St.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI

MA1202 – ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - II
CLASS NOTES
UNIT - IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
If f (z ) is analytic at every point of the region R bounded by a simple closed curve C and if f ' ( z ) is

continuous at all points inside and on C, then  f ( z) dz = 0 .

C

Cauchy’s Integral formula

If f (z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and ‘a’ is any point inside C, then
f(z)
 ( z − a ) dz = 2 i f ( a ) .
C

Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative

If a function f (z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and ‘a’ is any point lying in it,
then
1! f(z)
2 i C ( z − a )2
f '( a ) = dz

2! f(z)
f '' ( a ) = 
2 i C ( z − a )3
dz

in general,
n! f(z)
f ( n )( a ) = 
2 i C ( z − a )n +1
dz

Cauchy’s residue theorem

If f (z) is analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve C, except for a finite number of
isolated singularities z1 ,z2 ,...,zn inside C, then
 f ( z )dz = 2 i  sumof the residues of f ( z ) at z1,z2 ,...,zn 
C
Residue at simple pole
If z = a is a simple pole of f ( z ) , then
lim
 Re s f ( z ) z =a = (z−a)f(z)
z→a
Residue at pole of order m
If z = a is a pole of order m , then

lim d m −1
 Re s f ( z ) z =a =
1
( m − 1 )! z → a dz m −1 
( z − a )m f ( z ) .

Residue at simple pole for the function of type f ( z ) = p( z )

q( z )
If z = a is a simple pole of f ( z ) and f ( z ) = p( z ) , then
q( z )
p( a )
 Re s f ( z ) z =a =  .
q(a)
Taylor series
A function f (z), analytic inside a circle C with centre at ‘a’, can be expanded in the series
f '( a ) f ''( a ) f '''( a ) f ( n )( a )
f( z) = f(a)+ ( z −a)+ ( z − a )2 + ( z − a )3 + ..... + ( z − a )n + ....
1! 2! 3! n!
Maclaurin’s series
Taking a = 0, Taylor’s series reduce to Maclaurin’s series
f '( 0 ) f ''( 0 ) 2 f '''( 0 ) 3 f ( n )( 0 ) n
f ( z ) = f (0)+ z+ z + z + ..... + z + ....
1! 2! 3! n!
Laurent’s series
If C1 , C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and if f(z) is
analytic inside and on the circles and within the annular region between C1 andC2, then for any
point ‘z’ in the annular region, we have
 
bn
f ( z ) =  an ( z − a ) n +  , where
n =1 ( z − a )
n
n =0

1 f ( z) 1 f ( z)
an =
2 i C ( z − a)n +1
dz and bn = 
2 i C ( z − a)− n +1
dz
1 2

Zero of f(z)
A zero of an analytic function f(z) is the solution of f(z) = 0.
Singular Point
A point ‘z = a’ at which a function f(z) fails to be analytic is called a singular point.
Poles
lim
If we can find a positive integer ‘n’ such that ( z − a )n f ( z )  0 then ‘z = a’ is called a
z→a
pole of order ‘n’ for f(z).

Residue
1
If ‘ z = a ’ is an isolated singular point of f(z), then the coefficient of in the Laurent’s series
z−a
expansion of f(z) is called the residue of f(z) at ‘z = a’.
1
 Re s f ( z ) z = a = the coefficient of in Laurent' s series of f ( z )
z−a
= b1
1
2 i C
= f ( z )dz

Isolated singularity
A point ‘z = zo’ is said to be isolated singularity of f (z) if f (z) is not analytic at ‘z = zo’ and there
exists a neighbourhood of ‘z = zo’ containing no other singularity.
1
Example: f (z) = 𝑧 this function is analytic everywhere except at z = 0.
 z = 0 is an isolated singularity .
Removable singularity
lim
A singular point ‘z = zo’ is called a removable singularity of f (z) if f ( z ) exists finitely.
z → z0
sin z
Example: f ( z ) =
z
lim lim sin z
f ( z) = = 1 (finite)
z →0 z →0 z
 z = 0 is a removable singularity .
Essential singularity
If the principal part of f(z) contains an infinite number of non zero terms, then ‘z = zo’ is known
as a essential singularity.
1 1 1 2
( )
Example: f (z) = e = 1 + 1! + 2! + ……. has z = 0 as an essential singularity .
z 𝑧 𝑧

