to prevent the court
Requirements: from considering the partnership agreement
1. The contract must appear in a public an ordinary contract from which the parties’
instrument; rights and obligations to each other may be
2. It must be recorded or registered w/ the SEC. inferred and enforced.
However, failure to comply w/ the above
requirements does not prevent the When inventory is not required
formation of the partnership or affect its An inventory is required only whenever
liability and that of the partners to 3rd immovable property is contributed. If not
persons. But any partner is granted the right contributed or if personal property, no inventory
bylaw to compel each other to execute the required.
contract in a public instrument.
Importance of making inventory of real property
Purpose of registration Registration is necessary in a p a r t n e r s h i p An inventory is very
as a condition for the issuance of licenses to important in a partnership to how much is due
engage in business and trade. In this way, the tax from each partner to complete his share in the
liabilities of big partnerships cannot be evaded common fund and how much is due to each of
and the public can determine more accurately them in case of liquidation. The execution of a
their membership and capital before dealing with public instrument of partnership would be
them. useless if there is no inventory of immovable
property contributed because w/o its description
When partnership considered registered The and designation, the instrument cannot be
objective of the law is to make the recorded subject to inscription in the Registry of Property,
instrument open to all and to give notice thereof and the contribution cannot prejudice 3rd
to interested parties. This objective is achieved persons.
from the date the partnership papers are
presented to and left for record in the
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partnership and the usufruct of movable or or usufruct of the same. Consequently, upon
immovable property w/c each of the partners dissolution, such property is returned to the
may possess at the time of the celebration of the partners who own it.
contract. In this kind of partnership, the following
become the common property of all the partners: Profits acquired through chance
Since the law only speaks of profits w/c the
Property w/c belonged to each of them at the partners may acquire by their industry or work,
time of the constitution of the partnership; profits acquired purely by chance are not
Profits w/c they may acquire from the property included.
contributed.
Fruits of property subsequently acquired Fruits
Contribution of future property of property subsequently acquired by the
General rule: future properties cannot be partners do not belong to the partnership. Such
contributed. The very essence of the contract of profits, however, may be included by express
partnership that the properties contributed be stipulation.
included in the partnership requires the
contribution of things determinate. The position Art. 1781. Articles of universal partnership,
of a partner is like that of a donor, and donations entered into without specification of its nature,
cannot comprehend future property. Thus, only constitute a universal partnership of profits.
property subsequently acquired by 1.inheritance;
2. Legacy; or 3. Donation cannot be included by Presumption in favor of
stipulation except the fruits thereof. Hence, any universal partnership of profits
stipulation including property so acquired is void. Reason for presumption: universal partnership of
Profits from other sources (not from properties profits imposes less obligations on the partners,
contributed) will become common property only since they preserve the ownership of their
is there’s a stipulation. separate property.
Art. 1780. A universal partnership of profits Art. 1782. Persons who are prohibited from
comprises all that the partners may acquire by giving each other any donation or advantage
their industry or work during the existence of the cannot enter into a universal partnership.
partnership. Movable or immovable property Limitations upon the right to form a partnership
which each of the partners may possess at the
time of the celebration of the contract shall Persons who are prohibited by law to give
continue to pertain exclusively to each, only the donations cannot enter into a universal
usufruct passing to the partnership. partnership for the reason that each of the
partners virtually makes a donation. To allow it
Universal partnership of profits explained A would be permitting them to do indirectly what
universal partnership of profits is one w/c the law expressly prohibits. A partnership formed
comprises all that the partners may acquire by in violation of this article is null and void.
their industry or work during the existence of the Consequently, no legal personality is acquired. A
partnership and the usufruct of movable or husband and wife, however, may enter into a
immovable property w/c each of the partners particular partnership or be members thereof.
may possess at the time of the celebration of the Relevant provisions:
contract.
Art. 87: Donations between spouses during
Ownership of present and future property The marriage void, except moderate gifts on occasion
partners retain their ownership over their of family rejoicing. Also applies to those living
present and future property. What passes to the together as husband and wife w/o valid marriage.
partnership are the profits or income and the use Art. 739: The following donations are void: Those
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brought and appraised in the inventory as this has share each that is just and equitable
the effect of an implied sale thus making the while the capitalist partners divide the
partnership the owner of said things. remainder in proportion to their capital
contributions; and
Art. 1796. The partnership shall be responsible 3. If there is a capitalist-industrial partner,
to every partner for the amounts he may have he gets a share in the profits as an
disbursed on behalf of the partnership and for industrial partner and an additional share
the corresponding interest, from the time the in proportion to his capital contribution
expenses are made; it shall also answer to each to be determined as in (b), above.
partner for the obligations he may have
contracted in good faith in the interest of the Rules in loss sharing:
partnership business, and for the risk 1. The stipulation in the partnership agreement
inconsequence of its management. regarding loss sharing must be followed.
2. If there is no such agreement, but the
Responsibility of the partnership to a partner contract provides for a profit sharing ration,
If a partner has advanced funds for the the profit sharing ratio shall also be the loss
partnership, he is entitled to recover the sharing ration.
amounts advanced by him with interest. This 3. In the absence of loss sharing and profit
must be so for the reason that a partner is a mere sharing stipulations in the contract, then the
agent of the partnership and under the rules of loss shall be borne by the partners in
agency, an agent who advances funds for his proportion to their capital contributions; but
principal may recover the same interest. a purely industrial partner is exempted from
participation in the loss.
Art. 1797. The profits and losses shall be
distributed in conformity with the agreement. If Share of industrial partner in profits and losses
only the share of each partner in the profits has Unless agreed upon, the industrial partner shall
been agreed upon, the share of each in the losses receive such share in the profits as may be just
shall be in the same proportion. and equitable under the circumstances. As for
In the absence of stipulation, the share of each the losses, the industrial partner is not liable.
partner in the profits and losses shall be in However, under Art. 1816, if the partnership has
proportion to what he may have contributed, but a contractual debt and it cannot pay, the
the industrial partner shall not be liable for the industrial partner equally with the capitalist
losses. As for the profits, the industrial partner partners, can be compelled by the creditor to pay
shall receive such share as may be just and his pro rata share out of his own property or
equitable under the circumstances. If besides his assets.
services he has contributed capital, he shall also
receive a share in the profits in proportion to his Art. 1798. If the partners have agreed to entrust
capital. to a third person the designation of the share of
each one in the profits and losses, such
Rules in profit sharing: designation may be impugned only when it is
1. The partners share the profits in accordance manifestly inequitable. In no case may a partner
with the ratio established by their contract. who has begun to execute the decision of the
2. If there is no such stipulation in the third person, or who has not impugned the same
partnership contract, then: within a period of three months from the time he
1. If all are capitalist partners they have the had knowledge thereof, complain of such
profits in proportion to their capital decision.
contributions;
2. If there are capitalist as well as industrial The designation of profits and losses cannot be
partners, the industrial partner get a entrusted to one of the partners.
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Art. 1799. A stipulation which excludes one or Appointment as manager after the constitution
more partners from any share in the profits or of the partnership Appointment may be revoked
losses is void. at any time for any cause what so ever.
Stipulation to exclude a partner from profits and Reason: revocation not founded on a change of
losses is void will on the part of the partners. Appointment not
The law does not allow a provision in the contract condition of contract. It is merely a simple
of partnership excluding one or more partners contract of agency, which may be revoking at any
from sharing in the profits and losses. The reason time. It is believe that the vote for revocation
is that a partnership is organized for the common must also represent the controlling interest.
benefit or interest of the partners.
Scope of the power of the managing partner
Reason for exclusion of industrial partner An General rule: partner appointed as manager has
industrial partner is not liable for losses because all the powers of a general agent as well as all the
if the partnership fails to realize any profits, the incidental powers necessary to carry out the
industrial partner would have contributed his object of the partnership in the transaction of its
labor in vain. Furthermore, the industrial partner business.
cannot withdraw the work already done by him Exception: When powers of manager is
for the partnership. specifically restricted. A managing partner may
not bind the partnership by contract foreign to its
Art. 1800. The partner who has been appointed business.
manager in the articles of the partnership may
execute all acts of the administration despite the Compensation for service rendered Partner
opposition of his partners, unless he should act in Generally not entitle to compensation, In the
Bad faith., and his powers is irrevocable without absence of an agreement to the contrary, each
the just or lawful cause. The vote of the partners member of the partnership assumes the duty to
representing the controlling interest shall be give his time, attention, and skill to the
necessary for such revocation of power. A power management of its affairs, as may be reasonably
granted after the partnership has constituted necessary to the success of the common
may revoked at any time. Each partner has a right enterprise; and for this service a share of the
to an equal voice in the conduct of the profits is his only compensation. In managing
partnership business. This right is not dependent partnership affairs, a partner is practically taking
on the amount or size of the partner’s capital care of his own interest or managing his own
contribution. business. In the absence of any prohibition in the
arts. Of partnership for the payment of salaries to
Appointed as manager after general partners, there is nothing to prevent the
the constitution of the partnership partners to enter into a collateral verbal
Partner appointed in arts of partnership may agreement to that effect.
execute all acts of administration EXCEPTIONS: In proper cases, the law may imply
notwithstanding the opposition of the other a contract for compensation;
partners, unless he should act in bad faith. His
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restrained from using info for other than Duty begins during the formation of partnership
partnership purpose. Principle of good faith applies not only during
partnership but during the negotiations leading
Access to partnership books to the formation of the partnership. Also, a
Rights can exercise at any reasonable hour. This person who agreed w/ another to form a
means reasonable hours on business days partnership has the obligation to account for
throughout the year and not merely during some commissions and discounts received in acquiring
arbitrary period of a few days chosen by the property for the future partnership.
managing partners.
Duty continues even after the dissolution of the
Art. 1806. Partners shall render on demand true partnership
and full information of all things affecting the Duty of partner to act w/ utmost good faith
partnership to any partner or the legal towards his co-partners continues throughout
representative of any deceased partner or of any the entire life of the partnership even after
partner under legal disability. Duty to render dissolution for whatever reason or whatever
information, there must be no concealment means, until the relationship is terminated,
between partners in all matters affecting the i.e. the winding up of partnership affairs is
partnership. Information must use only for completed.
partnership purpose. Not just on demand but
partner also has duty of voluntary disclosure. Duty to account for secret and similar profits
However, duty to render info does notarise with The duty of a partner to account as a fiduciary
respect to matters appearing in partnership operates to prevent from making a secret profit
books since each partner has the right to inspect out of the operation of the partnership and from
those. Good faith not only requires that a partner carrying on the business for his private advantage
should not make a false statement but also that or a business in competition w/ the firm w/o
he should abstain from any false concealment. consent of other partners. Violation may be
ground for dissolution.
Art. 1807. Every partner must account the
partnership for any benefit, and hold as trustee Duty to account for earnings accruing even after
for it any profits derived from him without the termination of partnership If a partner uses info
consent of the partners from any transaction obtained by him from the partnership for his own
connected with the formation, conduct, or account w/o the consent of the other partners,
liquidation of the partnership or from any use by he is liable to account for any benefit he might
him of his property. obtain.
The relation between the partners is essentially Duty to make full disclosure of information
fiduciary involving trust and confidence, each belonging to partnership
partner considered in law, as he is, in fact, the A partner is also subject to the fiduciary duty of
confidential agent of the others. The duties of a undivided loyalty and complete disclosure of info
partner are analogous to those of a trustee. of all things affecting the partnership. By
Information is meant information, which can be
Duty to act for common benefit used for the purposes of the partnership. Info
Cannot use and apply exclusively to own cannot use for a partner’s private gain – even if
individual benefit partnership assets or results of after termination.
knowledge and info gained in character of
partner. Managing partners particularly owe a
fiduciary duty to inactive partners.
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Duty not to acquire interest or right adverse to Art. 1809. Any partner shall have the right to a
partnership formal account as partnership affairs:
If partner does, he holds it in trust for the benefit
of the partnership and must account to the firm 1. If he is wrongfully excluded from the
for the profits of the transaction, partnership business or possession of
unless it appears that the others consented its property by his co-partner;
Art. 1808. The Capitalist partners cannot engage 2. If the right exists under the terms of any
for their own account in any operation, which is agreement;
of the kind of business in which the partnership is
engaged, unless there is a stipulation to the 3. Provided by article 1807;
contrary. Any capitalist partner violating this
prohibition shall bring to the common funds any 4. Whenever other circumstances render it just
profit accruing to him from his transactions, and and reasonable, Right of the partner to a
shall personally bear all the losses. formal account.
Prohibition against partner engaging the General rule: During existence of partnership, a
business partner is not entitled to a formal account of
Prohibition relative – Prohibition against partnership affairs. Reason: rights of partner
capitalist partner to engage in business is relative, amply protected in arts1805 and 1806. In
unlike the industrial partner who is absolutely addition, it would cause much inconvenience and
prohibited from engaging in any business for unnecessary waste of time.
himself. Capitalist partner is only prohibited from
engaging for his own account in any operation Exception: In the special and unusual situations
which is the same as or similar to the business in enumerated under art. 1809. Right of partner to
which the partnership is engaged and which is demand an accounting w/o bringing about
competitive w/ said business dissolution is a necessary corollary to right to
VIOLATION – Obligation to bring to common fund share in profits. A formal account is a necessary
any profits derived and in case of losses, he shall incident to the dissolution of the partnership.
bear them alone. Partners, however, by
stipulation may permit it. The law permits him to Art. 1810. The property rights of a partner are:
carry on a business not connected or competing
1. His rights in specific partnership
with that of the partnership. Law is silent on
property;
whether he can engage in same line of business
for the account of another.
2. His interest in the partnership;
Prohibition still applies because of fiduciary
position imposing duties of utmost good faith. He
may not carry on any other business in rivalry w/ 3. His right to participate in the management,
the partnership. extent of property rights of a partner.
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property for any other purpose without the partnership property by one partner is the
consent of his partners; possession of all until his possession becomes
adverse. A partner cannot initiate title by adverse
2. A partner’s right in specific partnership possession until and unless he makes an adverse
property is not assignable except in connection claim.
with the assignment of rights of all the partners
in the same property; Right not assignable - A partner cannot
separately assign his right to specific partnership
3. A partner’s right in specific partnership property but all of them can assign their rights in
property is not subject to attachment or the same property.
execution, except on a claim against the
partnership; Reasons for non-assignability:
1. It prevents interference by outsiders in
4. A partner’s right in specific partnership partnership affairs;
property is not subject to legal support under art. 2. It protects the right of other partners and
291 nature of a partner’s right in partnership creditors to have partnership
specific partnership property assets applied to firm debts;
3. It is often impossible to determine the extent
Art. 1811 contemplates tangible property but not of a partner’s beneficial interest in a
intangible things. A partner is a coowner w/ his particular partnership asset. Reason for
partners of specific partnership property, but the impossibility: Each partner, having a
rules on coownership do not necessarily apply. beneficial interest in the partnership
The legal incidents of this tenancy in partnership property considered as a whole, has a
are distinctively characteristic of the partnership beneficial interest in each part. Where,
relation. They are as follows: however, none of the above reasons apply,
an authorized assignment by a partner of his
Equal rights of possession - Ordinarily, a partner right in specific partnership property is void,
has an equal right to possess specific partnership but it may be regarded as a valid assignment
property for partnership purposes. None of the of the partner’s interest in the partnership.
partner scan possesses and uses the specific The law allows a retiring partner to assign his
partnership property other than for partnership rights in partnership property to the
purposes w/o the consent of the other partners. partner(s) continuing the business.
Should any of them use the property for his own
benefit, he must account, like a stranger, to the Right limited to share of what remains after
others for the profits derived there from or the partnership debts has been paid
value of his wrongful possession or occupation. A Strictly speaking, no particular partnership
partner wrongfully excluded from possession of property or any specific or an aliquot part thereof
partnership property by a co-partner has a right can be considered the separate or individual
to formal account and may even apply for a property of any partner. The whole of
judicial decree of dissolution. On the death of a partnership property belongs to the partnership
partner, his right in specific partnership property considered as a juridical person, and a partner
vests in the surviving partners. By agreement, the has no interest in it but his share of what remains
right to possess specific partnership property after all partnership debts are paid.
may surrender. In the absence of special Consequently, specific partnership property is
agreement, however, neither partner separately not subject to attachment, execution,
owns, or has the exclusive right of possession of garnishment, or injunction, w/o the consent of all
any partnership property or any proportional the partners except on a claim against the
part thereof. Each has dominion over the entire partnership. For the same reason that the
partnership property. The possession of property belongs to the partnership, the partners
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cannot claim any right under the homestead or In case of fraud in the management of the
exemption laws when it is attached for partnership, the assignee may avail himself of the
partnership debts. However, a judgment creditor usual remedies. In case of dissolution of the
may levy upon a partner’s interest in the partnership, the assignee is entitle to receive his
partnership itself because it is actually his assignor’s interest and may require an account
property, by means of a “charging order.” The from the date only of the last account agreed to
right of the partners to specific partnership by all partners. Effect of assignment of partner’s
property is not subject to legal support since the whole interest in partnership.
property belongs to the partnership and not to
the partners. However, their interest in the A partner’s right in specific partnership property
partnership is. The method of reaching a is not assignable but he may assign his interest in
judgment debtor’s interest in partnership the partnership to any of his co-partners or to a
property is specifically set forth in art.1814. third Person irrespective of the consent of the
other partners, in the absence of agreement to
Art. 1812. A partner’s interest in the partnership the contrary.
is his share of the profits and surplus.