Contour Integration
Type: I
2𝜋
The integrals of the form ∫0 𝑓 (𝑐𝑜𝑠, 𝑠𝑖𝑛)𝑑 here we shall choose the contour as the unit circle
C =|𝑧| = 1 or z = 𝑒 𝑖 , 0 ≤≤ 2
dz
Let z = ei , dz = iei d = izd  d =
iz
Then we have
1 1 1 1
cos  =  z +  ; sin  =  z − 
2 z 2i  z
cos 2 = Real part of z ; cos n = Real part of z n
2

sin 2 = Im part of z 2 ; sin n = Im part of z n

1 + cos 2 1 + z 2 
cos  =
2
= Real part of  ;
2  2 
1 − cos 2 1 − z 2 
sin 2  = = Real part of  
2  2 
𝑧 2+ 1 𝑧 2− 1 1
On this type cos = , sin = and d = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑧.
2𝑧 2𝑖𝑧
2𝜋  sum of the residues of  ( z )at 
∫0 𝑓 (𝑐𝑜𝑠, 𝑠𝑖𝑛)𝑑 = ∫𝐶 𝜑(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = 2 i  
 each of its poles which lies insideC 
Contour Integration
Type: II
∞ 𝑃(𝑥)
Improper integrals of the form ∫−∞ 𝑄 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, where P (x) and Q (x) are polynomials in x
such that the degree of Q exceeds that of P at least by two and Q (x) does not vanish for any x.
where C is the contour consisting of the semicircle C1 , with the line segment L:[-R, R].
𝑅
∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫−𝑅 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝐶1 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
Letting R → , we get ∫𝐶1 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∞  sumof the residues of f ( z )at each of its poles 
∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 i  .
 which lies above the real axis 
 St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI
MA8251- MATHEMATICS II
CLASS NOTES
UNIT IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION
CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL FORMULA
sin πz 2 + cos πz 2
1. Use Cauchy’s integral formula to evaluate  dz , where C is z = 3
C
(z-1)(z-2)
(M/J 2013)
Solution:
1 f ( z)
By Cauchy’s integral formula , f ( a ) =  dz
2 i C z − a
f ( z)
(i.e) 2 i f ( a ) =  dz
C
z−a
sin  z 2 + cos  z 2
Given:  dz Here, f ( z ) = sin  z 2 + cos  z 2
C
( z − 1)( z − 2)
The points a1 =1, a2 = 2 lies inside z = 3
1 −1 1
Now, = + (by Partial fraction method)
(z − 1)(z − 2) (z − 1) (z − 2)
sin  z 2 + cos  z 2 sin  z 2 + cos  z 2 sin  z 2 + cos  z 2
 dz = −  dz +  dz
C
( z − 1)( z − 2) C
( z − 1) C
( z − 2)
= − 2 i f (1) + 2 i f (2)
f (z) = sin  z 2 + cos  z 2
f (1) = sin  + cos  = − 1 and f (2) = sin 4 + cos 4 =1
sin  z 2 + cos  z 2
 dz = − 2 i (−1) + 2 i (1) = 4 i
C
( z − 1)( z − 2)
z2
2. Evaluate  (z -1)2 (z + 2)dz where C is z = 3 . (M/J 2015)
C
Solution:

Z=1 lies inside z = 3

Z= – 2 lies inside z = 3

z2 A B C
= + +
( z − 1) ( z + 2 )
2 ( z − 1) ( z − 1) ( z + 2 )
2

z 2 = A ( z − 1)( z + 2 ) + B ( z + 2 ) + C ( z − 1)
2

 1
Put z = 1, B =
3
4
Put z = −2, C =
9
5
Equating co − eff of z 2 on bothsides, A =
9
1 5 4
z2 9 3 9
= + +
( z − 1) ( z + 2) ( z − 1) ( z − 1) ( z + 2)
2 2