Rights withheld from assignee
Share of profits and surplus – The partner’s 1. To interfere in the management.
interest in the partnership consists of his share in 2. To require any information or account.
the undistributed profits during the life of the 3. To inspect any of the partnership books.
partnership as a going concern and his share in
the undistributed surplus after its dissolution. No one can be compelled to be partners w/
someone else. The assignment does not divest
Profits: the excess of returns over expenditure in the assignor of his status and rights as a partner
a transaction or series of transactions; or the net nor operate as dissolution. The law, however,
income of the partnership for a given period. provides the nonassigning collaborates w/ a
ground for dissolving the partnership if they so
Surplus: the assets of the partnership after desire.
partnership debts and liabilities are paid and
settled and the rights of the partners among Remedy of other partners
themselves are adjusted. It is the excess of assets Dissolution of partnership not intended – Many
over liabilities. If the liabilities are more than the partnership agreements are made merely as
assets, the difference represents the extent of security for loans, the assigning partner never
the loss. intending to destroy the partnership relation. If
the assigning partner neglects his duties after
Art.1813. A conveyance by a partner by his whole assignment, the other partners may dissolve the
interest in the partnership does not of itself partnership under art. 1830.
dissolve the partnership, or, against the other Dissolution of partnership intended – A partner’s
partners in the absence of agreement, entitle the conveyance of his interest in the partnership
assignee, during the continuance of the operates as dissolution of the partnership only
partnership, to interfere in the management or when it is clear that the parties contemplated and
administration of the partnership business or intended the entire withdrawal from the
affairs, or to require any information or account partnership of such partner and the termination
of the partnership transactions, or to inspect the of the partnership as between the partners.
partnership books; however it merely entitles the
assignee to receive the accordance with his Rights of assignee of partner’s interest
contract, the profits to which the assigning 1. To receive in accordance w/ his contract the
partner would otherwise be entitled. profits accruing to the assigning partner;
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2. To avail himself of the usual remedies reserved for partnership creditors, he can secure
provided by law in the event of fraud in the a judgment on his credit and then apply to the
management; proper court for a “charging order”, subjecting
3. To receive the assignor’s interest in case of the interest of the debtor partner in the
dissolution; partnership w/ the payment of the unsatisfied
4. To require an account of partnership affairs, amount of such judgment w/ interest thereon w/
but only in case the partnership is dissolved, the least interference w/ the partnership
and such account shall cover the period from business and the rights of the other partners. By
the date only of the last account agreed to by virtue of the charging order, any amount or
all partners. The purchaser of a partner’s portion thereof w/c the partnership would
interest may apply to the court for dissolution otherwise pay to the debtor-partner should
after the termination of the specified term or instead be given to the judgment creditor. This
undertaking or at any time if the partnership remedy, however, is w/o prejudice to the
is one at will. preferred rights of partnership creditors whose
claims should be satisfied first.
Art. 1814. Without prejudice to the preferred
rights of the partnership creditors on due Availability of other remedies
application to a competent court by any Art. 1814 have made this an exclusive remedy so
judgement creditor of the partner, the court that a writ of execution will not be proper.
which entered the interest of the debtor partner However, if the judgment debt remains
with payment of the unsatisfied amount of such unsatisfied, the court may resort to other courses
judgement debt with the interest thereon; and of action notwithstanding the issuance of the
may then or later appoint a receiver of his share charging order.
of the profits, and of any other money due or to
fall due to him in respect of the partnership, and Redemption or purchase of
make all other orders, directions and accounts interest charged
and inquiries which the debtor partner might Redemptioner – The interest of the
have made, or which circumstances of the case debtorpartner so charged may be redeemed or
may require. The interest charged may redeem at purchased w/ the separate property of any one
any time before foreclosure, or in any case of a or more of the partners, or w/ partnership
sale being directed by the court, may be purchase property but w/ the consent of all the partners
without thereby causing dissolution: whose interests are not so charged or sold.
1. With separate property, by any one or more Redemption Price – The value of the partner’s
of the partners; interest in the partnership has no bearing on the
redemption price w/c is likely to be lower since it
2. With partnership property, by any one or will be dependent on the amount of the
more of the partners with the consent of all unsatisfied judgment debt.
the partners a whose interest are not so
charged or sold, nothing in this title shall be Right of redeeming non-debtor partner – There
held to deprive a partner of his right, if any, deeming non-debtor partner does not acquire
under the exemption laws, as regards his absolute ownership over the debtor-partner’s
interest in the partnership. interest but holds it in trust for him consistent w/
principles of fiduciary relationship.
Application for a charging order after securing
judgement on his credit While a separate Rights of partner under exemption laws A
creditor of a partner cannot attach or levy upon partner cannot claim any right under the
specific partnership property for the satisfaction homestead laws or exemption laws when specific
of his credit because partnership assets are partnership property is attached for partnership
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debt. W/ respect, however, to the partner’s Liability inclusion of name in the firm name –
interest in the partnership as distinguished from Persons who, not being partners, include their
his interest in specific partnership property, the names in the firm name do not acquire the rights
partner may avail himself of the exemption laws of a partner but shall be subject to the liability of
after partnership debts have been paid. A a partner insofar as 3rd Persons without notice
partner’s interest or share in the partnership are concerned. Such persons become partners by
property is really his property. estoppel. Art. 1815 does not cover the case of a
limited partner who allows his name to be
Art. 1815. Every partnership shall operate under included in the firm name, orof a person
a firm name, which may or may not include the continuing the business of a partnership after
name of one or more of the partners, those who, dissolution, who uses the name of the dissolved
not being members of the partnership, include partnership or the name of a deceased partner as
their names in the firm name, shall be subject to part thereof.
liability of a partner
Art. 1816. All partners, including industrial ones,
Requirement of the firm name shall be liable pro rata with all their property and
Meaning of word “firm” – The name, title, or after all the partnership assets have been
style under which a company transacts business; exhausted, for the contracts which may be
a partnership of two or more persons; a entered into in the name and for the account of
commercial house. In its common acceptation, the partnership, under its signature and by a
the term implies a partnership. The term is also person authorized to act for the partnership.
used as synonymous with “company,” “house,” However, any partner may enter into a separate
and obligation to perform a partnership contract.
“concern.”
Article 1816 distinguished from article
Importance of having a firm name A partnership 1787
must have a firm name under which it will Article 1816 applies in cases where third party
operate. A firm name is necessary to distinguish creditors are concerned as it falls under the
the partnership, which has a distinct and heading of section 3. “Obligations of the Partners
separate juridical personality from the individuals with Regard to Third Persons.” Article 1797
composing the partnership and from other applies only where the issue is among the
partnerships and entities. partners as it falls under the heading of Section 1,
Chapter 2, which states: “Obligations of the
Right of the partners to choose firm name The Partners Among Themselves.” The pro rata
partners enjoy the utmost freedom in the liability of partners to third persons under Article
selection of the partnership name. As a general 1816 being a clear mandate of the law, any
rule, they may adopt any firm name desired. stipulation changing or modifying such liability is
void except as among the partners.
Use of misleading name – The partners cannot
use a name that is identical or deceptively Refers to partnership obligations Article 1816
confusingly similar to that of any existing which refers to the payment of partnership
partnership or corporation or to any other name obligations arising from contracts clearly imposes
already protected by law or is patently deceptive, subsidiary and joint (pro rata) liability for
confusing or contrary to existing laws, as to contractual debts owing to third persons upon all
mislead the public by passing itself off as another the partners, including industrial partners who
partnership or corporation, or its goods or ordinarily are not liable for losses. The liability is
services as those of such other company. subsidiary because the partners cannot be made
answerable with their separate property unless
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the partnership property has first been more but less than all the partners have no
exhausted. authority to:
Pro rata liability – Literally, pro rata liability 1. Assign the partnership property in trust for
means proportionate distribution of liability. In creditors or on the assignee’s promise to pay
the law of obligations, the concurrence of two or the debts of the partnership.
more debtors in one and the same obligation
makes it prima facie a joint (pro rata) obligation, 2. Dispose of the goodwill of the business.
and the debts is presumed divided into as many
equal shares as there are debtors and each one 3. Do any other act which would make it
of them is bound to pay only his share. impossible to carry on the ordinary business
of a partnership.
Art. 1817. Any stipulation against the liability laid
down in the preceding article shall be void,
4. Confess a judgment.
except as among the partners.
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Art. 1823. The partnership is bound to make good dependents of the deceased employee would
the loss: only be partially satisfied, which is evidently
contrary to the intent and purpose of the law to
Where one partner acting within the 1. give full protection to the employee.
scope of his apparent authority receives
money or property of a third person Art. 1825. When a person, by words spoken
and misapplies it. or written or by conduct, represents
himself, or consents to another
Where the partnership in the course of 2.
its business receives money or property representing him to anyone, as a partner in
of a third person and the money or an existing partnership or with one or more
persons not actual partners, he is liable to
property so received is misapplied by
any such persons to whom such
any partner while it is in the custody of
the partnership. representation has been made, who has, on
Partnership bound by partner’s breach of the faith of such representation, given
trust credit to the actual or apparent partnership,
The partnership is liable for the conversion and if he has made such representation or
(misappropriation) of money or property consented to its being made in a public
manner he is liable to such person, whether
entrusted to the partnership by a third
person. The effect under Article 1824 is the the representation has or has not been
made or communicated to such person so
same whether by the partnership and
giving credit by or with the knowledge of
subsequently misappropriated by a partner.
the apparent partner making the
Art. 1824. All partners are liable solidarily representation or consenting to its being
with the partnership for everything made:
chargeable to the partnership under
When a partnership liability results, he 1.
Articles 1822 and 1823.
is liable as though he were an actual
Law imposes solidary liability member of the partnership.
The law imposes solidary liability upon the When no partnership liability results, he 2.
partners and the partnership in cases of torts and
is liable pro rata with the other persons,
acts of conversion by a partner as provided in Art.
1824. It may be stated that the liability of a if any, so consenting to the contract or
partner for a debt of the partnership depends representation as to incur liability,
upon whether the debts is contractual or it arises otherwise separately.
from tort or conversion. If it arises from contract, When a person has been thus represented
the liability is subsidiary and pro rata; if it arises
to be a partner in an existing partnership, or
from tort or conversion, the liability is solidary.
with one or more persons not actual
Business partners solidarily liable Arts. 1711 and partners, he is an agent of the persons
1712 of the New Civil Code and Sec. 2 of the consenting to such representation to bind
Workmen’s Compensation Act reasonably them to the same extent and in the same
indicate that in compensation cases, the liability
manner as though he were a partner in fact,
of business partners should be merely joint and
not solidary, and one of them happens to be with respect to persons who rely upon the
insolvent, the amount awarded to the representation. When all the members of
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the existing partnership consent to the may ask the attachment and public sale of the
representation, a partnership act or share of the latter in the partnership assets.
obligation results; but in all other cases it is
Art. 1828. The dissolution of a partnership
the joint act or obligation of the person
is the change in the relation of the partners
acting and the persons consenting to the
caused by any partner ceasing to be
representation.
associated in the carrying on as
Estoppel – A preclusion, in law, which prevents a distinguished from the winding up of the
man from alleging or denying a fact, in business.
consequence of his own previous act, allegation,
or denial of a contrary tenor. Art. 1829. On dissolution the partnership is
not terminated, but continues until the
Person bound by his representation A person
winding up of partnership affairs is
who hold himself out as a partner in a business,
or consents to his being so held out, is liable on completed.
contracts made with third persons who deal with
the persons carrying on the business on the faith “Dissolution,” “Winding up,” and
of the representation. He is stopped to deny the “Termination” explained
apparent agency.
Dissolution, winding up, and termination
should not be confused because they are
Art. 1826. A person admitted as a partner into an
existing partnership is liable for all the obligations distinct terms in law. Dissolution
of the partnership arising before his admission as “designates the point in time when the
though he had been a partner when such partners cease to carry on the business
obligations were incurred, except that this together: termination is the point in time
liability shall be satisfied only out of partnership
when all partnership affairs are wound up;
property, unless there is a stipulation to the
contrary. winding up is the process of settling
Incoming partner liable for partnership affairs after dissolution.”
existing obligations
A newly admitted partner is liable for obligations Art. 1830. Dissolution is caused:
of the partnership at the time of his admission.
The obligation of the incoming partner shall be Without violation of the agreement 1.
satisfied only out of partnership property. This is between the partners:
not a harsh rule because the incoming partner
“partakes of the benefit of the partnership a. By the termination of the definite
property, and an established business. He has term or particular undertaking
every means of obtaining full knowledge of
specified in the agreement.
protecting himself, because he may insist on the
liquidation or settlement of existing partnership b. By the express will of any partner,
debts. On the other hand, the creditors have no who must act in good faith, when
means of protecting themselves.
no definite term or particular is
specified.
Art. 1827. The creditors of the partnership shall
be preferred to those of each partner as regards
the partnership property. Without prejudice to
this right, the private creditors of each partner
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c. By the express will of all the When a specific thing which a partner 4.
partners who have not assigned had promised to contribute to the
their interests or suffered them to partnership, perishes before the
be charged for their separate debts, delivery; in any case by the loss of the
either before or after the thing, when the partner who
termination of any specified term or contributed it having reserved the
particular undertaking. ownership thereof, has only transferred
d.
By the expulsion of any partner to the partnership the use or enjoyment
from the business bona fide in of the same; but the partnership shall
accordance with such a power not be dissolved by the loss of the thing
conferred by the agreement when it occurs after the partnership has
acquired the ownership thereof. 5.
between the partners
2. By
In contravention of the agreement
the death of any partner.
between the partners, where the
circumstances do not permit a By the insolvency of any partner or of 6.
dissolution under any other provision of the partnership.
this article, by the express will of any
partner at any time. 3. 7. By the civil interdiction of any partner.
By any event which makes it unlawful
for the business of the partnership to By decree of court under the following 8.
be carried on or for the members to article.
carry it on in partnership.
Causes of dissolution in general
Generally, a partnership may be dissolved
by causes: (1) without violation of the
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General Rule
A partner has been guilty of such 3. If the cause of dissolution is not by act,
conduct as tends to affect prejudicially death, or insolvency of a partner, the authority
the carrying on of the business. ceases immediately.
Exception
A partner willfully or persistently 4. For the purposes of winding-up partnership
commits a breach of the partnership affairs.
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discharged from all partnership liabilities, the partnership, to have the value of
either by payment or agreement under the his interest in the partnership, less
second paragraph of article 1835, he shall any damage caused to his
receive in cash only the net amount due him copartners by the dissolution,
from the partnership. ascertained and paid to him in cash,
or the payment secured by a bond
When dissolution is caused in contravention approved by the court, and to be
of the partnership agreement the rights of released from all existing liabilities of
the partners shall be as follows: the partnership; but in ascertaining
the value of the partner's interest
1. Each partner who has not caused the value of the good-will of the
dissolution wrongfully shall have: business shall not be considered.
a. All the rights specified in the first Rights of partners upon dissolution
paragraph of this article. 1. Dissolution is caused without violation of
the agreement.
b. The right, as against each partner 2. In contravention of the agreement.
who has caused the dissolution
wrongfully, to damages breach of If partnership is dissolved without violation
the agreement. of the agreement
1. All partners may have the property sold
2. The partners who have not caused the for payment of partnership liabilities.
dissolution wrongfully, if they all desire 2. If there is surplus, after paying the
to continue the business in the same liabilities of the firm, it shall be given in
name either by themselves or jointly cash to the partners.
with others, may do so, during the
agreed term for the partnership and for If the partnership was dissolved in
that purpose may possess the contravention of the agreement
partnership property, provided they 1. The remaining partners have the right to
secure the payment by bond approved sell partnership property to pay the
by the court, or pay any partner who has partnership’s liabilities and the surplus is
caused the dissolution wrongfully, the distributed to the remaining partners as
value of his interest in the partnership at well.
the dissolution, less any damages 2. As against the guilty partner for the
recoverable under the second dissolution of the partnership, the
paragraph, No. 1 (b) of this article, and in remaining partners have the right to
like manner indemnify him against all recover damages for breach.
present or future partnership liabilities. 3. The remaining partners may also
continue the business up to end of the
3. A partner who has caused the stipulated term of the partnership.
dissolution wrongfully shall have:
Art. 1838. Where a partnership contract is
a. If the business is not continued rescinded on the ground of the fraud or
under the provisions of the second misrepresentation of one of the parties
paragraph, No. 2, all the rights of a thereto, the party entitled to rescind is,
partner under the first paragraph, without prejudice to any other right,
subject to liability for damages in the entitled:
second paragraph, No. 1 (b), of this
article. 1. To a lien on, or right of retention of, the
surplus of the partnership property after
b. If the business is continued under satisfying the partnership liabilities to
the second paragraph, No. 2, of this third persons for any sum of money paid
article, the right as against his by him for the purchase of an interest in
copartners and all claiming through the partnership and for any capital or
them in respect of their interests in advances contributed by him.
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against the person or partnership continuing the profits attributable to the use of his right
the business, on account of the retired or in the property of the dissolved partnership;
deceased partner's interest in the dissolved Provided, That the creditors of the dissolved
partnership or on account of any partnership as against the separate
consideration promised for such interest or creditors, or the representative of the
for his right in partnership property. retired or deceased partner, shall have
priority on any claim arising under this
Nothing in this article shall be held to modify article, as provided article 1840, third
any right of creditors to set aside any paragraph.
assignment on the ground of fraud.
Rights of retiring of properties of deceased,
The use by the person or partnership partner when business continued
continuing the business of the partnership To have the value of the interest of the
name, or the name of a deceased partner as retiring partner or deceased partner in the
part thereof, shall not of itself make the partnership determined as of the date of
individual property of the deceased partner dissolution.
liable for any debts contracted by such
person or partnership. To receive thereafter, as an ordinary
creditor, an amount equal to the value of his
Dissolution of a partnership by change of share in the dissolved partnership with
members interest, or, at his option, in place of interest,
Causes the profits attributable to the use of his right.
1. New partner is admitted
2. Partner retires General Rule
3. Partner dies When partner retires from the partnership,
4. Partner withdraws he is entitled to the payment of what may be
5. Partner is expelled from partnership due to him after liquidation.
6. Other partners assign their rights to sole Exception
remaining partner No liquidation needed when there is
7. All the partners assign their rights in settlement as to what retiring partner shall
partnership property to third persons. receive.
*Any change in membership dissolves a
partnership and creates a new one Art. 1842. The right to an account of his
*When a business of a dissolved partnership interest shall accrue to any partner, or his
is continued by former or without new legal representative as against the winding
partners, the old creditors are creditors of up partners or the surviving partners or the
the person or partnership that is continuing person or partnership continuing the
the business. business, at the date of dissolution, in the
absence of any agreement to the contrary.
Art. 1841. When any partner retires or dies,
and the business is continued under any of Right to demand an accounting of
the conditions set forth in the preceding partnership affairs must be directed against
article, or in article 1837, second paragraph, 1. Winding-up partners
No. 2, without any settlement of accounts as 2. Surviving partners
between him or his estate and the person or 3. The person the partnership continuing
partnership continuing the business, unless the business
otherwise agreed, he or his legal
representative as against such person or Art. 1843. A limited partnership is one
partnership may have the value of his formed by two or more persons under the
interest at the date of dissolution provisions of the following article, having as
ascertained, and shall receive as an ordinary members one or more general partners and
creditor an amount equal to the value of his one or more limited partners. The limited
interest in the dissolved partnership with partners as such shall not be bound by the
interest, or, at his option or at the option of obligations of the partnership.
his legal representative, in lieu of interest,
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continue the business on the death, Limited partner’s surname is not included in
retirement, civil interdiction, the firm name provided these
insanity or insolvency of a general circumstances
partner. 1. If the surname of general partner is the
same with limited partner’s
n. The right, if given, of a limited 2. If the limited partner’s surname was
partner to demand and receive included and was carried on the new
property other than cash in return partnership
for his contribution. *If the limited partner’s surname was
included in the firm name, he is liable as a
2. File for record the certificate in the general partner.
Office of the Securities and Exchange
Commission. Art. 1847. If the certificate contains a false
statement, one who suffers loss by reliance
A limited partnership is formed if there has on such statement may hold liable any party
been substantial compliance in good faith to the certificate who knew the statement to
with the foregoing requirements. be false:
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ART. 1855. Where there are several limited 3. After he has given six months’ notice in
partners the members may agree that one or writing to all other members, if no time
more of the limited partners shall have a is specified in the certificate, either for
priority over other limited partners as to the the return of the contribution or for the
return of their contributions, as to their dissolution of the partnership.
compensation by way of income, or as to any
other matter. If such an agreement is made In the absence of any statement in the
it shall be states in the certificate, and in the certificate to the contrary or the consent of
absence of such a statement all the limited all members, a limited partner, irrespective
partners shall stand upon equal footing. of the nature of his contribution, has only
the right to demand and receive cash in
ART. 1856. A limited partner may receive return for his contribution.
from the partnership the share of the profits
or the compensation by way of income A limited partner may have the partnership
stipulated for in the certificate; provided, dissolved and its affairs wound up when:
that after such payment is made, whether
from the property of the partnership or that 1. He rightfully but unsuccessfully demands
of a general partner, the partnership assets the return of his contribution.
are in excess of all liabilities of the
partnership except liabilities to limited 2. The other liabilities of the partnership
partners on account of their contributions have not been paid, or the partnership
and to general partners. property is insufficient for their payment
as required by the first paragraph, No. 1,
ART. 1857. A limited partner shall not and the limited partner would otherwise
receive from a general partner or out of be entitled to the return of his
partnership property any part of his contribution.
contributions until:
Conditions of a limited partner entitled to
1. All liabilities of the partnership, except return of his contribution
liabilities to general partners and to 1. All liabilities of the partnership have
limited partners on account of their been paid or there are assets sufficient
contributions, have been paid or there to pay partnership liabilities.
remains property of the partnership 2. The consent of all the partners is
sufficient to pay them. obtained.
3. The certificate is cancelled or so
2. The consent of all members is had, amended as to set forth the withdrawal
unless the return of the contribution or reduction of the contribution.
may be rightfully demanded under the
provisions of the second paragraph. When limited partner may demand return
1. The partnership is dissolved
3. The certificate is cancelled or so 2. The date specified for its return has
amended as to set forth the withdrawal arrived
or reduction.
3. If no term is specified, after six months’
notice in writing to all other partners.
Subject to the provisions of the first
paragraph, a limited partner may rightfully
Limited partner to receive cash
demand the return of his contribution:
It will be noted that the limited partner has a
right to demand and receive cash only in
1. On the dissolution of a partnership. return for his contribution even when he
contributed property.
2. When the date specified in the
certificate for its return has arrived.
2.
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When a contributor has rightfully received The substitution of the assignee as a limited
the return in whole or in part of the capital partner does not release the assignor from
of his contribution, he is nevertheless liable liability to the partnership, under article
to the partnership for any sum, not in excess 1847 and 1858.
of such return with interest, necessary to
discharge its liabilities to all creditors who Limited partner’s interest assignable A
extended credit or whose claims arose limited partner’s interest in the partnership
before such return. is assignable. The assignee, however, of a
limited partner’s interest does not
Limited partner liable to partnership for necessarily become a substituted limited
sum returned partner.
A limited partner whose contribution has
been rightfully returned is still liable to the ART. 1860. The retirement, death,
partnership for an amount not in excess of insolvency, insanity or civil interdiction of a
the sum returned plus interest as may be general partner dissolves the partnership,
necessary to pay the claims of persons who unless the business is continued by the
extended credit or whose claims arose remaining general partners:
before the return.
1. Under a right so to do stated in the
ART. 1859. A limited partner’s interest is certificate.
assignable.
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2.
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10. The members desire to make a change in 2. A certified copy of the order of the court
any other statement in the certificate in in accordance with the provisions of the
order that it shall accurately represent fourth paragraph.
the agreement among them.
3. After the certificate is duly amended in
Art. 1865. The writing to amend a certificate accordance with this article, the
shall: amended certified shall thereafter be for
all purposes the certificate provided for
1. Conform to the requirements of article in this Chapter.
1844 as far as necessary to set forth
clearly the change in the certificate A certificate is considered cancelled or
which it is desired to make. amended when there is filed for record
1. A writing to amend the certificate; or
Be signed and sworn to by all members, 2. A certified copy of the order of the court
and an amendment substituting a in the event of an unjustified refusal of a
limited partner or adding a limited or partner to sign the writing.
general partner shall be signed also by
the member to be substituted or added, Art. 1866. A contributor, unless he is a
and when a limited partner is to be general partner, is not a proper party to
substituted, the amendment shall also proceedings by or against a partnership,
be signed by the assigning limited except where the object is to enforce a
partner. limited partner's right against or liability to
the partnership.
The writing to cancel a certificate shall be
signed by all members. Art. 1867. A limited partnership formed
under the law prior to the effectivity of this
A person desiring the cancellation or Code, may become a limited partnership
amendment of a certificate, if any person under this Chapter by complying with the
designated in the first and second provisions of article 1844, provided the
paragraphs as a person who must execute certificate sets forth:
the writing refuses to do so, may petition the
court to order a cancellation or amendment 1. The amount of the original contribution
thereof. of each limited partner, and the time
when the contribution was made.
If the court finds that the petitioner has a
right to have the writing executed by a 2. That the property of the partnership
person who refuses to do so, it shall order exceeds the amount sufficient to
the Office of the Securities and Exchange discharge its liabilities to persons not
Commission where the certificate is claiming as general or limited partners
recorded, to record the cancellation or by an amount greater than the sum of
amendment of the certificate; and when the the contributions of its limited partners.
certificate is to be amended, the court shall A limited partnership formed under the
also cause to be filed for record in said office law prior to the effectivity of this Code,
a certified copy of its decree setting forth the until or unless it becomes a limited
amendment. partnership under this Chapter, shall
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CORPORATIONS
TITLE I - GENERAL
PROVISIONS DEFINITIONS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS
Definition
A corporation is an artificial being created by
operation of law having the right of
succession and the powers, attributes and
properties expressly authorized by law or
incident to its existence.
Attributes
1. It is an artificial being.
2. It is created by operation of law.
3. It has the right of succession.
2.
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2.
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Except as otherwise provided in the articles Classes or series of shares of stock subject to
of incorporation and stated in the certificate restrictions
of stock, each share shall be equal in all 1. Shares shall not be deprived of voting
respects to every other share. Where the rights except preferred or redeemable
articles of incorporation provide for non- shares but non-voting shares must still
voting shares in the cases allowed by this be entitles to vote on matters specified
Code, the holders of such shares shall in the last paragraph of Section 6 like
nevertheless be entitled to vote on the matters relating to amendment of the
following matters: articles of incorporation and dissolution
of the corporation.
1. Amendment of the 2. Where non-voting shares are provided
articles of incorporation. for there must always be a class or series
of shares with complete voting rights.
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws. 3. Banks, trust companies, insurance
companies, public utilities, and building
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge and loan associations shall not be
or other disposition of all or substantially permitted to issue no-par value shares of
all of the corporate property. stock.
4. Preferred shares of stock which may be
4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded given preference in the distribution of
indebtedness. assets in case of liquidation and
distribution of dividends or other
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock. preferences may be issued only with
stated par value.
6. Merger or consolidation of the 5. The terms and conditions of preferred
corporation with another corporation or shares or series thereof may be fixed by
other corporations. the board of directors only when
authorized by the articles of
incorporation the effectivity thereof
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shall be reckoned from the filing of 3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge
certificate with the SEC. or other disposition of all or substantially
6. Shares without par value may not be all of the corporate property;
issued for a consideration less than the 4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded
value of five (P5.00) pesos per share. indebtedness;
7. Unless otherwise provided by law the 5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;
rights, privileges or restrictions on 6. Merger or consolidation of the
classes or series of shares must be stated corporation with another corporation or
in the articles of incorporation and in the other corporations;
stock certificates. 7. Investment of corporate funds in
another corporation of business in
Classes or series of shares accordance with the Corporation Code;
1. Voting and Non-Voting Shares; General and
rule: Every member of a nonstock 8. Dissolution of the corporation.
corporation and every legal owner of
shares in a stock corporation, has a right Sec. 7. Founders’ shares. – Founders' shares
to be present and vote at all corporate classified as such in the articles of
meetings. Exception to the rule: Unless incorporation may be given certain rights
there is a stipulation in contrary. and privileges not enjoyed by the owners of
2. Par Value and No-Par Value Shares Par other stocks, provided that where the
value is the given fixed or definite value exclusive right to vote and be voted for in the
of a share in the articles of incorporation. election of directors is granted, it must be for
3. Common and Preferred a limited period not to exceed five (5) years
Shares. subject to the approval of the Securities and
Preferred shares of stock may be: (a) Exchange Commission. The five-year period
preferred as to assets; (b) preferred as to shall commence from the date of the
dividends. Preferred as to dividends may aforesaid approval by the Securities and
either be cumulative or noncumulative, Exchange Commission.
or participating or nonparticipating
4. Promotion Shares – are such stocks Definition
issued to those who may originally own Founders’ shares, generally common stock,
the mining ground or valuable rights are given to the founders or promoters of a
connected therewith, in consideration of corporation in payment of money expended
their deeding the same to the mining or services rendered in the promotion of it.
company when the company is
incorporated, or it may mean such stock Sec. 8. Redeemable shares. – Redeemable
as is issued to promoters. shares may be issued by the corporation
5. Shares of Escrow – are shares subject to when expressly so provided in the articles of
an escrow agreement, that is, an incorporation. They may be purchased or
agreement under which the shares are taken up by the corporation upon the
deposited by the grantor or his agent expiration of a fixed period, regardless of the
with a third person, to be delivered by existence of unrestricted retained earnings
the depositary to the vendee or in the books of the corporation, and upon
subscriber only upon the happening of such other terms and conditions as may be
certain conditions. stated in the articles of incorporation, which
6. Founder’s Shares; terms and conditions must also be stated in
7. Redeemable “Callable” Shares; the certificate of stock representing said
8. Treasury Shares; shares.
9. Other shares classified to comply with
constitutional or legal requirements. Definition
Redeemable (“Callable”) shares of stock
Instances when non-voting shares may vote which are usually preferred are frequently
1. Amendment of the issued subject to redemption at the option
articles of incorporation; of either the corporation, the stockholder, or
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws; both, at a definite price representing
premium above the amount originally paid.
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Sec. 9. Treasury shares. - Treasury shares are Sec. 12. Minimum capital stock required of
shares of stock which have been issued and stock corporations. – Stock corporations
fully paid for, but subsequently reacquired incorporated under this Code shall not be
by the issuing corporation by purchase, required to have any minimum authorized
redemption, donation or through some capital stock except as otherwise specifically
other lawful means. Such shares may again provided for by special law, and subject to
be disposed of for a reasonable price the provisions of the following section.
fixed by the board of directors. (n)
Sec.13. Amount of capital stock to be
Definition subscribed and paid for purpose of
Treasury shares are owned by the incorporation. – At least twenty-five percent
corporation having been reacquired by the (25%) of the authorized capital stock as
issuing corporation by “purchase, stated in the articles of incorporation must
redemption, donation or through some be subscribed at the time of incorporation,
other lawful means.” It has no voting rights and at least twentyfive percent (25%) of the
or rights as to dividends or distributions. total subscription must be paid upon
subscription, the balance to be payable on a
TITLE II - INCORPORATION AND date or dates fixed in the contract of
ORGANIZATION OF PRIVATE subscription without need of call, or in the
CORPORATIONS Definition absence of fixed date or dates, upon call for
Incorporation is the act of creating a payment by the board of directors: Provided,
corporation. however, that in no case shall the paid-up
capital be less than five thousand (P5,0000)
Sec. 10. Number and qualifications of pesos.
incorporators. – Any number of natural
persons not less than five (5) but not more Amount to be subscribed and paid
than fifteen (15), all of legal age and a Illustration:
majority of whom are residents of the If X, Inc. has authorized capital stock
Philippines, may form a private corporation of P100, 000 divided into 1,000 shares with
for any lawful purpose or purposes. Each of par value of P100.00 per share, it must be
the incorporators of s stock corporation shown that at least P25, 000 or 250 shares of
must own or be a subscriber to at least one the authorized capital stock must be
(1) share of the capital stock of the subscribed. Of the total subscription of P25,
corporation. 000, at least P6, 250.00 or 25% of total
subscription must be paid. It is not necessary
Qualifications of incorporators 1. that each subscriber pay Twentyfive percent
Must be a natural person. (25%) on his subscription. On the other hand,
2. Must be of legal age. where the authorized capital stock is stated
at 2,000 no par value shares , it must be
Sec. 11. Corporate term. – A corporation shown that at least 500- no par value share
shall exist for a period not exceeding fifty have been subscribed. The basis of
(50) years from the date of incorporation computation is on the number of shares.
unless sooner dissolved or unless said period
is extended. The corporate term as originally Securities and Exchange
stated in the articles of incorporation may be Commission (SEC) may conduct compliance
extended for periods not exceeding fifty (50) with paid-up capital requirements because it
years in any single instance by an has come to the knowledge of the
amendment of the articles of incorporation, Commission that some corporation have
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4. The term for which the corporation is to corporations shall supply substantially the
exist. following requirements in the form as
provided for by the SEC:
5. The names, nationalities and residences
of the incorporators. 1. The name of the corporation.
Incorporators may choose any name they
6. The number of directors or trustees see fit , however strange, uneuphonious, or
which shall not be less than five (5) nor unrhetorical it may be , provided it is one not
more than fifteen (15). identical with or prejudicially similar to a
name which has previously been adopted by
7. The names, nationalities and residences and is being use by another corporation as
of the person who shall act as directors its corporate name
or trustees until the first regular
directors or trustees are duly elected Change of Corporate name
and qualified accordance with this Code. The change of the corporate name
doesn’t mean a new corporation, nor the
8. If it be a stock corporation, the amount successor of the original corporation. It is the
of its authorized capital stock in lawful same corporation with a different name
money of the Philippines, the number of having its character with no respect change.
shares which it is divided, and in case the The corporation continues, as before,
shares are par value shares, the par responsible in its new name for all debts or
value of each, the names, nationalities other liabilities it had previously contracted
and residences of the original subscriber, or incurred.
and the amount subscribed and paid by
each on his subscription, and if some or 2. Specific purpose or purposes.
all of the shares are without par value, The statement of the purpose has its
such fact must be stated. principal function the affirmative
authorization of the management to enter
9. If it be a non-stock corporation, the into those contracts and business
amount of its capital, the names, transactions which may be considered as
nationalities and residences of the incidental to its attainment of the purposes.
contributors and the amount, It also imposes implied limitations of their
contributed by each. authority by the exclusion of lines of activity
which are not covered.
10. Such other matters are not inconsistent
with law and which the incorporators 3. Principal office of the Corporation. The
may deem necessary and convenient. principal office of the corporation must
be within the Philippines. It is where the
The Securities and Exchange Commission books of the corporation are kept and
shall not accept the articles of incorporation its officers usually and ordinarily meet
of any stock corporation unless for the purpose of managing the affairs
accompanied by a sworn statement of the and transactions of the business of the
Treasurer elected by the subscriber showing corporation.
that at least 25% of the authorized capital
stock of the corporation has been 4. Terms of Existence of the Corporation.
subscribed, and at least 25% of the total The corporation shall exist for a period
subscription has been fully paid to him in not exceeding fifty (50) years from the
actual cash and/or in property the fair date of incorporation unless sooner
valuation of which are equal to at least 25% dissolved or unless said period is
of the said subscription , such paid up capital extended.
being not less than five-thousand pesos
(P5,000). 5. Names, Nationalities and residences of
incorporators.
Sec.15. Forms of Articles of Incorporation. – The names, nationalities and residences of
Unless otherwise prescribed by special law, the incorporators must be stated in the
articles of incorporation of all domestic articles of the corporation for the purpose of
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complying with legal requirement that 1. 25% of the authorized capital stock has
majority of the incorporators must be been subscribed.
residents of the Philippines and complying
with the statutory requirement on share 2. 25% of the subscription has been fully
ownership and in other instances where paid in actual cash or property.
Filipino Citizens are required.
3. The paid-up capital being not less than
6. Number of directors and trustees. P5,000.00.
The number of the director and trustees
must not be less than five (5) nor more than SEC Policy
fifteen (15). Property as subscription payment –
Generally, all forms of tangible properties
7. Names, nationalities and residences of are acceptable for purposes of payment to
directors. subscription provided that the three test of
A majority of the directors or trustees of all paid-up capital determination are complied
corporation organized under this Code with, i.e., ownership, existence and valuable,
must be a residents citizens of the subject to certain restrictions as may be
Philippines. imposed by law.