5 1 4
z2
C ( z − 1)2 ( z + 2) = C ( z − 1)dz + C ( z − 1)2 dz + C ( z +92) dz
9 3

By Cauchy’s integral formula,

5 1 4
=   2 i f (1) +   2 i f (1) +   2 i f ( −2)
9  3 9
5 1 4
=   2 i (1) +   2 i (0) +   2 i (1)  f ( z ) = 1
9  3 9
= 2 i
3z 2 + 7z + 1
3. If F(a) = 
C z -a
dz where C is | z | = 2 then find F(1- i) and F'(1- i) by Cauchy’s Integral

Formula. (A/M 2019)

Solution:

Z=1– i lies inside z = 2

By Cauchy’s integral formula,

f ( z)

C z-a
dz = 2 i f(a)

3z 2 + 7z +1

C z-a
dz = 2 i f(a), where f(z) = 3z 2 + 7z +1

and f (z) = 6z + 7
2
3z + 7z + 1
Given that F(a) = 
C z -a
dz

Put a=1– i , we get

3z 2 + 7z + 1
F(1 - i) = 
C z - (1 - i)
dz = 2 i f (1 − i )

= 2 i  3(1 - i) 2 + 7(1 - i) + 1

= 2 (13 + 8i )
Also ,
f ( z)

C (z - a)
2
dz = 2 i f (a),

3z 2 + 7z + 1
F(1 - i) =   z - (1 - i)
C
2
dz = 2 i f (1 − i )

= 2 i 6(1 - i) + 7 
= 2 (6 +13i )
 z
4. Using Cauchy’s Integral Formula, evaluate  (z - 1)2 (z + 2)dz where C is the circle z -1 = 1 .
C
(N/D 2016)
Solution:

Here z =1 lies inside the circle z -1 = 1

z = −2 lies out side the circle z -1 = 1
z
=  z + 2 2 dz
zdz

C ( z − 1) ( z + 2 ) C ( z − 1)
2

z
Here f ( z ) =
z+2
( z + 2) (1) − ( z ) (1) 2
f ( z) = =
( z + 2) 2
( z + 2) 2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
f ( z) 2 i ( n )
C ( z − a )n +1 dz = n! f ( a )
z
=  z + 2 2 dz
z dz

C ( − ) ( + ) C ( z − 1)
2
z 1 z 2
2 i
= f (1)
1!
 2   2 
= 2 i    f ( z ) = 
 (1 + 2 )   ( z + 2 ) 
2 2

2
= 2 i  
9
4
= i .
9
z+4
5. Evaluate  z +2z+ 5 dz , where C is the circle z + 1 + i = 2 , using Cauchy’s integral
C
2

formula. (N/D 2012)

Solution:
z +1+i =2
x + iy + 1 + i = 2

( x + 1) + i ( y + 1) = 2, ( x + 1) + ( y + 1) = 2
2 2

Squaring on both sides,

( x + 1) + ( y + 1) =4
2 2

This is equation of circle with centre ( −1, −1) and radius 2.

 z2 + 2 z + 5 = 0
−2  4 − 4 (1)( 5 ) −2  4i
z= = = −1  2i
2 (1) 2
z+4 z+4
z dz =  dz
+2z+5  z − ( −1 + 2i )   z − ( −1 − 2i ) 
C 
2
C

Here –1–2i lies inside the circle c and –1+2i lies outside the circle c.
Let a = −1 − 2i
1 f ( z)
By Cauchy’s integral formula, f ( a ) =  dz
2 i C z − a
1 f ( z)
Substituting for a, f ( −1 − 2i ) =  dz ...... (1)
2 i C z − ( −1 − 2i )
Comparing equation (1) with given problem,
z+4
f ( z) =
z − ( −1 + 2i )
−1 − 2i + 4 3 − 2i 3 − 2i
f ( −1 − 2i ) = = =
− 1 − 2i − ( −1 + 2i ) −1 − 2i + 1 − 2i −4i
Substituting for f ( −1 − 2i ) in (1)
3 − 2i 1 z+4
−4i
= 
2 i C z + 2 z + 5
2
dz

Cross multiplying
z+4 ( 3 − 2i )( 2 i ) =  −3 + 2i
z +2z+5 dz = ( )
C
2
−4i 2

TAYLOR’S SERIES AND LAURENT’S SERIES

z 2 -1
6. Obtain Taylor’s Series and Laurent’s series to represent the function in the
(z + 2)(z + 3)
region z < 2, 2 < z < 3 and z > 3 . (A/M 2019)
Solution:
z2 −1 z2 −1
f ( z) = =
( z + 2 ) ( z + 3) z 2 + 5 z + 6

Since the degree of the numerator and denominator are same we have to divide and apply partial
fractions.
z2 − 1 −5z − 7 −5z − 7
= 1+ 2 = 1+
z + 5z + 6
2
z + 5z + 6 ( z + 3)( z + 2 )
3 8
= 1+ −
z+2 z+3

z z
(i) Given |z|<2   1 and  1
2 3

Consider
 z2 − 1 3 8 3 8
= 1+ − = 1+ −
z + 5z + 6
2
z+2 z+3  z  z
2 1 +  3 1 + 
 2  3
−1 −1
3 z 8 z
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
2 2 3 3

3 z z2  8 z z2 
= 1 + 1 − + − ....  − 1 − + − ... 
2 2 2  3 3 9 
2 z
(ii) Given 2  z  3   1 and 1
z 3
z2 −1 3 8 3 8
= 1+ − = 1+ −
z + 5z + 6
2
z +2 z +3  2  z
z 1 +  3 1 + 
 z  3
−1 −1
3 2 8 z 
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
z z 3 3
3  2  2  8   z   z 2 
2

= 1 + 1 −   +   − ...  − 1 −   +   − ... 
z   z   z   3  3  3
 


n n
3  2 8  z
= 1 +  ( −1) n   −  ( −1) n  
z n =0  z  3 n =0 3
3
Given z  3  1
z
z2 − 1 3 8
= 1+ −
z + 5z + 6
2
z+2 z+3
3 8  3 2 
= 1+ −  since 1   1
 2  3  z z 
z 1 +  z 1 + 
 z  z
−1 −1
3 2 8 3
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
z z z z
3  2  2  8   3   3 2 
2

= 1 + 1 −   +   − ...  − 1 −   +   − ... 
z   z   z   z z z
 


n n
3  n2 8  n3
= 1 +  ( −1)   −  ( −1)  
z n =0  z  z n =0 z
7z − 2
7. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f ( z ) = in 1 < | z + 1| < 3. (M/J 2010)
z(z − 2)(z + 1)
Solution:
The singular points are z = 0, z = 2, z = –1
7z − 2 A B C
= + +
z ( z − 2)( z + 1) z z − 2 z + 1
 7z – 2 = A(z – 2) (z + 1 ) + B z (z + 1) + C z ( z – 2)

Put z = 0, –2 = A(–2)  A = 1
z = 2, 14 – 2 = B 2(2 + 1)  B = 2
z = –1, – 7 – 2 = C(–1)(– 1 – 2)  C = –3
 7z − 2 1 2 3
= + −
z ( z − 2)( z + 1) z z − 2 z + 1
Put t = z + 1  z = t – 1
 1<|t|<3
1 t
1 < | t |   1 and 1
t 3
1 2 3
f (z) = + −
z z − 2 z +1
1 2 3
= + −
t −1 t − 3 t
1 2 3
= + −
 1  t t
t 1 −  (−3) 1 − 
 t  3
−1 −1
1 1 2 t  3
= 1 −  − 1 −  −
t t 3 3 t
1  1 1 1  2   t   t  2  t 3  3
2 3

= 1 +   +   +   + ... − 1 +   +   +   + ... −
t   t   t   t   3   3   3   3   t
1   1   1   1   2   z + 1   z + 1  2  z + 1 3 
2 3
3
= 1 +  +  +  + ... − 1 +  +  +  + ... −
z + 1   z + 1   z + 1   z + 1   3   3   3   3   z + 1
1   1  2   z +1 
n n
3
=    −   −
z + 1 n =0  z + 1  3 n =0  3  z + 1
z 2 - 4z + 2
8. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) = in 3 < | z + 2 | < 5. (JAN 2016)
z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6
SOLUTION:
z 2 - 4z + 2 z 2 - 4z + 2 A B C
= = + +
z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6 ( z − 1)( z + 2 )( z − 3) ( z − 1) ( z + 2 ) ( z − 3)
 z 2 - 4z + 2 = A ( z + 2 )( z − 3) + B ( z − 1)( z − 3) + ( z − 1)( z + 2 )