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by the corporate treasurer together corporate secretary and the majority of the
with the amount P50.00 to defray directors or trustees stating the fact that
publication expenses. said amendments have been duly approved
4. Bank certificate of deposit, issued by the required vote of the stockholders or
under oath by the bank manager or members, shall be submitted to the
any authorized bank officer, that Securities and Exchange Commission.
there is a deposit of the stated
amount representing the paid-up The amendment shall take effect upon its
capital of the corporation either in approval by the Securities and Exchange
the name of the treasurer in trust for Commission or from the date of filing with
the corporation or in the name of the said Commission if not acted upon
the corporation itself. within six (6) months from the date of filing
5. Written authority to verify bank for a cause not attributable to the
deposit signed by the corporate corporation.
treasurer empowering the SEC and
/or the Central bank to check and Law reserves the rights to modify the
inspect the existence of the bank charter
deposit of the corporate paid-up The constitution and the Corporation Code
capital. reserved the right to amend the charter of a
6. Taxpayer account number of the private corporation. The constitution
incorporators pursuant to Executive provides that “no franchise or right be
order No. 213. granted except under the condition that it
7. Registration Data Sheet, a shall be subject to amendment, alteration,
statement in statistical data form, or repeal by the National Assembly when
signed by an authorized public interest so requires.
representative of the corporation
regarding important information Amendment of Articles of Incorporation
about the corporate seal, The articles of incorporation may be
corporate name, principal office, amended for legitimate purposes that refer
capital structure, their subscription to any matter stated in the articles of
and TAN (SEC Bulletin, Oct. 1982). incorporation. It may refer to: 1. Change of
corporate name;
Sec. 16. Amendment of Articles of 2. Extension of term of corporation;
Incorporation. – Unless otherwise 3. Change in classes or series of shares;
prescribed by this Code or by special law, 4. Change in rights, privileges or
and for legitimate purposes, any provision restrictions in share ownership;
or matter stated in the articles of 5. Increase or decrease in the number of
incorporation may be amended by a directors; and
majority vote of the board of directors or 6. Change in purpose or purposes and
trustees and the vote or written assent of other necessary changes.
the stockholders representing at least
twothirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital Vote or recent assent required in
stock, without prejudice to the appraisal amendment of the articles of incorporation
rights of dissenting stockholders in shall be as follows:
accordance with the provision of this Code, Stock Corporation – A majority vote of the
or the vote or written assent of two-thirds directors or trustees and the vote or written
(2/3) of the members if it be a non-stock assent of the stockholders representing at
corporation. least two- thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
capital stock. Under section 81 of the Code,
The original and amended articles a dissenting stockholder may exercise his
altogether shall contain all provision appraisal right if he is against the
required by law to be set out in the articles amendment to be made and demand
of incorporation. Such articles, as amended payment of the fair value of his shares.
shall be indicated by underscoring the
change or changes made, and the copy
thereof duly certified under oath by the
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Non-stock Corporation – A majority vote of government agency to the effect that such
board of directors and the vote or written articles or amendment is in accordance with
assent of 2/3 of the members. law.
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from the date the Securities and Exchange Sec. 21. Corporation by estoppel. – All
Commission issues a certificate of persons who assume to act as a corporation
incorporation under its official seal; and knowing it to be without authority to do so
thereupon the incorporators, shall be liable as general partners for all
stockholders/members, and their successors debts, liabilities and damages incurred or
shall constitute a body politic and corporate arising as a result thereof: Provided,
under the name stated in the articles of however, That when any such ostensible
incorporation for the period of time corporation is sued on any transaction
mentioned therein, unless said period is entered by it as a corporation or on any tort
extended or the corporation is sooner committed by it as such, it shall not be
dissolved in accordance with law. allowed to use as a defense its lack of
corporate personality.
Sec. 20. De Facto corporation. – The due
incorporation any corporation claiming in One who assumes an obligation to an
good faith to be a corporation under this ostensible corporation as such cannot resist
Code, and its right to exercise corporate performance thereof on the ground that
powers, shall not be inquired into collaterally there was in fact no corporation.
in any private suit to which such corporation
may be a party. Such inquiry may be made Estoppel – It is preclusion, which prevent a
by the Solicitor General in a quo warranto man from denying a fact in consequences of
proceeding. his own previous act, allegations, or denial of
a contrary tenor. The object of the principle
De facto corporation – generally refer to of estoppel is to prevent injustice to an
organizations exercising corporate power otherwise innocent person.
under colour of a more or less legally
constituted corporation. Sec. 22. Effect of non-use of corporate
charter and continuous in operation of a
Elements of De facto corporation corporation. – If a corporation does not
1. Existence of a valid law under which a formally organize and commence the
corporation can be organized. transaction of its business or the
2. An attempt in good faith to incorporate. construction of its works within two (2) years
3. Actual exercise of incorporate powers. from the date of its incorporation, its
corporate powers cease and the corporation
Quo warranto – an inquiry made into the shall be deemed dissolved. However, if a
right of a corporation to conduct business. corporation has commenced the transaction
of its business but subsequently becomes
Illustration continuously inoperative for a period of at
Seven competent individual organized a least five (5) years, the same shall be ground
corporation by filing the articles of for the suspension or revocation of its
incorporation and securing a certificate of corporate franchise or certificate of
incorporation with the SEC. However, the incorporation.
addresses of two of the original subscribers
were omitted in the articles of incorporation. This provision shall not apply if the failure to
In suit filed by X, a creditor, against the organize, commence the transactions of its
corporation he alleged that the corporation businesses or the construction of its works,
has no valid existence and sought to hold the or to continuously operate is due to causes
seven incorporators (also directors) liable beyond the control of the corporation as
personally on the obligation. X’s allegation may be determined by the Securities and
that the corporation had no valid existence Exchange Commission.
would constitute a collateral (side) attack in
a private suit. Only the Solicitor General as Organization
government lawyer may raise the question The idea of organization in reference to
by quo warranto proceeding. (Literally by corporations means executive structure,
“what right”). election of officers, providing for
subscription and payment of capital,
adoption of by-laws, and other steps
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necessary to endow the legal entity with the provisions of the Corporation Code
capacity to transact business for which it was committed within five (5) years prior to
created. the date of election or appointment.
The Grant of corporate existence, conferred The directors, once elected, become the
by the issuance of certificate of representatives of the corporation itself,
incorporation, is subject to two subsequent not its stockholders. The directors of a
conditions, to wit: nonstock corporation are required to be
1. The corporation must members thereof and like stock
“formally organize”. corporations “majority of the directors and
2. The corporation must actually begin the trustees of all corporations organized under
“transaction of its business”. the Corporation Code must be residents
citizen of the Philippines”. There are some
Failure to comply with either or both of these special corporation not organized with the
conditions within two (2) years from the date Corporation Code where directors are
of its incorporation, its corporate power required to be citizens of the Philippines.
cease and the corporation must be deemed They are as follows:
dissolved. 1. Bank and banking institution, at least 2/3
of the members of the board of directors
Sec. 23. The board of directors or trustees. – shall be citizen of the
Unless otherwise provided in this Code, the Philippines.
corporate powers of all corporation formed 2. Rural banks, every member of the board
under this Code shall be exercised , all of directors shall be citizens of the
business conducted and all property of such Philippines.
corporations controlled and held by the 3. Domestic air carrier, the directing head
board of directors or trustees to be elected or 2/3 of the board of directors and
from among the holders of stock, or where other managing officers shall be citizens
there is no stock, from among the members of the Philippines.
of the corporation, who shall hold office for 4. Registered investments companies, the
one (1) year and until their successors are directors thereof must be Filipino citizen.
elected and qualified. 5. Private development banks, all the
members of the board of directors shall
Every director must own at least one (1) be citizen of the Philippines.
share of the capital stock of the corporation 6. In case of financing corporation, at least
of which he is a director, which share shall 2/3 of all members of the board of
stand in his name on the books of the directors shall be citizen of the
corporation. Any director who ceases to be Philippines.
the owner of at least one (1) share of the
capital stock of the corporation of which he Sec. 24. Election of directors or trustees. – At
is the director shall thereby cease to be a all elections of directors or trustees, there
director. Trustees of non-stock must be present, either in person or by
corporations must be members thereof. A representative authorized to act by written
majority of the directors or trustees of all proxy, the owners of the majority of the
corporations organized under this Code outstanding capital stock, or if there be no
must be residents of the Philippines. capital stock, a majority of the members
entitled to vote. The election must be by
Qualifications of directors ballot if requested by any voting stockholder
1. He must own at least one (1) share of or member. In stock corporations, every
the capital stock of the corporation in stockholder entitled to vote shall have the
his name. right to vote in person or by proxy the
2. Majority of the directors must be a number of shares of stock standing, at the
resident citizen of the Philippines. time fixed in the by-laws, in his own name on
3. A director must not have been the stock books of the corporation, or where
convicted by final judgement of an the by-laws are silent, at the time of the
offense punishable by imprisonment election; and said shareholder may vote such
exceeding six (6) years or a violation of number of shares for as many persons as
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Directors representing minority may not be Sec. 30. Compensation of directors. – In the
removed without cause. The power to absence of any provision in the by-laws fixing
removed director or trustee even without their compensation, the directors shall not
cause given to shareholders or members receive any compensation, as such directors,
may not be used to deprived minority except for reasonable per diems:
shareholders or members of the right of Provided, however, That any such
representation to which they may be compensation (other than pier diems) may
entitled under Section 24 of the Corporation be granted to directors by the vote of the
Code. Cumulative voting of directors in a stockholders representing at least a majority
stock corporation is mandatory and cannot of the outstanding capital stock at a regular
be dispensed with in the by-laws. Being a or special stockholders’ meeting. In no case
statutory right, the stockholders cannot be shall the total yearly compensation of
deprived of the use of cumulative voting. directors, as such directors, exceed ten
percent (10%) of the net income before
May the result of the duly held election of income tax of the corporation during the
directors be altered by mere agreement of preceding year.
the directors?
The Securities and Exchange Commission Sec. 31. Liability of directors, trustees or
ruled that: “An agreement by which director officers. – Directors or trustees who willfully
is reposed in any body except majority of and knowingly vote for or assent to patently
stockholders is in violation of ‘public policy’ unlawful acts of the corporation or who are
and ‘enforceable’ ”. guilty of gross negligence or bad faith in
directing the affairs of the corporation or
The Securities and Exchange Commission has acquire any personal or pecuniary interest in
jurisdiction or authority to “hear and decide conflict with their duty as such directors, or
cases” involving controversies in the election trustees shall be liable jointly and severally
or appointments of directors, trustees, for all damages resulting therefrom suffered
officers or managers of such corporations, by the corporation, its stockholders or
partnerships or associations. Controversy members and other persons.
concerning removal of directors or trustees
may also be heard by the SEC. When a director, trustee or officer attempts
to acquire or acquires, in violation of his
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duty, any interest adverse to the corporation members in a meeting called for the
in respect of any matter which has been purpose: Provided, That full disclosure of
reposed in him in confidence, as to which the adverse interest of the directors or
equity imposes a disability upon him to deal trustees involved is made at such meeting:
in his own behalf, he shall be liable as a Provided, however, That the contract is fair
trustee for the corporation and must and reasonable under the circumstances.
account for the profits which otherwise
would have accrued to the corporation. Director disqualified to vote if he has
personal interest
Directors are trustees A director is disqualified to vote at a meeting
It is well-stated rule in corporate law that of the board if he has any personal interest
directors of corporations are trustees and in a matter before the board; in such case,
are required to act in the utmost good faith. his vote cannot be counted in making up a
quorum.
Liability of corporate directors and officers
for illegal dismissal of employees In cases of Disclosure of adverse interest by director It
illegal dismissal, corporate directors and has been held that in dealing with their
officers are solidarily liable with the corporation the directors must make full
corporation, where terminations of disclosure of all relevant facts or the
employment are done with malice or in bad transaction is voidable. The failure of a
faith. (Acesite Corp. vs. NLRC, G.R. No. director to inform his fellow directors of his
152308, January 26, 2005, 449 SCRA 360) adverse bargaining position and other
material circumstances should be seriously
Sec. 32. Dealings of directors, trustees or considered and inspected by the courts as
officers with the corporation. – A contract of manner on the fairness and good faith of the
the corporation with one or more of its transaction and whether it is just and
directors or trustees or officers is voidable, reasonable as to the corporation.
at the option of such corporation, unless all
the conditions are present: Exceptions in Signing contract without
authority of Board of Directors is void If a
1. That the presence of such director or private corporation intentionally or
trustee in the board meeting in which negligently clothed its officers or agents with
the contract was approved was not apparent power to perform acts of it, the
necessary to constitute a quorum for corporation will be estopped to deny that
such meeting. such apparent authority is real, as to
innocent third persons dealing in good faith
2. That the vote of such director or trustee with such officers or agents. (Yao Ka Sin
was not necessary for the approval of Trading vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 53820,
the contract. June 15, 1992, citing Francisco vs.
GSIS, 7 SCRA 577)
3. That the contract is fair and reasonable
under the circumstances. Corporate president presumed to have
authority
4. That in the case of an officer, the As a strict rule, the corporate president has
no inherent power to act for the corporation,
contract with the officer has been
slowly giving way to realization that such
previously authorized by the Board of
Directors. officer has certain limited powers in the
transaction of the usual and ordinary
business of the corporation. In the absence
Where any of the first two conditions set
of agreement or by law provision to the
forth in the preceding paragraph is absent,
contrary, the president is presumed to have
in the case of a contract with a director or
the authority to act within the domain of the
trustee, such contract may be ratified by the
general of his or her usual duties. (People’s
vote of the stockholders representing at
Aircargo, and Warehousing Co., Inc. vs. Court
least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
of Appeals, G.R. No. 117847,
capital stock or of two-thirds (2/3) of the
Oct. 7, 1998)
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Bonds – Bonds are in form and effect similar Sec. 39. Power to deny pre-emptive right. –
to promissory notes, secured by mortgage or All stockholders of a stock corporation shall
trust deed upon specified property of the enjoy pre-emptive right to subscribe to all
debtor corporation. issues or disposition of shares of any class, in
proportion to their respective shareholdings,
Properties to a bond unless such right is denied by the articles of
Every bond issue usually involve three incorporation or an amendment thereto:
parties: (1) the debtor – corporation; (2) the Provided, That such pre-emptive right shall
creditor – bondholder; and (3) the trustee. not extend to shares to be issued in
compliance with laws requiring stock
Bonds classified offerings or minimum stock ownership by
Bonds are classified into: the public; or to shares to be issued in good
coupon or registered bonds, faith with the approval of the stockholders
mortgage bonds, debentures, representing two-thirds (2/3) of the
convertible bonds, participating bonds, outstanding capital stock, in exchange for
collateral trust bands, and guaranteed property needed for corporate purposes or
bonds. in payment of a previously contracted debt.
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served personally; Provided, That any resolution, sets apart for rotable distribution
dissenting stockholder shall have appraisal among the stockholders. It is distinguished
right as provided in this Code: Provided, from “profits” for the profits in the hands of
however, That were the investment by the a corporation do not become dividends until
corporation is reasonably necessary to they have been set apart, or at least
accomplish its primary purpose as stated in declared, as dividends and transferred to the
the articles of incorporation, the approval of separate property of the individual
the stockholders or members shall not be stockholders.
necessary.
Surplus profits – Surplus or net profits of a
Sec. 43. Power to declare dividends. – The corporation is the difference between the
board of directors of a stock corporation may total present value of its assets, after
declare dividends out of the unrestricted deducting losses and liabilities, and the
retained earnings which shall be payable in amount of its capital stock. (11 Fletcher,
cash, in property, or in stock to all Sec. 5335)
stockholders on the basis of outstanding
stock held by them: Provided, That any cash Basis of dividend declaration
dividends due on delinquent stock shall first The board of directors of a stock corporation
be applied to the unpaid balance on the may declare dividends on the basis of
subscription plus costs and expenses, while outstanding stock held by the stockholders.
stock dividends shall be withheld from the The basis therefore is the stockholder’s total
delinquent stockholder until his unpaid subscription and not on the amount paid by
subscription is fully paid: Provided, further, him on the subscription. This is for the
That no stock dividend shall be issued reason that his entire subscription
without the approval of stockholders represents his holding in the corporation for
representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) which he pays interests on any unpaid
of the outstanding capital stock at a regular portion. (SEC Opinion, Dec.
or special meeting duly called for the 17, 1973)
purposes.
Classes of dividends
Stock corporation are prohibited from Dividends which a corporation may declare
retaining surplus profits in excess of one and distribute to its stockholders may be
hundred percent (100%) of their paid-in classified into: cash dividend, stock dividend,
capital stock, except: (1) when justified property dividend, scrip dividend, and
approved by the Board of Directors; or (2) liquidating dividend.
when the corporation is prohibited under
any loan agreement with any financial Cash dividend
institution or creditor, whether local or Cash dividend is one payable in money.
foreign, from declaring dividends without
its/his consent, and such consent has not yet Stock dividend
been secured; or (3) when it can be clearly
Stock dividend is a dividend payable in stock
shown that such retention is necessary
instead of cash or property.
under special circumstance obtaining in the
corporation, such as when there is a need for
Property dividend
special reserve for probable contingencies.
The directors in their discretion may
authorize distributions in bonds or in
Concept of dividends
property, such as warehouse receipts for
A dividend is a corporate profit set aside,
whiskey or shares of stock of a subsidiary
declared and ordered by the directors to be
corporation.
paid to the stockholders on demand or at a
fixed time.
Scrip dividend
Scrip dividend is a writing or a certificate
Dividends distinguished from profits
issued to a stockholder entitling him to the
“Dividends” means the profits or that
payment of money or the like at some future
portion of the profits of the corporation
time inasmuch as the company, at the time
which its board of directors, by proper
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the scrip dividends are declared, has profits Concept of management contract A
not in cash. management contract is an agreement
under which the board of directors of a
Liquidating dividend corporation delegates the powers of
Liquidating dividend involves the management to another person or
distribution of assets by a corporation to its corporation for a period of time provided for
stockholders upon dissolution. in the agreement.
Sec. 44. Power to enter into a management Effects of Management contracts Contracts
contract. – No corporation shall conclude a by which the board of directors delegates
management contract with another the power of supervision and management
corporation unless such contract shall have to another person or corporation for a
been approved by the Board of Directors and specified period are invalid if they involve a
by stockholders owning at least the majority surrender by the board of its power and duty
of the outstanding capital stock, or by at of supervision and control.
least majority of the members in the case of
a non-stock corporation, of both the Management prerogatives
managing and the managed corporation, at An owner of a business enterprise is given
a meeting duly called for the purpose: considerable margin in managing his
Provided, That (a) where a stockholder or business because it is deemed important to
stockholders representing the same interest society as a whole that he should succeed.
of both the managing and the managed
corporations own and control more than Sec. 45. Ultra vires acts of corporations. –
one-third (1/3) of the total outstanding No corporation under this Code shall possess
capital stock entitled to vote of the or exercise any corporate powers except
managing corporation; or (b) where the those conferred by this Code or by its articles
majority of the members of the Board of of incorporation and except such as are
Directors of the managing corporation also necessary or incidental to the exercise of the
constitute a majority of the members of the powers so conferred.
Board of Directors of the managed
corporation, then the management contract Intra vires – The acts of a corporation within
must be approved by the stockholders of the its express or implied powers. Ultra vires –
managed corporation owning of at least The acts of a corporation outside its express
two-thirds (2/3) of the total outstanding or implied powers.
capital stock entitled to vote, or by at least
two-thirds (2/3) of the members in case of a It denotes some act or transaction on the
non-stock corporation. No management part of a corporation which, although not
contract shall be entered into for a period unlawful or contrary to public policy of
longer than five years for any one term. executed by an individual, is yet beyond the
legitimate powers of the corporation as they
The provisions of the next preceding are defined by the statute under which it is
paragraph shall apply to any contract formed, or which are applicable to it, or by
whereby a corporation undertakes to its charter or incorporation papers.
manage or operate all or substantially all of
the business of the other corporation,
Admittedly, if the contract is executed on
whether such contracts are called service
both sides neither party can maintain an
contracts, operating agreements or
action to set aside the transaction or to
otherwise: Provided, however, That such
recover what has been parted with. The
service contracts or operating agreements
courts will not interfere in such a case to
which relate to the exploration,
deprive either the corporation or the other
development, exploitation or utilization of
part of money or property acquired under
natural resources may be entered into for
the contract. On the other hand, the great
such periods as may be provided by the
weight of authority is to consider executor
pertinent laws or regulations.
contracts as unenforceable.
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Corporation has inherent power to adopt concerned. They are in effect written into
by-laws the charter and in this sense; they become
One of its legal incidents and is usually part of the fundamental law of the
expressly granted by law of the charter corporation. And the corporation, and its
subject to such limitations as may be directors and officers are bound by and must
contained in the statute or the charter, comply with them. Strangers, however, are
subject to such limitations as may be not bound to know by-laws which are merely
contained in the statute or charter, and the provisions for the government of a
general requirements of validity. If a corporation and notice of them will not be
corporation fails to file its by-laws within the presumed.
period required by law its certificate of
incorporation may be suspended or even Sec 47. Contents of by-laws. – Subject to the
revoked. provisions of the Constitution, this Code,
other special laws, and the articles of
Section 46 allows the adoption and filing of incorporation, a private corporation may
the by-laws before incorporation provided provide in its by-laws for:
the same is approved by all the incorporators
and submitted to the Securities and 1. The time, place and manner of calling
Exchange Commission together with the and conducting regular or special
articles of incorporation. meetings of the directors or trustees.
By-laws cannot provide for unreasonable 2. The time and manner of calling and
restriction conducting regular or special meetings
Restriction upon the traffic in stock must of the stockholders or members.
have their source in legislative enactment, as
the corporation itself cannot create such 3. The required quorum in meetings of
impediments. By-laws are created for stockholders or members and the
protection and not for restriction. manner of voting therein.
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The enumerations of contents of by-laws are members of the non-stick corporation adopt
not exclusive and neither does the provision or make the original by-laws.
require all the matters mentioned to appear
in the by-laws. An amendment of by-law renders
stockholder ineligible as director It is well-
The By-laws must not violate the settled xxx that corporations have the power
Constitution, the Corporation Code, other to make by-laws declaring a person
special laws and the articles of employed in the service of a rival company
incorporation. to be ineligible for the corporation’s Board
of Directors. An amendment which renders
A corporation which has failed to file its ineligible, or if elected, subjects to removal,
bylaws within the prescribed period does a director if he be also a director in a
not ipso facto lost its powers as such. corporation whose business is in
competition with or is antagonistic to the
Sec. 48. Amendments to by-laws. – The other corporation is valid. This is based upon
board of directors or trustees, by a majority the principle that where the director is so
vote thereof, and the owners of at least a employed in the service of a rival company,
majority of the outstanding capital stock, or he cannot serve both, but must betray one
at least a majority of the members of a or the other. Such an amendment advances
nonstock corporation, at a regular or special the benefit of the corporation and is good.
meeting duly called for the purpose, may
amend or repeal any by-laws or adopt new Meetings Necessity
by-laws. The owners of 2/3 of the A majority of the stockholders or members
outstanding capital stock or 2/3 of the can bind the corporation only at a meeting
members in a non-stick corporation may regularly held and conducted. To constitute
delegate to the repeal any by-laws or adopt a legal meeting, so as to render the acts and
new by-laws: provided, that any power vote of the majority binding the meeting
delegated to the board of directors or must be regularly called by one having
trustees shall be considered as revoked authority. In the absence of provision to the
whenever stockholders owning or contrary such authority exists in the
representing a majority of the outstanding directors or managing agents.
capital stock or a majority of the members in
non-stock corporations, shall so vote at a Sec. 49. Kinds of Meeting. – Meetings of
regular or special meeting. directors, trustees, stockholders, or
members may be regular or special.
Whenever any amendment or new by-laws
are adopted, such amendment or new Sec. 50. Regular and special meetings of
bylaws shall be attached to the original stock holders or members. – Regular
bylaws in the office of the corporation, and a meetings of stockholders or members shall
copy thereof, duly certified under oath by be held annually on a date fixed in the
the corporate secretary and a majority of the bylaws, or if not so fixed, on any date in April
directors or trustees, shall be filed with the of every year as determined by the board of
Securities and Exchange Commission, the directors or trustees: Provided, that written
same to be attached to the original articles notice of regular meetings shall be sent to all
of incorporation and original bylaws. stockholders or members of record at least 2
weeks prior to the meeting, unless a
Amender or new by-laws shall only be different period is required by the by-laws.
effective upon the issuance by the SEC of a
certification that the same are not Special meetings of stockholders or
inconsistent with this code. members shall be held at any time deemed
necessary or as provided in the by-laws:
The authority to make or adopt the original Provided, however, that at least 1 week
by-laws of a corporation cannot be given to written notice shall be sent to all stock
the board of directors or trustees. The holders or members, unless otherwise
stockholders of a stock corporation or the provided in the by-laws.
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When there is no person authorized to call a Quorum – Signifies the number of persons
meeting belonging to a corporation required to
A stockholder or member may petition the transact business. Within the meaning of
SEC upon showing of good cause, to call a section 52 above, a quorum shall consist of
meeting and directing the petitioner the stockholders representing a majority of
(stockholder or member) to give notice the outstanding capital stock or a majority of
required by the Code and the by-laws. The the members in the case of non-stock
petitioning stockholder or member shall corporations.
preside at such meeting until at least a
majority of the stockholders or members Sec. 53. Regular of special meetings of
present have chosen one of their numbers as directors or trustees. – The meetings shall be
presiding officer. held monthly, unless the by-laws provide
otherwise.
Sec. 51. Place and time of meetings of
stockholders or members. – Stockholders’ or Special meetings of the board of directors or
members’ meetings, whether regular or trustees may be held at any time upon the
special, shall be held in the city or call of the president or as provided in the by-
municipality where the principal office of the laws
corporation is located, and if practicable in
the principal office of the corporation: Meetings of directors or trustees of
Provided, that Metro Manila shall, for the corporations may be held anywhere in or
purposes of his section, be considered a city outside of the Philippines, unless the bylaws
or municipality provide otherwise. Notice of regular or
special meetings stating the date, time and
Notice of meetings shall be in writing, and place of the meeting must be sent to every
the time and place thereof stated therein. All director or trustee at least 1 day prior to the
proceedings had and any business scheduled meeting, unless otherwise
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provided in the by-laws. A director or trustee proxy, signed by all the co-owners.
may waive this requirement, either expressly Authorizing one or some of them or any
or impliedly. other person to vote such share or shares:
provided, that when the shares are owned in
Sec. 54. Who shall preside at meetings. – an capacity by the holders therof, any one of
The president shall preside at all meeting of the joint owner can vote said shares or
the directors or trustees as well as of the appoint a proxy therfor.
stockholders or members, unless the bylaws
provide otherwise. If share are owned by 2 or more persons
jointly, the right to vote is in them jointly,
The meetings of directors or trustees may be and , in order that the shares may be voted,
held anywhere in the by-laws. Notice of they must agree upon the vote. This rule of
regular or special meetings of directors or joint action applies to shares held by several
trustees must be sent to them at least 1 day executors or trustees, in the absence of
prior to the scheduled meeting, unless the provision for a majority vote if the fiduciaries
by-laws provided otherwise. disagree.
Sec. 55. Right to vote of pledgors, Sec. 57. Voting right for treasury share. –
mortgagors and administrators. – In case of Treasury shares shall have no voting right as
pledged or mortgaged share in stock long as such stock remains in the treasury.
corporations, the pledgor or mortgagor shall
have the right to attend and vote at Treasury shares have no voting rights.
meetings of stockholders, unless the pledge
or mortgagee is expressly given such right in Sec. 58. Proxies. – Stockholders and
writing which is recorded on the appropriate members may vote in person or by proxy in
corporate books by the pledgor or all meetings of stock holders or members.
mortgagor. Proxies shall be in writing, signed by the
stock holder or member and filed before the
Executors, administrators, receivers and scheduled meeting with the corporate
other legal representatives duly appointed secretary. Unless otherwise provided in the
by the court may attend and vote in behalf proxy, it shall be valid only for the meeting
of the stockholders or members without for which it is intended. No proxy shall be
need of any written proxy. valid and effective for a period longer than
five years at any one time.
The pledgor or mortgagor of shatem in the
absence of agreement to the contrary, if the Proxy – In corporate law, is a person who
shate remain in his name on the books of the votes for and this represents the
corporation has the right to attend and vote stockholders or members.
at meetings of stockholders.
Voting by proxy
A person who appears on the books of a Ordinarily the right to vote shall be exercised
corporation or otherwise as the absolute by the stockholders themselves or by their
owner of stock clearly has the right to vote, duly authorized representatives.
although in face he may hold it as trustee. Proxy to be valid must be:
1. In writing, signed by the stockholder or
Executor and administrator has the right, to member giving it.
vote shares belonging to the estate of his 2. Filed with the corporate secretary
decedent, and it can make no difference that before the scheduled meeting.
the share stand on the books of the 3. It is valid only for the meeting for which
corporation in the name of the decedent. it is intended unless otherwise
stipulated.
Sec. 56. Voting in case of joint ownership of 4. Even if the proxy is a continuing one it
stock. – In case of share of stock owned shall not be longer than 5 year at any
jointly by 2 or more persons, in order to vote one time.
the same, the consent of all the coowners
shall be necessary, unless there is a written
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How can a person become a shareholder in approval of the stockholders. The “Board of
a stock corporation? Trustees shall, in of stock of the corporation
1. By subscription contract with an existing and shall prescribe the form of
corporation for the acquisition of the certificate of stock of corporation.”
unissued shares.
2. By purchase from the corporation of Kinds of Subscription:
treasury shares. 1.1. Pre-incorporation – is one agreed upon
3. By transfer from a previous stockholder before the incorporation of the
of the outstanding shares or existing proposed corporation.
subscription to shares. 1.2. Post-incorporation Subscription –
entered into after the incorporation or
Binding effect of subscription formation of the corporation.
No person can become a stockholder in a 2. Absolute Subscription – one not subject
corporation by virtue of a subscription for to any condition or happening of certain
stock unless there is a valid contract unknown events.
between him and the corporation. When a 3. Conditional Subscription – its fulfillment
contract of subscription for stock in a depends upon the happening of
corporation is binding it is a contract uncertain events of contingencies. It does
between the subscriber or subscribers and not make the subscriber a stockholder or
the corporation, and its formation and render him liable to pay the amount of
validity are governed by the same principles the subscription, until performance or
substantially as any other contract except in fulfillment of the condition.
so far as such principles may be rendered 4. Subscription upon special terms – where
inapplicable by particular charter or “the corporation agreed, as an
statutory provisions. No express promise to independent element, to do a certain
pay is necessary to make the subscriber thing or things, but not as condition to
liable. the accrual of liability of the subscriber
or the acquisition of the rights of a
No form required of subscription contracts stockholder.
Unless otherwise required by law. Thus, a
person who accepts a certificate of stock Sec. 61. Pre-incorporation subscription. – A
from a corporation, or who acts as a subscription for shares of stock of a
stockholder by participating in stockholders’ corporation still to be formed shall be
meeting, making payments, or otherwise, irrevocable for a period of at least six (6)
thereby becomes a stockholder and liable as months from the date of subscription, unless
such, not only to creditors, but also to the all of the other subscribers consent to the
corporation, although there may have no revocation, or unless the incorporation of
express contract of subscription. said corporation fails to materialize within
said period or within a longer period as may
Sale of Shares of Stock Needs SEC Approval be stipulated in the contract of subscription:
The Securities Act requires that before a Provided, That no pre-incorporation
corporation, except a public utility, bank, subscription may be revoked after the
corporation association and a few others, submission of the articles of incorporation to
sells, or offers for sale in the Philippines any the Securities and Exchange Commission.
of its securities, like shares of stocks or
bonds, it must register the same and/or SEC. 61 Pre-incorporation subscription is
secure a permit from the SEC for the mandatory (Sec. 13 & 14) at least 25% of the
purpose. The authorization is in the form of authorized capital stock has been subscribed
an exemption from the requirements of and at least 25% of the total subscription has
registration and licensing, and is issued by been fully paid.
the way of resolution of the SEC.
Subscription for shares of stock of a
Power to issue shares is lodged in the board corporation still to be formed shall be
of directors and no stockholders’ meeting is irrevocable for a period of at least 6 months
necessary to consider it because additional from the date of subscription, unless:
issuance of shares of stock does not need
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or the board of directors, subject to the soon as he has complied with the
approval of the SEC. conditions which entitle him to one.
4. The issued price of no par value shares • A corporation cannot issue shares in
must be fixed as provided in Sec. 62. excess of the maximum authorized
issued price may vary from time to time but in its AOI.
value may not be less than P5. • An over issued stock is absolutely
void even if possessor is in good
Sec. 63. Certificate of stock and transfer of faith.
shares. – The capital stock of stock • Shares can be transferred
corporations shall be divided into shares for represented by the certificate by its
which certificates signed by the president or endorsement by the owner or his
vice president, countersigned by the agent and delivery to the transferee.
secretary or assistant secretary, and sealed
with the seal of the corporation shall be Restrictions on transfer of stock
issued in accordance with the by-laws. 1. A by-law prohibits a transfer of stock
Shares of stock so issued are personal without the consent or approval of all
property and may be transferred by delivery stockholders or of the president or board
of the certificate or certificates endorsed by of directors is ILLEGAL.
the owner or his attorney-infact or other 2. A provision in the certificate that is
person legally authorized to make the transferable only to some person first
transfer. No transfer, however, shall be valid, approved by the board of directors
except as between the parties, until the unlawfully restricts the right of the
transfer is recorded in the books of the stockholder.
corporation showing the names of the 3. The condition “non-transferable”
parties to the transaction, the date of the appearing on certificates of stock is
transfer, the number of the certificate or
VOID.
certificates and the number of shares
4. corporations which will engage in any
transferred.
business reserved for Filipino citizens are
required to indicate in AOI and all
No shares of stock against which the
certificates.
corporation holds any unpaid claim shall be
transferable in the books of the corporation.
Two requirements to effect transfer of
stocks
SEC. 63 The capital stock of stock corporation
Endorsement and delivery of stock
shall be divided into shares Certificate of
certificate
stock shall be issued for said shares.
-the usual practice is for the stockholder to
sign the form on the back of the stock
Nature of a certificate of stock
certificate.
1. It is a written instrument signed by the
-if the holder of the certificate desires to
proper officer of a corporation stating or
assume the legal right of the stockholder he
acknowledging that the person named
fills up the blank in the form inserting his
therein is the owner of a designated
name as transferee.
number of shares of stock.
-then he delivers the certificate to the
2. It indicates the name of the holder, the secretary of the corporation so that the
number, kind and class of shares transfer may be entered in the books.
represented, and the date of issuance.
3. It i merely the evidence of the holder's Other modes of transfer
interest in the corporation, his 1. Assignment thru a separate instrument.
ownership of the share represented 2. Judicial or extra-judicial settlement of
thereby. the estate.
4. It is not essential to make one a
stockholder in a corporation. Validity of stock transfer
1. As between parties -merely the delivery of
• Every stockholder has a right to have the certificate indorsed by the owner or his
proper certificate issued to him as attorneyin-fact or other person legally
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authorized to make the transfer. 2. As Derivative suit – one brought by one or more
against third persons -the transfer of shares stockholders or members in the name and in
must be entered and noted upon the books behalf of the corporation to redress wrongs
of the committed against it or to protect or
corporation vindicate corporate rights.
-only absolute transfer are recorded
Individual suit – one brought by a
stockholder in his own name against the
Effects of unregistered shares
corporation for direct violation of his
1. It is valid and binding as between the
contractual rights such as right to vote, to
transferor and transferee.
dividends etc.