1
Put z = 1, A =
6
14
Put z = −2, B =
15
−1
Put z = 3, C =
10
114 −1
z 2 - 4z + 2 6 15 10
= + +
z - 2z - 5z + 6 ( z − 1) ( z + 2 ) ( z − 3)
3 2

Given that 3 < | z + 2 | < 5

Put t = z + 2
3 z + 2 5  3 t 5
3 t
  1 and  1
t 5
 1 14 −1
z 2 - 4z + 2 6 + 15 + 10
=
z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6 ( 3)
t − t ( t − 5)
1 14 −1
= + 6 15 + 10
 3 t  t
t 1 −  ( −5 ) 1 − 
 t  5
−1 −1
1  3 14 1  t 
= 1 −  + + 1 − 
6t  t  15 t 50  5 
1   3  3  14 1   t   t 2 
2
= 1 +   +   + ... + + 1 +   +   + ...
6t   t   t   15 t 50   5   5  
   
1  3 14 1   t 
n n
=    + +  
6t n = 0  t  15 t 50 n = 0  5 
1 1    3  14  1  1   z + 2 
n n
=    +  +  
6  z + 2  n = 0  z + 2  15  z + 2  50 n = 0  5 

The validity of the region is 3 < | z + 2 | < 5.

1
9. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z > 2 and
( z - 2)( z -1)
0 < z -1 < 1 . (N/D 2014)
Solution:
1 A B A ( z − 2 ) + B ( z − 1)
f(z)= = + =
( z − 2 )( z − 1) ( z − 1) ( z − 2 ) ( z − 2 )( z − 1)
 1 = A ( z − 2) + B ( z − 1)
Put z = 1, A = −1
z = 2, B = 1
−1 1
 f(z)= +
( z −1) ( z − 2)
Region1:
z 22 z
2
 1
z
−1 1
f(z)= +
 1  2
z 1 −  z 1 − 
 z  z
−1 −1
1 1 1 2
= − 1 −  + 1 − 
z z z z

1 1 1  1  2  2 2 
2
= − 1 + +   + ... + 1 + +   + ...
z  z z  z
  z z 

 n n
1  1 1  2
=−    +   
z n=0  z  z n=0  z 
 1  2n
=− + 
n =0 z n +1 n =0 z
n +1

Region 2 :
Put z − 1 = t  z = 1 + t
0  z −1  1 0  t  1
 t 1
−1 1
f(z)= +
( z − 1) ( z − 2 )
−1 1
= +
t t −1
−1 1
= +
t − (1 − t )
−1 −1
= − (1 − t )
t
=
−1
t
(
− 1 + t + t 2 + ... )
=
−1
( z − 1) (
− 1 + ( z − 1) + ( z − 1) + ...
2
)
−1 
−  ( z − 1)
n
f(z)=
( z − 1) n =0
1
10. Find the Laurent’s series expansion for f ( z ) = in the regions
z (1 - z ) 2
(i) 0 < | z | < 1 (ii) 0 < | z – 1 | < 1.
Solution:
1
Given f ( z ) =
z (1 − z )
2

1 A B C
f ( z) = = + +
z (1 − z ) z 1 − z (1 − z )2
2

1 = A(1 − z)2 + Bz (1 − z ) + Cz
Put z = 1  C = 1
Put z = 0  A = 1
Compare the coefficients of z 2 on both sides, we get
0 = A− B  A= B
 A= B =1
Region 1: 0  z 1
1 1 1
f ( z) = + +
z 1 − z (1 − z )2
 1
f ( z) = + (1 − z ) −1 + (1 − z ) −2
z
1
f ( z ) = + (1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + .......) + (1 + 2 z + 3z 2 + 4 z 3 + .......)
z
1
f ( z ) = + (2 + 3z + 4 z 2 + 5z 3 + .......)
z
Region 2: 0  z −1  1
Let t = z −1
z = t +1
0  t 1
1 1 1
 f ( z) = − +
t +1 t t2
1 1
= 2 − + (1 + t ) −1
t t
1 1
= 2 − + (1 − t + t 2 − t 3 + ......)
t t
1 1
f ( z) = − + (1 − ( z − 1) + ( z − 1)2 − ( z − 1)3 + ......)
( z − 1) ( z − 1)
2

 n
1 1
f ( z) = − + 
( z − 1) ( z − 1) n=0
2
(−1) ( z − 1) n

z
11. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f ( z ) = for (i) 1 < | z | < 2 and
2
( z + 1) ( z 2 + 4)
(ii) | z | > 2
Solution:
z
Given f ( z ) =
(z 2
+ 1)( z 2 + 4 )
Now
z Az + B Cz + D
 = +
(z 2
+ 1)( z + 4 )
2
( z 2 + 1) ( z 2 + 4 )
z = ( Az + B ) ( z 2 + 4 ) + (Cz + D ) ( z 2 + 1)
Compare the coefficients of z 3 ,we get
0 = A + C  A = −C
Compare the coefficients of z 2 ,we get
0 = B + D  B = −D
Compare the coefficients of z ,we get
1
1 = 4A + C  C=− [using A = −C ]
3
1
also A =
3
Compare the constant terms,
0 = 4 B + D  D = 0 [using B = − D ]
 B=0
1 1
z z
 f ( z ) = 23 − 23
z +1 z + 4
 z 1 z 1
f ( z) = −
3 z +1
2
3 z +4
2

Region 1: 1  z  2  1  z and z 2
1 z
  1 and 1
z 2
1 z2
  1 and 1
z2 4

z 1 z 1
f ( z) = −
3  1 3  z2 
z 2 1 + 2  4 1 + 
 z   4
−1 −1
1  1 z  z2 
= 1 + 2  − 1 + 
3z  z  12  4

1  z  
2
z2  z2 
2
1 1
= 1 − 2 +  2  + ...  −  1 − +   + ... 
3z  z z   12 
 4 4 
 
n
 z2 
 n 
( −1)  2  −
1 1 z
f ( z) =   ( − )
n n
1  
3z n =0  z  12 n =0 4
2
Region 2: z 2  2 z  1
z
z 1 z 1
f ( z) = −
3 z +1
2
3 z +4
2

z 1 z 1
f ( z) = −
3 2 1 3 2 4
z 1 + 2  z 1 + 2 
 z   z 
−1 −1
1 1 1 4
= 1 + 2  − 1 + 2 
3z  z  3z  z 
1   1  
2 2
1 1 4 4
=  1 − 2 +  2  + ...  −  1 − 2 +  2  + ... 

3z  z z    z z  
 3z  
n n
1  1 
( −1)  2  −  ( −1)  2  .
1 4
f ( z) = 
n n

3z n = 0 z  3z n = 0 z 

CAUCHY’S RESIDUE THEOREM

z dz 1
12. Evaluate
 ( z − 1 )( z − 2 )2
C
, where C is the circle z − 2 =
2
by Cauchy Residue theorem.

(A/M 2017)
Solution:
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0
 z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a pole of order 2.
1
C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
Here z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.
 Residue at z=2: (Pole of order 2)
d z z −1− z
Res f ( z ) = lt ( z − 2)2 = lt = −1
( z − 1)( z − 2 ) z→2 ( z − 1)
2
z →2 dz

By Cauchy Residue theorem,

z dz

C ( z − 1) ( z − 2)
2
= 2  i (−1) = −2  i

z dz
13. Evaluate  , where C is the circle z − i = 1 using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
( )
2
C z2 + 1
(N/D 2016)
Solution:
z z
Let f ( z ) = =
(z )
2 2
2
+1 ( z + i ) ( z − i ) 
 
Given: z − i = 1
x + iy − i = 1  x + i ( y − 1) = 1

x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1  x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1
2 2