2. It is invalid insofar as the corporation
is concerned except when notice is Representative suit – a group of stockholders
given to the corporation for may bring a direct suit against the
purposes of registration. corporation. This is when a wrong is
a) the transferor has the right to vote committed against a group of stockholders.
and to be voted for, and has the
right to participate in any meeting Certificate of Stock – a written instrument
b) the transferor has the right to signed by the proper corporate officers, and
dividends as against the evidencing the fact that the person therein
corporation but the transferor, as named is the registered owner of the share
the nominal owner of the share, is or shares therein described.
the trustee for the benefit of the Nature and Functions of Certificates It
real owner. represents the number of shares which the
3. It is invalid as against corporate corporation acknowledges that the holder of
creditors, and the transferor is still the certificate is entitled to and is a solemn
liable to the corporation. The and continuing affirmation by the
transfer of stock by a shareholder corporation that the person to whom it was
does not relieve him from the issued is entitled to all the rights and subject
liability to creditors of the to all the liabilities of a stockholder in the
corporation for unpaid subscription company in respect of the number of shares
until the transfer is consummated by named, and that the company will respect
being registered in the books. his rights and the rights of anyone to whim
4. It is invalid as against creditors of the he may transfer such shares, by refusing to
transferor without notice of the admit any new transferee to the rights of a
transfer. stockholder except upon the surrender of
the certificate.
Shares of stock against which the
corporation holds any unpaid claim shall not Issuance of Stock Certificate. It requires:
be transferable in the books – no unpaid 1. sign by the president or vice-president,
claims against the stock. countersigned by the secretary or
no unpaid subscriptions due and assistant secretary, and sealed with the
payable. seal of the corporation, and issued in
accordance with the law.
Sec. 64. Issuance of stock certificates. – No 2. The certificate must be delivered or
certificate of stock shall be issued to a mailed to the subscriber, with the
subscriber until the full amount of his documentary stamps required by law
subscription together with interest and affirmed thereon.
expenses (in case of delinquent shares), if 3. The par value with respect to shares with
any is due, has been paid. par value, or the full subscriptions, as to
no-par value shares must be fully paid.
SEC. 64 It is prohibited to issue certificates of 4. Where it involves transfer of outstanding
stock to a subscriber who has not paid the shares, the original certificate must be
full amount of his subscription together with retained.
interest and expenses.
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Right to Transfer shares of stock Who are liable for watered stocks? Both
1. By delivering the certificate, duly consenting director or officer and the
indorsed on the back. stockholder concerned for the whole
2. By delivering the certificate amount of difference.
accompanied by a separate assignment.
3. Where stock is levied on in execution of Trust Fund Theory – involves an implied
judgment, by delivering the certificate promise to the corporation to pay the par
coupled with an assignment by the value of the shares in money or its
sheriff who conducted the levy. equivalent, supplementing it by a legal
4. Transfer by sale of delinquent shares. restriction against release or fictitious
payment of this obligation to the prejudice
Liabilities of a stockholders of creditors.
1. Liability to the corporation for unpaid
subscription Sec. 66. Interest on unpaid subscriptions. –
2. Liability to the corporation for interest Subscribers for stock shall pay to the
on unpaid subscription corporation interest on all unpaid
subscriptions from the date of subscription,
3. Liability to creditors of the corporation
if so required by, and at the rate of interest
on unpaid subscription
fixed in the by-laws. If no rate of interest is
4. Liability for watered stock
fixed in the by-laws, such rate shall be
5. Liability for dividends unlawfully paid
deemed to be the legal rate.
6. Liability for failure to
create a corporation
Sec. 67. Payment of balance of subscription.
– Subject to the provisions of the contract of
Sec. 65. Liability of directors for watered
subscription, the board of directors of any
stocks. – Any director or officer of a
stock corporation may at any time declare
corporation consenting to the issuance of
due and payable to the corporation unpaid
stocks for a consideration less than its par or
subscriptions to the capital stock and may
issued value or for a consideration in any
collect the same or such percentage thereof,
form other than cash, valued in excess of its
in either case with accrued interest, if any, as
fair value, or who, having knowledge
it may deem necessary.
thereof, does not forthwith express his
objection in writing and file the same with
Payment of any unpaid subscription or any
the corporate secretary, shall be solidarily,
percentage thereof, together with the
liable with the stockholder concerned to the
interest accrued, if any, shall be made on the
corporation and its creditors for the
date specified in the contract of subscription
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or on the date stated in the call made by the 2. In the absence of any specified date in
board. Failure to pay on such date shall the contract of subscription, on the date
render the entire balance due and payable stated in the call made by the board of
and shall make the stockholder liable for directors.
interest at the legal rate on such balance,
unless a different rate of interest is provided When does the stock become delinquent? A
in the by-laws, computed from such date stock becomes delinquent upon failure of
until full payment. If within thirty (30) days the holder to pay the unpaid subscription or
from the said date no payment is made, all balance thereof within 30 days from the date
stocks covered by said subscription shall specified in the contract of subscription or
thereupon become delinquent and shall be on the date stated in the call.
subject to sale as hereinafter provided,
unless the board of directors orders Call – a declaration officially made by a
otherwise. corporation usually expressed in the form of
a resolution of the board of directors
Remedies to enforce payment of stock requiring payment of all or a certain
subscription prescribed portion of a subscriber's stock
1. Extra-judicial sale at public auction – subscription.
Permits the corporation to put up unpaid
stock for sale and dispose of it for the Requisites for a valid call
account of the delinquent subscribers 1. It must be made in the manner
(governed by sections 67-69 of the prescribed by law.
Corporation Code of the 2. It must be made by the board of
Philippines). directors.
2. Judicial action by court action (provided 3. It must operate uniformly upon all
under Section 70) shares.
3. Denying a stockholder delinquent for
unpaid subscription the right to vote
(under section 71) Sec. 68. Delinquency sale. – The board of
4. Collection from cash dividends and directors may, by resolution, order the sale
withholding stock dividends (under of delinquent stock and shall specifically
Section 43) state the amount due on each subscription
plus all accrued interest, and the date, time
Sanctions on stock delinquent and place of the sale which shall not be less
1. Rights denied to stockholder shall not be than thirty (30) days nor more than sixty
voted or be entitled to vote or (60) days from the date the stocks become
representation at any stockholders' delinquent.
meeting, nor entitled the holder thereof
to any of the rights of a stockholder Notice of said sale, with a copy of the
except the right to dividends. resolution, shall be sent to every delinquent
2. Right given to the corporation. stockholder either personally or by
3. The corporation has the right to apply registered mail. The same shall furthermore
cash dividends due on delinquent stock be published once a week for two (2)
to the unpaid balance on the consecutive weeks in a newspaper of
subscription plus cost and expenses. general circulation in the province or city
where the principal office of the
While stock dividends, corporation to corporation is located.
withhold the same from the delinquent
stockholder until his unpaid subscription is Unless the delinquent stockholder pays to
fully paid. the corporation, on or before the date
specified for the sale of the delinquent
When is the balance of subscription stock, the balance due on his subscription,
payable? plus accrued interest, costs of
1. On the date specified in the contract of advertisement and expenses of sale, or
subscription. unless the board of directors otherwise
orders, said delinquent stock shall be sold at
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public auction to such bidder who shall offer interest, cost of advertisement and expenses
to pay the full amount of the balance on the of sale, for the smallest number of shares.
subscription together with accrued interest,
costs of advertisement and expenses of In the absence of bidders or highest bidder,
sale, for the smallest number of shares or the corporation may purchase for itself the
fraction of a share. The stock so purchased delinquent stock.
shall be transferred to such purchaser in the
books of the corporation and a certificate Sec. 69. When sale may be questioned. – No
for such stock shall be issued in his favor. action to recover delinquent stock sold can
The remaining shares, if any, shall be be sustained upon the ground of irregularity
credited in favor of the delinquent or defect in the notice of sale, or in the sale
stockholder who shall likewise be entitled itself of the delinquent stock, unless the
to the issuance of a certificate of stock party seeking to maintain such action first
covering such shares. pays or tenders to the party holding the
stock the sum for which the same was sold,
Should there be no bidder at the public with interest from the date of sale at the
auction who offers to pay the full amount of legal rate; and no such action shall be
the balance on the subscription together maintained unless it is commenced by the
with accrued interest, costs of filing of a complaint within six (6) months
advertisement and expenses of sale, for the from the date of sale.
smallest number of shares or fraction of a
share, the corporation may, subject to the Grounds for the recovery of stock unlawfully
provisions of this Code, bid for the same, sold for delinquency are:
and the total amount due shall be credited 1. Irregularity or defect in the notice of sale
as paid in full in the books of the 2. Irregularity or defect in the sale itself of
corporation. Title to all the shares of stock the delinquent stock
covered by the subscription shall be vested
in the corporation as treasury shares and Sec. 70. Court action to recover unpaid
may be disposed of by said corporation in subscription. – Nothing in this Code shall
accordance with the provisions of this Code. prevent the corporation from collecting by
action in a court of proper jurisdiction the
Procedure: amount due on any unpaid subscription,
1. The board of directors passes a with accrued interest, costs and expenses.
resolution declaring payable the whole
or certain percentage of the unpaid As a general rule, a corporation may not
subscription stating the date fixed for maintain a suit for the enforcement of
payment. If the date of payment is unpaid subscription without first making a
specified in the contract of subscription, call.
no call is necessary.
2. The stockholders are given notice of the Judicial remedy is limited to the amount due
resolution by the secretary of the on any unpaid subscription with accrued
corporation. If the stockholders fails to interest, costs and expenses
pay within 30 days from date specified,
the stocks becomes delinquent. Sec. 71. Effect of delinquency. – No
3. the board of directors, by resolution, delinquent stock shall be voted for be
orders the sale of delinquent stocks, entitled to vote or to representation at any
stating the amount due and the date, stockholder's meeting, nor shall the holder
time, and place of sale with notice to the thereof be entitled to any of the rights of a
delinquent stockholders which notice stockholder except the right to dividends in
shall be published. accordance with the provisions of this Code,
4. On the date of sale, will be sold at public until and unless he pays the amount due on
auction to higher bidder for cash. his subscription with accrued interest, and
the costs and expenses of advertisement, if
Highest bidder – the person offering at the any.
sale to pay the full amount of the balance on
the subscription together with accrued
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SEC. 71 Stock delinquency does not deprive shall also submit such other information
the holder of all his rights as a stockholder and evidence which he may deem
except the right to be voted for or be entitled necessary.
to representation at any stockholders'
meeting. He shall still receive dividends. But 2. After verifying the affidavit and other
delinquent stocks shall be subject to information and evidence with the
delinquency sale. books of the corporation, said
corporation shall publish a notice in a
Effects of Stocks declared delinquent: newspaper of general circulation
1. Cannot be voted for or be entitled to published in the place where the
vote in corporate meetings or be corporation has its principal office, once
represented by proxy at any a week for three (3) consecutive weeks
stockholders’ meeting. at the expense of the registered owner
2. The holder of delinquent stock is not of the certificate of stock which has been
entitled to exercise the rights of a lost, stolen or destroyed. The notice shall
stockholder (i.e. to inspect books and state the name of said corporation, the
records, etc.). name of the registered owner and the
3. The holder of delinquent stocks is serial number of said certificate, and the
entitled to dividends. Section 43 number of shares represented by such
provides however, that “ any cash certificate, and that after the expiration
dividends due on delinquent stock shall of one (1) year from the date of the last
first be applied to the unpaid balance on publication, if no contest has been
the subscription plus costs and expense, presented to said corporation regarding
while stock dividends shall be withheld said certificate of stock, the right to
from the delinquent stockholder until his make such contest shall be barred and
unpaid subscription is fully paid”. said corporation shall cancel in its books
the certificate of stock which has been
Sec. 72. Rights of unpaid shares. – Holders lost, stolen or destroyed and issue in lieu
of subscribed shares not fully paid which are thereof new certificate of stock, unless
not delinquent shall have all the rights of a the registered owner files a bond or
stockholder. other security in lieu thereof as may be
required, effective for a period of one
SEC. 72 Before unpaid shares become (1) year, for such amount and in such form
delinquent, the holder thereof is not and with such sureties as may be
considered to have violated any contract satisfactory to the board of directors, in
with the corporation, and, therefore, he has which case a new certificate may be
all the rights of a stockholder which rights issued even before the expiration of the
include the right to vote. one (1) year period provided herein:
Provided, That if a contest has been
Sec. 73. Lost or destroyed certificates. – The presented to said corporation or if an
following procedure shall be followed for the action is pending in court regarding the
issuance by a corporation of new certificates ownership of said certificate of stock
of stock in lieu of those which have been lost, which has been lost, stolen or destroyed,
stolen or destroyed: the issuance of the new certificate of
stock in lieu thereof shall be suspended
until the final decision by the court
1. The registered owner of a certificate of
regarding the ownership of said certificate
stock in a corporation or his legal
of stock which has been lost, stolen or
representative shall file with the
destroyed.
corporation an affidavit in triplicate
setting forth, if possible, the
circumstances as to how the certificate Except in case of fraud, bad faith, or
was lost, stolen or destroyed, the negligence on the part of the corporation
number of shares represented by such and its officers, no action may be brought
certificate, the serial number of the against any corporation which shall have
certificate and the name of the issued certificate of stock in lieu of those
corporation which issued the same. He
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corporation is not precluded from the last taxable year and a profit or loss
performing or making transfer of its own statement for said taxable year, showing in
stocks, in which case all the rules and reasonable detail its assets and liabilities and
regulations imposed on stock transfer the result of its operations.
agents, except the payment of a license fee
herein provided, shall be applicable. At the regular meeting of stockholders or
members, the board of directors or trustees
Books and records to be shall present to such stockholders or
kept by Corporation members a financial report of the operations
1. Record of all business transactions of the corporation for the preceding year,
2. Minutes of all meetings of stockholders which shall include financial statements,
or members, or of board of directors or duly signed and certified by an independent
trustees certified public accountant.
3. Stock and transfer books
4. Optional records and supplementary However, if the paid-up capital of the
books as many be necessary or required corporation is less than P50,000.00, the
by special laws financial statements may be certified under
oath by the treasurer or any responsible
SEC Rules requiring filing of documents. The officer of the corporation.
SEC requires all corporations whose
securities are listed in any stock exchange or Stockholder’s rights to financial statements
with permits to sell shares to the public or and reports
with twenty or more stockholders shall 1. Balance sheet as of the end of the last
hereafter submit to this Commission within taxable year.
thirty (30) days after approval of the 2. A profit and loss statement for said
corporate action, certified true copies of the taxable year.
following documents evidencing the same, 3. The board of directors or trustees shall
to wit: present “a financial report” to
a. Minute of meetings stockholders or members.
1. Calling for payment of unpaid
subscriptions SEC REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENTS Period
2. Increasing or decreasing the capital Requirements
stock
3. Changing the nomenclature of Within 30 days from a) Set up books
shares of stock or certificates of registration of of accounts duly
indebtedness articles onaf registered with the
4. Authorizing the borrowing of incorporation BIR wherein receipts
material sums of money and disbursements
b. Other documents, such as: made are
1. Certificated changing the immediately
composition of the board of recorded.
directors and officers
2. Certificates changing the ownership b) Set up
of the controlling interest in the and
corporation register with the SEC
its stock and transfer
Management contracts duly approved by the book.
stockholders.
c) File its by-laws
Sec. 75. Right to financial statements. – with the
Within ten (10) days from receipt of a Commission.
written request of any stockholder or
member, the corporation shall furnish to him
its most recent financial statement, which
shall include a balance sheet as of the end of
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4. Such other provisions with respect to the combined business. The parties to a
proposed merger or consolidation as are combination by consolidation or merger are
deemed necessary or desirable. called the “constituent” corporations.
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2. In case of sale, lease, exchange, transfer, Provided, That no payment shall be made to
mortgage, pledge or other disposition of any dissenting stockholder unless the
all or substantially all of the corporate corporation has unrestricted retain earnings
property and assets as provided in this in its books to cover such payment: and
Code. Provided, further, That upon payment by the
corporation of the agreed or awarded price,
3. In case of merger or consolidation. the stockholder shall forthwith transfer his
shares to the corporation.
Sec. 81, not exclusive.
Exercising the appraisal right
Such appraisal right may also be exercised By one who has voted against the proposed
when a stockholder dissents when a corporate action, by making a written
corporation or business or for a purpose demand on the corporation within thirty (30)
other than its main purpose. (Sec. 42) days after the date on which the vote was
taken for payment of the fair value of his
When a stockholder of a close corporation shares. Those who are absent and present
may for any reason compel the corporation abstained their vote cannot exercise the
to purchase his shares from the par or issued appraisal right.
value, when the corporation has sufficient
assets in its books to cover its debts and Sec. 83. Effect of demand and termination
liabilities, exclusive of capital of right. – From the time of demand for
stock. (Sec. 105) payment of the fair value of a stockholder’s
shares until either the abandonment of the
Sec. 82. How right is exercised. – The corporate action involved or the purchase of
appraisal right may be exercised by any the said shares by the corporation, all rights
stockholder who shall have voted against the accruing to such shares, including voting and
proposed corporate action, by making a dividend rights, shall be suspended in
written demand on the corporation within accordance with the provisions of this Code,
thirty (30) days after the date on which the except the right of such stockholder to
vote was taken for payment of the fair value receive payment of the fair value thereof:
of his shares: Provided, That failure to make Provided, That if the dissenting stockholder
the demand within such period shall be is not paid the value of his shares within 30
deemed a waiver of the appraisal right. If the days after the award, his voting and dividend
proposed corporate action is implemented rights shall be immediately be restored.
or effected, the corporation shall pay to such
stockholder, upon surrender of the Sec. 84. When right to payment ceases. – No
certificate(s) of stock representing his demand for payment under this Title may be
shares, the fair value thereof as of the day withdrawn unless the corporation consents
prior to the date on which the vote was thereto. If, however, such demand for
taken, excluding any appreciation or payment is withdrawn with the consent of
depreciation in anticipation of such the corporation, or if the proposed
corporate action. corporate action is abandoned or rescinded
by the corporation or disapproved by the
If within a period of sixty (60) days from the Securities and Exchange Commission where
date the corporate action was approved by such approval is necessary, or if the
the stockholders, the withdrawing Securities and Exchange Commission
stockholder and the corporation cannot determines that such stockholder is not
agree on the fair value of the shares, it shall entitled to the appraisal right, then the right
be determined and appraised by three (3) of said stockholder to be paid the fair value
disinterested persons, one of whom shall be of his shares shall cease, his status as a
named by the stockholder, another by the stockholder shall thereupon be restored,
corporate and the third by the two (2) thus and all dividend distributions which would
chosen. The findings of the majority of the have accrued on his shares shall be paid to
appraisers shall be final, and their award him.
shall be paid by the corporation within thirty
(30) days after such award is made:
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Sec. 88. Purposes. – Non-stock corporations If proxy voting may be denied outrightly in
may be formed or organized for charitable, the articles or by-laws of non-stock
religious, educational, professional, cultural, corporations, it necessarily follows that the
fraternal, literary, scientific, social, civic qualifications or limitations on who should
service, or similar purposes, like trade, be appointed proxies may also be made
industry, agricultural and like chambers, or therein.
any combination thereof, subject to the
special provisions of this Title governing Sec.90. Non-transferability of membership.
particular classes of non-stock corporations. – Membership in a non-stock corporation
and all rights arising therefrom are personal
Distinction between a stock corporation and non-transferable, unless the articles of
and a non-stock corporation incorporation or the by-laws otherwise
Point of Stock Non-Stock provide.