This is equation of circle with centre ( 0,1) and radius 1

Hence, z = i is a pole of order 2 lies inside C and z = −i is a pole of order 2 lies outside C
1 d  z 
Res f ( z )z = i = lim  ( z − i)
2

z →i 1! dz  2 
( + ) −
2
 z i ( z i ) 
d  z   ( z + i ) 2 (1) − 2 z ( z + i ) 
= lim   = lim  
z →i dz  ( z + i ) 2  z →i  ( z + i)
4


 z + i − 2z   i−z 
= lim   = lim  3 
=0
 ( z + i )  z →i  ( z + i ) 
z →i 3

By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

 Sum of the Residues of f ( z ) at each of its poles 
 f ( z ) dz = 2 i  
C  which lies inside C 
z
  dz = 2 i ( 0 ) = 0 .
(z + 1)
2 2
C

3z 2 + z − 1
14. Evaluate (
C z 2 − 1 (z − 3))
dz , where C is z = 2 by Cauchy’s residue theorem.

Solution:
z = 2 is the equation of the circle with centre at origin and radius 2.

( z − 1) ( z − 3) = 0
2
 ( z − 1) = 0, ( z − 3) = 0
2

z 2 = 1, z=3
z = 1, z =3
z = 1, − 1 lies inside the circle and z = 3 lies outside the circle
Residue at z = 1 is
 3z 2 + z − 1 
= Lt z →1  ( z − 1) 
 ( z + 1)( z − 1) ( z − 3) 
 3z 2 + z − 1  3
= Lt z →1   = −
 ( z + 1) ( z − 3)  4
Residue at z = − 1 is
 3z 2 + z − 1 
= Lt z →−1  ( z + 1) 
 ( z + 1)( z − 1) ( z − 3) 
 3z 2 + z − 1  1
= Lt z →−1   =
 ( z − 1) ( z − 3)  8
By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

 f ( z ) dz = 2 i (Sum of the Residues of f ( z ) at each of its poles which lies inside C )

C

3z 2 + z − 1 1 3 5 i
  (z
C
2
− 1) ( z − 3)
dz = 2 i  −  = −
8 4 4
 1 
 
15. (i) Identify the type of singularities of the function f ( z) = e z −1 
(ii) Evaluate  tan z dz , where C is | z | = 2.
C

Solution:
(i)
 1 
 
Consider f ( z ) = e z −1 
Here z =1 is a singular point.
2 3
 1 
 1   1   1 
     
  z −1  z −1 z −1
f ( z) = e z −1  = 1+  + + + ...
1! 2! 3!
 1 
 
 Infinite number of terms in the principal part of Laurent’s series of the function f ( z ) = e z −1 
about the singular point z = 1 .
Hence z = 1 is an essential singularity.
(ii)
sin z
 tan z dz =  cos z dz , where C is | z | = 2.
C C
 The poles are given by cos z = 0

 z =  ( 2n + 1 ) , n = 0,1, 2 , 3,...
2

 3 5 7
i.e., z =  ,  , ,  ,...
2 2 2 2

 −
Out of these poles only z = and z = lies inside z = 2 .
2 2

If z = a is a simple pole of f ( z ) and f ( z ) = p( z ) , then

q( z )
p( a )
 Res f ( z ) z =a = [ here p( z ) = sin z , q( z ) = cos z , q'( z ) = − sin z ]
q( a )

 
sin  
 2  = 1 = −1
 Res f ( z ) z =  =
   −1
2 − sin  
2

 −   
sin   − sin  
 2  =  2  = −1 = − 1
 Res f ( z ) z = − = 
 −    1
2 − sin   sin  
 2  2
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem,

 f ( z ) dz = 2 i { sum of the residues of f(z) }

C

  tan z dz = 2 i ( −1) + ( −1)  = − 4 i .

C

z −1
16. Using Cauchy’s residue theorem, evaluate  ( z + 1)
C
2
(z − 2)
dz , where C is z − i = 2 .