Comparison Corporation Corporation
Sec.91. Termination of membership. –
Membership Ownership of Consent of
Membership shall be terminated in the
stock the manner and for the causes provided in the
associates articles of incorporation or the by-laws.
Termination of membership shall have the
Solicitation of gifts, donations effect of extinguishing all rights of a member
or contributions by non-stock corporations in the corporation or in its property, unless
A certificate of registration must be secured otherwise provided in the articles of
from the Insurance incorporation or the by-laws.
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Sec. 97. Articles of incorporation. – The 3. Its shares of stock are not listed in any
articles of incorporation of a close stock exchange.
corporation may provide:
Salient Feature of Close Corporations
1. For a classification of shares or rights and 1. It has only a few stockholders, who if not
the qualifications for owning or holding related by blood or marriage, know each
the same and restrictions on their other well and are aware of each other’s
transfers as may be stated therein, business skills.
subject to the provisions of the following 2. All or more of them are active in the
section. corporate business, either as directors,
officers or as key men in management.
2. For a classification of directors into one 3. The stocks of the corporation are not
or more classes, each of whom may be listed on the exchange nor is there
voted for and elected solely by a trading in them outside the stock
particular class of stock. market.
*It would seem that base on these
3. For a greater quorum or voting features many corporations in the
requirements in meetings of Philippines would be close corporations.
stockholders or directors than those
provided in this Code. Reasons for formation of
close corporations
The articles of incorporation of a close “The existence of close corporations can be
corporation may provide that the business of attributed to the desire of intimate groups of
the corporation shall be managed by the business associates to obtain the advantages
stockholders of the corporation rather than of a corporate organization, like that of
by a board of directors. So long as this limited liability. However, the identity and
provision continues in effect: personality of each shareholder are
important to his associates, so that although
1. No meeting of stockholders need be they may consider their business as
called to elect directors. corporation in their dealings with third
persons, among themselves the
2. Unless the context clearly requires stockholders act and feel as partners.”
otherwise, the stockholders of the
corporation shall be deemed to be Entities which may not be organized as close
directors for the purpose of applying the corporations
provisions of this Code. • Mining or oil companies
• Stock exchanges
3. The stockholders of the corporation shall • Banks
be subject to all liabilities of directors. • Insurance companies
• Public utilities
The articles of incorporation may likewise • Educational institutions
provide that all officers or employees or that • Corporations declared to be vested
specified officers or employees shall be with public interest
elected or appointed by the stockholders,
instead of by the board of directors. Stockholders authorized to manage close
corporations
Requisites of Close Corporation As a rule, management of stock corporation
Within the meaning of a close corporation is normally given to board of directors or
under the Corporation Code the following trustees. However, the Corporation Code
are its attributes: provides: “The articles of incorporation of a
1. Its stockholders are limited not close corporation may provide that the
exceeding 20 persons. business of the corporation shall be managed
2. Its shares of stock are subject to one or by the stockholders of the corporation rather
more restrictions on transfer. than by a board of directors.” Also, “The
articles of incorporation may likewise provide
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that all officers or employees or that specified violation of the restriction, if such
officers or employees shall be elected or acquisition violates the restriction.
appointed by the stockholders, instead of by
the board of directors.” 4. Whenever any person to whom stock of
a close corporation has been issued or
Sec. 98. Validity of restrictions on transfer of transferred has, or is conclusively
shares. – Restrictions on the right to transfer presumed under this section to have,
shares must appear in the articles of notice either (a) that he is a person not
incorporation and in the by-laws as well as in eligible to be a holder of stock of the
the certificate of stock; otherwise, the same corporation, or (b) that transfer of stock
shall not be binding on any purchaser to him would cause the stock of the
thereof in good faith. Said restrictions shall corporation to be held by more than the
not be more onerous than granting the number of persons permitted by its
existing stockholders or the corporation the articles of incorporation to hold stock of
option to purchase the shares of the the corporation, or (c) that the transfer
transferring stockholder with such of stock is in violation of a restriction on
reasonable terms, conditions or period transfer of stock, the corporation may, at
stated therein. If upon the expiration of said its option, refuse to register the transfer
period, the existing stockholders or the of stock in the name of the transferee.
corporation fails to exercise the option to
purchase, the transferring stockholder may 5. The provisions of subsection (4) shall not
sell his shares to any third person. applicable if the transfer of stock, though
contrary to subsections (1), (2) of (3), has
Sec. 99. Effects of issuance or transfer of been consented to by all the
stock in breach of qualifying conditions. – stockholders of the close corporation, or
1. If stock of a close corporation is issued or if the close corporation has amended its
transferred to any person who is not articles of incorporation in accordance
entitled under any provision of the with this Title.
articles of incorporation to be a holder of 6. The term "transfer", as used in this
record of its stock, and if the certificate section, is not limited to a transfer for
for such stock conspicuously shows the value.
qualifications of the persons entitled to
be holders of record thereof, such 7. The provisions of this section shall not
person is conclusively presumed to have impair any right which the transferee
notice of the fact of his ineligibility to be may have to rescind the transfer or to
a stockholder. recover under any applicable warranty,
express or implied.
2. If the articles of incorporation of a close
corporation states the number of Restrictions on transfer of shares of stock
persons, not exceeding twenty (20), who The corporation may provide in its articles of
are entitled to be holders of record of its incorporation, in its by-laws as well as in the
stock, and if the certificate for such stock certificate of stock restrictions on the right of
conspicuously states such number, and if stockholders to transfer their shares of
the issuance or transfer of stock to any stocks. If not so provided as aforesaid the
person would cause the stock to be held same “shall not be binding on any purchaser
by more than such number of persons, thereof in good faith.” Charter restrictions
the person to whom such stock is issued on the transfer of shares are binding on all
or transferred is conclusively presumed who become shareholders, as they become
to have notice of this fact. parties to the charter contract and take their
shares subject to it. Considerable latitude
3. If a stock certificate of any close allowed incorporators and shareholders in
corporation conspicuously shows a imposing transfer restrictions in the articles
restriction on transfer of stock of the of incorporation and they will not usually be
corporation, the transferee of the stock declared against public policy unless
is conclusively presumed to have notice palpably unreasonable under the
of the fact that he has acquired stock in circumstances.
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the by-laws provide otherwise, any action by for in the articles of incorporation and not in
the directors of a close corporation without an ordinary agreement executed by the
a meeting shall nevertheless be deemed parties. This rule however, would not
valid if: militate against the unanimous agreement
of all the stockholders.
1. Before or after such action is taken,
written consent thereto is signed by all Sec. 103. Amendment of articles of
the directors. incorporation. – Any amendment to the
articles of incorporation which seeks to
2. All the stockholders have actual or delete or remove any provision required by
implied knowledge of the action and this Title to be contained in the articles of
make no prompt objection thereto in incorporation or to reduce a quorum or
writing. voting requirement stated in said articles of
incorporation shall not be valid or effective
3. The directors are accustomed to take unless approved by the affirmative vote of at
informal action with the express or least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
implied acquiescence of all the capital stock, whether with or without voting
stockholders. rights, or of such greater proportion of
shares as may be specifically provided in the
4. All the directors have express or implied articles of incorporation for amending,
knowledge of the action in question and deleting or removing any of the aforesaid
none of them makes prompt objection provisions, at a meeting duly called for the
thereto in writing. purpose.
If a director's meeting is held without proper Rule and Exceptions when board meeting
call or notice, an action taken therein within unnecessary
the corporate powers is deemed ratified by General Rule: the directors of a corporation
a director who failed to attend, unless he cannot act individually or separately in order
promptly files his written objection with the to bind the corporation. They must act as a
secretary of the corporation after having board at a meeting duly called for the
knowledge thereof. purpose.
Sec. 102. Pre-emptive right in close Exception: Section 101. It enumerates the
corporations. - The pre-emptive right of instances when a board at a meeting is
stockholders in close corporations shall unnecessary or even if improperly held
extend to all stock to be issued, including would be valid. The by-laws, however, may
reissuance of treasury shares, whether for provided otherwise or a stockholder may file
money, property or personal services, or in his written objection in writing after having
payment of corporate debts, unless the knowledge of the action taken by the
articles of incorporation provide otherwise. directors.
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management committee, board, or body to present. San Juan Structural and Steel
undertake the management of corporations, Fabricators v.
partnership or other associations in CA (1998)
appropriate cases wherein there is imminent
danger or dissipation, loss or wastage or EDUCATIONAL CORPORATIONS
destruction of assets or other properties or For Educational corporations, where the
paralization of business operations of such trustees should be divided into multiples of
corporations or entities prejudicial to the five. So you should have five, ten or fifteen
interest of the minority, trustees if they are organized as non-stock
party-litigants or the general public.” corporation. And unless otherwise provided
in the articles of incorporation or by-laws,
Sec. 105. Withdrawal of stockholder or the terms of the trustees should be five
dissolution of corporation. – In addition and years, and every year only one fifth (1/5) is
without prejudice to other rights and elected, again to provide for continuity in
remedies available to a stockholder under policies. But you can provide that they will be
this Title, any stockholder of a close all elected instead for a term of one year,
corporation may, for any reason, compel the everybody has to be elected.
said corporation to purchase his shares at
their fair value, which shall not be less than Sec. 106. Incorporation. – Educational
their par or issued value, when the corporations shall be governed by special
corporation has sufficient assets in its books laws and by the general provisions of this
to cover its debts and liabilities exclusive of Code.
capital stock: Provided, That any stockholder
of a close corporation may, by written Sec. 107. Pre-requisites to incorporation. –
petition to the Securities and Exchange Except upon favourable recommendation of
Commission, compel the dissolution of such the Ministry of Education and Culture, the
corporation whenever any of acts of the Securities and Exchange Commission shall
directors, officers or those in control of the not accept or approve the articles of
corporation is illegal, or fraudulent, or incorporation and by-laws of any
dishonest, or oppressive or unfairly educational institution.
prejudicial to the corporation or any
stockholder, or whenever corporate assets Sec. 108. Board of trustees. – Trustees of
are being misapplied or wasted. educational institutions organized as
nonstock corporations shall not be less than
• Appraisal rights in regular five (5) nor more than fifteen (15): Provided,
corporations can be opted by the dissenting however, That the number of trustees shall
stockholder only in cases where the be in multiples of five (5).
fundamental change in the corporate
structure or operations is involved, whereas Unless otherwise provided in the articles of
a stockholder of a close corporation may, for incorporation on the by-laws, the board of
any reason, compel the said coporation to trustees of incorporated schools, colleges, or
purchase his shares at their par value, when other institutions of learning shall, as soon as
the corporation has sufficient assets in its organized, so classify themselves that the
books to cover his debts and liabilities term of office of one-fifth (1/5) of their
exclusive of capital stock. ( In Appraisal right, number shall expire every year. Trustees
fair value of shares is given but in thereafter elected to fill vacancies, occurring
Withdrawal Right, the fair value cannot be before the expiration of a particular term,
less than the par or issued value of the shall hold office only for the unexpired
shares; In Appraisal right, there must be period. Trustees elected thereafter to fill
present unrestricted retained earnings in vacancies caused by expiration of term shall
the books of the corporation) hold office for five (5) years. A majority of the
trustees shall constitute a quorum for the
• The corporation is not a close transaction of business. The powers and
corporation even if the shares belong to less authority of trustees shall be defined in the
than twenty if not all the requisites are by-laws.
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For institutions organized as stock a religious order or society and that at least
corporations, the number and term of 2/3 of the members have agreed to
directors shall be governed by the provisions incorporate, that the rules allow them to
on stock corporations. incorporate they desire to incorporate to
manage their properties in the place where
** located. The recollects are incorporated to
There are three (3) ways by which a religious manage their properties, they are the single
organization can provide for the biggest bloc of stockholder of San Miguel
administration of its properties: 1. by Corporation.
forming a non-stock corporation
2. by corporation sole RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS
3. by religious aggregate or society Sec. 109. Classes of religious corporations.
– Religious corporations may be
Corporation sole may constitute of one incorporated by one or more persons. Such
person only so the head of a religious sect corporations may be classified into
would incorporate himself for the purpose of corporations sole and religious societies.
administering the properties of a religious Religious corporations shall be governed by
sect. To incorporate what you will file with this Chapter and by the general provisions
the SEC is an affidavit. The affidavit will state on non-stock corporations insofar as they
that the affiant is the head of a religious may be applicable.
denomination or sect and would want to
become a corporation sole. and the rules of a) Corporation Sole
his religion allow him to incorporate as a • Corporation sole is a special form of
corporation sole and that he is charged with corporation usually associated with the
the administration of its properties and in clergy and consists of one person only
fact he will be required to submit an and his successors, who are
inventory and the manner in which the incorporated by law to give some legal
successor will be chosen and the place where capacities and advantages.
he will hold his office. • Nationality. A corporation sole does not
The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila is have any nationality but for purposes of
a corporation sole so if Cardinal Sin dies the applying our nationalization laws,
new archbishop will simply submit his nationality is determined not by the
appointment and he need not incorporate nationality of its head but by the
again because the corporation is different nationality of the members constituting
from the occupant of the position. The Iglesia the sect in the Philippines even if it is
ni Kristo is incorporated as a corporation headed by the Pope. (Roman Catholic
sole. Apostolic Church v. LRC, 1957)
The court has held in Roman Catholic • Effect of Separation of Members.
Apostolic Adm. of Davao, Inc. v. Land Members of the sect who left and who
Registration Commission that although the formed a separate religious group are
Bishop was a foreigner, he could register a not entitled to any right to vote over the
parcel of land in his name because he is a properties of their former sect. (Canete
mere administrator the property really v. CA, 1989)
belongs to the faithful and since they are • Dissolution. By filing a verified
Filipinos they could register the land in the declaration of dissolution. (JRS at 323)
administrator’s name.
Under the law if a corporation sole wants to Who may form and for what purpose?
dispose of or mortgage real property, he has Sec. 110. Corporation sole. – For the
to get authorization from the Regional Trial purpose of administering and managing, as
Court unless the rules of the religious sect
trustee, the affairs, property and
allow him to dispose of or mortgage real temporalities of any religious denomination,
property and that is usually the case. The last sect or church, a corporation sole may be
is the religious aggregate or religious society. formed by the chief archbishop, bishop,
It can incorporate for the purpose of priest, minister, rabbi or other presiding
managing its properties and the articles elder of such religious
would indicate that the members constitute
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denomination, sect or church. (154a) presiding elder, as the case may be, and
accompanied by a copy of the commission,
How formed? certificate of election or letter of
Sec. 111. Articles of incorporation. – In order appointment of such chief archbishop,
to become a corporation sole, the chief bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding
archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or elder, duly certified to be correct by any
presiding elder of any religious notary public.
denomination, sect or church must file with
the Securities and Exchange Commission From and after the filing with the Securities
articles of incorporation setting forth the and Exchange Commission of the said
following: articles of incorporation, verified by affidavit
or affirmation, and accompanied by the
1. That he is the chief archbishop, bishop, documents mentioned in the preceding
priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder paragraph, such chief archbishop, bishop,
of his religious denomination, sect or priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder shall
church and that he desires to become a become a corporation sole and all
corporation sole. temporalities, estate and properties of the
religious denomination, sect or church
2. That the rules, regulations and discipline theretofore administered or managed by
of his religious denomination, sect or him as such chief archbishop, bishop, priest,
church are not inconsistent with his minister, rabbi or presiding elder shall be
becoming a corporation sole and do not held in trust by him as a corporation sole, for
forbid it. the use, purpose, behalf and sole benefit of
his religious denomination, sect or church,
3. That as such chief archbishop, bishop, including hospitals, schools, colleges, orphan
priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder, asylums, parsonages and cemeteries
he is charged with the administration of thereof.
the temporalities and the management
of the affairs, estate and properties of Need for by-laws
his religious denomination, sect or No need for by-laws since the business is
church within his territorial jurisdiction, conducted by only one man.
describing such territorial jurisdiction.
Power to acquire and alienate property Sec.
4. The manner in which any vacancy 113. Acquisition and alienation of property.
occurring in the office of chief – Any corporation sole may purchase and
archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, hold real estate and personal property for its
rabbi of presiding elder is required to be church, charitable, benevolent or
filled, according to the rules, regulations educational purposes, and may receive
or discipline of the religious bequests or gifts for such purposes. Such
denomination, sect or church to which corporation may sell or mortgage real
he belongs. property held by it by obtaining an order for
that purpose from the Court of First Instance
5. The place where the principal office of of the province where the property is
the corporation sole is to be established situated upon proof made to the satisfaction
and located, which place must be within of the court that notice of the application for
the Philippines. leave to sell or mortgage has been given by
publication or otherwise in such manner and
The articles of incorporation may include any for such time as said court may have
other provision not contrary to law for the directed, and that it is to the interest of the
regulation of the affairs of the corporation. corporation that leave to sell or mortgage
should be granted. The application for leave
Sec. 112. Submission of the articles of to sell or mortgage must be made by
incorporation. – The articles of petition, duly verified, by the chief
incorporation must be verified, before filing, archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or
by affidavit or affirmation of the chief presiding elder acting as corporation sole,
archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or and may be opposed by any member of the
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DISSOLUTION **
There are different ways to dissolve a
corporation one is voluntarily and the other
involuntarily, under the law there are three
provisions governing voluntary dissolution.
The first one is if no creditors are affected. In
all the methods of voluntary dissolution, you
need a resolution approved by a majority of
directors and a resolution approved by at
least 2/3 of the stockholders In Section 118,
where no creditors are affected the directors
and the stockholders pass the resolution
dissolving the corporation and that will be
filed in the SEC for approval. In a case where
a suit was filed and the corporation said, we
have already been dissolved and they
submitted a board resolution, the SC held
that it is not enough to dissolve a
corporation.
The Second one, is under Section 119 where
creditors are affected. Here the board and
the stockholders will approve the dissolution
but a petition will be filed signed by the
majority of the directors and verified by the
president, secretary or one of the directors
which will indicate the claims of creditors.
That will be set for hearing and not less than
thirty (30) days nor more than sixty (60) days
after the entry of the issuance of the order
and a copy of the order will be published
once a week for three consecutive weeks in
a newspaper of general circulation and that
will also be posted for three weeks in three
public
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Supposed to be, this was the rule before if or of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
any case is not finished within the three members of a meeting to be held upon call
year period, the case will be abated whether of the directors or trustees after publication
the corporation is plaintiff or whether it of the notice of time, place and object of the
is defendant but recent meeting for three (3) consecutive weeks in a
jurisprudence has rendered that obsolete. newspaper published in the place where the
That rule is applicable if it is the directors principal office of said corporation is located;
winding up the and if no newspaper is published in such
corporation. if the corporation is place, then in a newspaper of general
under receivership, it is the receiver who circulation in the Philippines, after sending
may wind up the affair of the corporation. such notice to each stockholder or member
But if it is the trustee that will not apply, the either by registered mail or by personal
trust will subsist until the affairs of the delivery at least thirty (30) days prior to said
corporation are wound up and until any meeting. A copy of the resolution
creditor can sue the trustee provided that authorizing the dissolution shall be certified
the applicable prescriptive period has not by a majority of the board of directors or
yet lapsed. So if his cause of action is based trustees and countersigned by the secretary
on a written contract he has ten (10) years of the corporation. The Securities and
to sue the trustee. Exchange Commission shall thereupon issue
The Court has said that the remedy there if the certificate of dissolution.
the three years will end and there are still
pending cases, is for the board to appoint a When a corporation is contemplating
trustee but more recent jurisprudence has dissolution, it must submit tax return on
fashioned a practicable solution to that the the income earned by it from the
lawyer handling the cases may beginning of the year up to the date of
be considered as trustee of the corporation its dissolution and pay the
and therefore the cases will not be abated corresponding tax due. BPI v. Court of
but should continue. Appeals, 363 SCRA 840 (2001).
In one case, the SC held that the directors
may be considered as trustees after three Requirements where creditors are affected
years so that they can continue to wind up Sec. 119. Voluntary dissolution where
the affairs of the corporation and in effect creditors are affected. – Where the
the three year period has dissolution of a corporation may prejudice
become ineffectual. the rights of any creditor, the petition for
dissolution shall be filed with the Securities
What are the various methods and Exchange Commission. The petition shall
of dissolving corporations? Sec. 117. be signed by a majority of its board of
Methods of dissolution. – A corporation directors or trustees or other officers having
formed or organized under the provisions of the management of its affairs, verified by its
this Code may be dissolved voluntarily or president or secretary or one of its directors
involuntarily. or trustees, and shall set forth all claims and
demands against it, and that its dissolution
Voluntary was resolved upon by the affirmative vote of
Requirements where no creditors the stockholders representing at least two-
are affected. thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock
or by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
Sec. 118. Voluntary dissolution where no members at a meeting of its stockholders or
creditors are affected. – If dissolution of a members called for that purpose.
corporation does not prejudice the rights of
any creditor having a claim against it, the If the petition is sufficient in form and
dissolution may be effected by majority vote substance, the Commission shall, by an order
of the board of directors or trustees, and by reciting the purpose of the petition, fix a
a resolution duly adopted by the affirmative date on or before which objections thereto
vote of the stockholders owning at least two- may be filed by any person, which date shall
thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock not be less than thirty (30) days nor more
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than sixty (60) days after the entry of the outstanding capital stock or at least 2/3
order. Before such date, a copy of the order of the members in case of non-stock
shall be published at least once a week for corporations.
three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper 3. A certification that no creditor shall be
of general circulation published in the prejudiced by the dissolution.
municipality or city where the principal 4. A list of creditors, if any.
office of the corporation is situated, or if 5. Consent of the creditors with regard to
there be no such newspaper, then in a the dissolution.
newspaper of general circulation in the 6. Affidavit of stockholders/directors/
Philippines, and a similar copy shall be officers/members regarding any valid
posted for three (3) consecutive weeks in claim against the corporation.
three (3) public places in such municipality or 7. Latest balance sheet which must be
city. earlier than the date of the meeting of
the stockholders approving the
Upon five (5) days’ notice, given after the amendment of the articles of
date on which the right to file objections as incorporation.
fixed in the order has expired, the 8. Notice of dissolution.
Commission shall proceed to hear the 9. Tax clearance from the BIR.
petition and try any issue made by the 10. Affidavit of the publisher anent the
objections filed; and if no such objection is publication of the notice of the
sufficient, and the material allegations of the dissolution once a week for three (3)
petition are true, it shall render judgment consecutive weeks in two (2)
dissolving the corporation and directing such newspapers of general circulation in the
disposition of its assets as justice requires, Philippines.
and may appoint a receiver to collect such
assets and pay the debts of the corporation.
The SEC may appoint a receiver to collect
such assets and pay the debts of the
Sec. 120. Dissolution by shortening corporation.
corporate term. – A voluntary dissolution It has been held that where corporate
may be effected by amending the articles of directors are guilty of a breach of trust and
incorporation to shorten the corporate term intracorporate remedy is futile, the minority
pursuant to the provisions of this Code. A stockholders may resort to the courts for
copy of the amended articles of appropriate relief and, incidentally, as for
incorporation shall be submitted to the the appointment of a receiver for the
Securities and Exchange Commission in protection of their rights.
accordance with this Code. Upon approval of
the amended articles of incorporation of the
Section 121. Involuntary dissolution. – A
expiration of the shortened term, as the case
corporation may be dissolved by the
may be, the corporation shall be deemed
Securities and Exchange Commission upon
dissolved without any further proceedings,
filing of a verified complaint and after proper
subject to the provisions of this Code on
notice and hearing on the grounds provided
liquidation.
by existing laws, rules and regulations.
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organized or existing under any laws other submit to the Securities and Exchange
than those of the Philippines and whose laws Commission a copy of its articles of
allow Filipino citizens and corporations to do incorporation and by-laws, certified in
business in its own country or state. It shall accordance with law, and their translation to
have the right to transact business in the an official language of the Philippines, if
Philippines after it shall have obtained a necessary. The application shall be under
license to transact business in this country in oath and, unless already stated in its articles
accordance with this Code and a certificate of incorporation, shall specifically set forth
of authority from the appropriate the following:
government agency.
1. The date and term of incorporation.
Definition
Foreign Corporation is one formed, 2. The address, including the street
organized or existing under any laws other number, of the principal office of the
than those of the Philippines and whose laws corporation in the country or state of
allow Filipino citizens and corporations to do incorporation.
business in its own country or state.
3. The name and address of its resident
Section 124. Application to existing foreign agent authorized to accept summons
corporations. – Every foreign corporation and process in all legal proceedings and,
which on the date of the effectivity of this pending the establishment of a local
Code is authorized to do business in the office, all notices affecting the
Philippines under a license therefore issued corporation.
to it, shall continue to have such authority
under the terms and condition of its license, 4. The place in the Philippines where the
subject to the provisions of this Code and corporation intends to operate.
other special laws.
5. The specific purpose or purposes which
A foreign corporation can have no legal the corporation intends to pursue in the
existence beyond the bounds of the state or transaction of its business in the
sovereignty by which it is created. It exists Philippines: Provided, That said purpose
only in contemplation of law and by force of or purposes are those specifically stated
the law, and where that law ceases to in the certificate of authority issued by
operate, the corporation can have no the appropriate government agency.
existence. It must dwell in the place of its
creation, and cannot migrate to another 6. The names and addresses of the present
sovereignty. directors and officers of the corporation.
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10. Such additional information as may be Commission shall issue a license to the
necessary or appropriate in order to applicant to transact business in the
enable the Securities and Exchange Philippines for the purpose or purposes
Commission to determine whether such specified in such license. Upon issuance of
corporation is entitled to a license to the license, such foreign corporation may
transact business in the Philippines, and commence to transact business in the
to determine and assess the fees Philippines and continue to do so for as long
payable. as it retains its authority to act as a
corporation under the laws of the country or
Attached to the application for license shall state of its incorporation, unless such license
be a duly executed certificate under oath by is sooner surrendered, revoked, suspended
the authorized official or officials of the or annulled in accordance with this Code or
jurisdiction of its incorporation, attesting to other special laws.
the fact that the laws of the country or state
of the applicant allow Filipino citizens and Within sixty (60) days after the issuance of
corporations to do business therein, and that the license to transact business in the
the applicant is an existing corporation in Philippines, the license, except foreign
good standing. If such certificate is in a banking or insurance corporation, shall
foreign language, a translation thereof in deposit with the Securities and Exchange
English under oath of the translator shall be Commission for the benefit of present and
attached thereto. future creditors of the licensee in the
Philippines, securities satisfactory to the
The application for a license to transact Securities and Exchange Commission,
business in the Philippines shall likewise be consisting of bonds or other evidence of
accompanied by a statement under oath of indebtedness of the Government of the
the president or any other person Philippines, its political subdivisions and
authorized by the corporation, showing to instrumentalities, or of government-owned
the satisfaction of the Securities and or controlled corporations and entities,
Exchange Commission and other shares of stock in “registered enterprises” as
governmental agency in the proper cases this term is defined in Republic Act No. 5186,
that the applicant is solvent and in sound shares of stock in domestic corporations
financial condition, and setting forth the registered in the stock exchange, or shares
assets and liabilities of the corporation as of of stock in domestic insurance companies
the date not exceeding one (1) year and banks, or any combination of these kinds
immediately prior to the filing of the of securities, with an actual market value of
application. at least one hundred thousand (P100,000.)
pesos; Provided, however, That within six (6)
Foreign banking, financial and insurance months after each fiscal year of the licensee,
corporations shall, in addition to the above the Securities and Exchange Commission
requirements, comply with the provisions of shall require the licensee to deposit
existing laws applicable to them. In the case additional securities equivalent in actual
of all other foreign corporations, no market value to two (2%) percent of the
application for license to transact business in amount by which the licensee’s gross
the Philippines shall be accepted by the income for that fiscal year exceeds five
Securities and Exchange Commission million (P5,000,000.00) pesos. The Securities
without previous authority from the and Exchange Commission shall also require
appropriate government agency, whenever deposit of additional securities if the actual
required by law. market value of the securities on deposit has
decreased by at least ten (10%) percent of
their actual market value at the time they
Section 126. Issuance of a license. – If the were deposited. The Securities and
Securities and Exchange Commission is Exchange Commission may at its discretion
satisfied that the applicant has complied release part of the additional securities
with all the requirements of this Code and deposited with it if the gross income of the
other special laws, rules and regulations, the licensee has decreased, or if the actual
market value of the total securities on
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deposit has increased, by more than ten periods totalling one hundred eighty
(10%) percent of the actual market value of days or more.
the securities at the time they were c. Participating in the management,
deposited. The Securities and Exchange supervision, or control of any domestic
Commission may, from time to time, allow business firm, entity, or corporation in
the licensee to substitute other securities for the Philippines.
those already on deposit as long as the d. Any other act or acts that imply a
licensee is solvent. Such licensee shall be continuity of commercial dealings or
entitled to collect the interest or dividends arrangements, and contemplates to that
on the securities deposited. In the event the extent the performance of acts or works,
licensee ceases to do business in the or the exercise of some of the function
Philippines, the securities deposited as normally incident to, and in progressive
aforesaid shall be returned, upon the prosecution of, commercial gain or of
licensee’s application therefor and upon the purpose and object of the business
proof to the satisfaction of the Securities and organization.
Exchange Commission that the licensee has
no liability to Philippine residents, including The Board of Investments requires license
the Government of the Republic of the not only of corporations organized abroad
Philippines. but also of domestic corporations, if more
than 40% of its voting shares are owned and
Definition held by aliens or more than 30% of its total
Transacting business means the carrying on capitalization is in the hands of aliens.
of the operations of the corporation, or
some portion of them, in the usual and Guidelines for issuance of certificate of
regular course of the prosecution of the authority to do business under BOI (Rep.
corporate enterprise for profit. Act No.5455)
1. That the operation or activity is not
The Corporation Code outlines the inconsistent with the Investment
procedural requirements for the application Priorities Plan.
and issuance of a license before a foreign 2. That the business or economic activity
corporation may transact business in the will contribute to the sound and
Philippines. Except in the case of foreign balanced development of the national
banking, financial and insurance economy on a self-sustaining basis.
corporations and other subject to special 3. That the activity will not conflict with the
laws, rules and regulations, if the applicant Constitution and laws of the
foreign corporation has complied with all the Philippines.
requirements of issuance of a license, the 4. That the nosiness or economic activity is
SEC shall issue such license and thereafter not one (1) adequately exploited by
the foreign corporation may transact Philippine Nationals.
business in the Philippines.
5. That the entry of the applicant will not
pose a clear and present danger of
Republic Act No. 5455. Regulates the entry promoting monopolies or combination
of foreign investments whenever foreign in restraint of trade.
equity participation exceeds 30 percent of
the capital stock.
Presidential Decree No. 151 allows citizens
of the Philippines or corporations which
Under Republic Act no. 5455 “doing have acquired lands of the public domain or
business includes”: which or any other law, to enter into service
a. Soliciting orders, purchases, service contracts for financial, technical,
contracts, opening offices whether management or other forms of assistance
called liaison offices or branches. with any foreign person or entity whenever
b. Appointing representatives or and wherever such contracts are vital to
distributors who are domiciled in the achieve sound and more expeditious
Philippines or who in any calendar year exploration, development, exploitation or
stay in the Philippines for a period or
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Sec. 137. Outstanding capital stock defined. stock ownership, the National Economic and
– The term "outstanding capital stock", as Development
used in this Code, means the total shares of Authority shall consider the type and nature
stock issued under binding subscription of the industry, the size of the enterprise, the
agreements to subscribers or stockholders, economies of scale, the geographic location,
whether or not fully or partially paid, except the extent of Filipino ownership, the labor
treasury shares. intensity of the activity, the export potential,
as well as other factors which are germane
Sec. 138. Designation of governing boards. to the realization and promotion of business
– The provisions of specific provisions of this and industry.
Code to the contrary notwithstanding, non-
stock or special corporations may, through Sec. 141. Annual report or corporations. –
their articles of incorporation or their by- Every corporation, domestic or foreign,
laws, designate their governing boards by lawfully doing business in the Philippines
any name other than as board of trustees. shall submit to the Securities and Exchange
Commission an annual report of its
Sec. 139. Incorporation and other fees. – operations, together with a financial
The Securities and Exchange Commission is statement of its assets and liabilities,
hereby authorized to collect and receive fees certified by any independent certified public
as authorized by law or by rules and accountant in appropriate cases, covering
regulations promulgated by the the preceding fiscal year and such other
Commission. requirements as the Securities and Exchange
Commission may require. Such report shall
Sec. 140. Stock ownership in certain be submitted within such period as may be
corporations. – Pursuant to the duties prescribed by the Securities and Exchange
specified by Article XIV of the Constitution, Commission.
the National Economic and Development
Authority shall, from time to time, make a Sec. 142. Confidential nature of
determination of whether the corporate examination results. – All interrogatories
vehicle has been used by any corporation or propounded by the Securities and Exchange
by business or industry to frustrate the Commission and the answers thereto, as
provisions thereof or of applicable laws, and well as the results of any examination made
shall submit to the Batasang Pambansa, by the Commission or by any other official
whenever deemed necessary, a report of its authorized by law to make an examination of
findings, including recommendations for the operations, books and records of any
their prevention or correction. Maximum corporation, shall be kept strictly
limits may be set by the Batasang Pambansa confidential, except insofar as the law may
for stockholdings in corporations declared require the same to be made public or where
by it to be vested with a public interest such interrogatories, answers or results are
pursuant to the provisions of this section, necessary to be presented as evidence
belonging to individuals or groups of before any court.
individuals related to each other by
consanguinity or affinity or by close business Sec. 143. Rule making power of the
interests, or whenever it is necessary to Securities and Exchange Commission. – The
achieve national objectives, prevent illegal Securities and Exchange Commission shall
monopolies or combinations in restraint or have the power and authority to implement
trade, or to implement national economic the provisions of this Code, and to
policies declared in laws, rules and promulgate rules and regulations reasonably
regulations designed to promote the general necessary to enable it to perform its duties
welfare and foster economic development. hereunder, particularly in the prevention of
fraud and abuses on the part of the
In recommending to the Batasang Pambansa controlling stockholders, members,
corporations, business or industries to be directors, trustees or officers.
declared vested with a public interest and in
formulating proposals for limitations on
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Sec. 144. Violations of the Code. – Violations the terms and conditions of its license, and
of any of the provisions of this Code or its shall be governed by the provisions hereof:
amendments not otherwise specifically Provided, That if any such corporation is
penalized therein shall be punished by a fine affected by the new requirements of this
of not less than one thousand (P1,000.00) Code, said corporation shall, unless
pesos but not more than ten thousand otherwise herein provided, be given a period
(P10,000.00) pesos or by imprisonment for of not more than two (2) years from the
not less than thirty (30) days but not more effectivity of this Code within which to
than five (5) years, or both, in the discretion comply with the same.
of the court. If the violation is committed by
a corporation, the same may, after notice Sec. 149. Effectivity. – This Code shall take
and hearing, be dissolved in appropriate effect immediately upon its approval.
proceedings before the Securities and Approved: May 1, 1980
Exchange Commission: Provided, That such
dissolution shall not preclude the institution
of appropriate action against the director,
trustee or officer of the corporation
responsible for said violation: Provided,
further, That nothing in this section shall be
construed to repeal the other causes for
dissolution of a corporation provided in this
Code.
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