(M/J 2012)
Solution:
z −1
Let f ( z ) =
( z + 1)
2
( z − 2)
poles of f (z) are z = - 1 (pole of order 2) and z = 2 (simple pole)
Given: z − i = 2
x + iy − i = 2  x + i ( y − 1) = 2

x2 + ( y − 1) = 2  x2 + ( y − 1) = 4
2 2
Squaring on both sides
This is equation of circle with centre ( 0,1) and radius 2
Hence, The pole z = 2 lies outside C and z = −1 lies inside C

Residue of f(z) at z = − 1

1 d  ( z − 1) 
= Lt z → −1  ( z + 1) 
2

1! dz  ( z + 1)
2
( z − 2) 
 
 1 d  ( z −1)   ( z − 2)(1) − ( z − 1)(1) 
= Lt z → −1   = Lt z → −1  
1! dz  ( z − 2 )   ( z − 2)
2

 
 −1  1
= Lt z → −1  2 
=−
 ( z − 2)  9
By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

 f ( z ) dz = 2 i (Sum of the Residues of f ( z ) at each of its poles which lies inside C )

C

( z − 1)  1 2 i
  ( z + 1) 2
( z − 2)
dz = 2 i  0 −  = −
 9 9
C

CONTOUR INTEGRATION - TYPE I PROBLEMS

2π
cos2θ
17. Evaluate  dθ using contour integration. (A/M 2018)
0
5 + 4cosθ
i
SOLUTION: Let z = e  dz = ie i d
dz 1 1
= d & cos  =  z +  …………(1)
iz 2 z
1  z + 1
2
 cos  =   …………(2)
2  z 
z 2 = (e i ) 2 = e i 2 = cos 2 + i sin 2
cos 2 = Re al part of z 2 ………….(3)
Using (1) , (2) and (3) in the given integral, we get
2

 f (sin  , cos  )d =  f ( z)dz

0 C

2
cos 2 R.P of z 2 dz
 d =  iz
5 + 4 cos  C  1  z +1  
2
0
5 + 4  
 2  z 
z 2 dz

= R.P of iz
C  z2 +1  
5 +  2 
  z 
z 2 dz
= R.P of  iz
C  2z + 2 
2
5+ 
 z 
z 2 dz
= R.P of  C
iz
 5z + 2 z 2 + 2 
 
 z 
1 z 2 dz
i C 2 z 2 + 5 z + 2
= R.P of

1 z 2 dz
= R.P of 
i C 2 z 2 + 5z + 2
By using Cauchy’s residue theorem
 
C
f ( z)dz = 2 i( R1 + R2 + ..... + Rn )
1 z 2 dz
i C ( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
R.P of = 2 i( R1 + R2 + ..... + Rn ) …………………………..(A)

z2
f ( z) =
( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
The poles of f(z) are z = - 2 is a pole of order 1 lies outside |z| = 1,
z = -1/2 is a pole of order 1 lies inside side |z| = 1
To find R1:
  1 
Re s  f ( z )z =− 1 = lim  z −  −   f ( z )
2 z → −1 
2  2 
 1 z2
= lim  z + 
z → −1 
2
2  ( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
 1 z2
= lim  z + 
z → −1  2  1
2
( z + 2).2  z + 
 2
( )
2
2 −1 1
z 2 = 4 = 1 .
= lim =
z → −1
2
2( z + 2) 2( −1 + 2) 2( 3 ) 12
2 2
Using this in (A),
1 z 2 dz 1 1
R.P of 
i C ( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
= R.P of  2 i 
i 12
 
= R.P of = .
6 6
2
d
18. Evaluate  by using Contour integration. (A/M 2019)
0
13 + 5 sin 
Solution:
Consider the unit circle | z | = 1 as contour C.
1
Put z = ei  , then = e−i 
z
1
z−
dz z z 2 −1
 d = , sin  = =
iz 2i 2i z
dz dz
dz
I =  iz = iz = 2 2
C
13 + 5
(
2
)
z − 1 C 26iz + 5 z − 5
2
C 5 z + 26iz − 5
2iz 2iz
1
Let f ( z ) = 2  I = 2 f ( z )dz
5z + 26iz − 5 C

The poles of f(z) are given by 5z2 + 26iz – 5 = 0

−26i  ( 26i ) 2 −4 . 5(−5) −26i  −676 + 100 −26i  −576 −26i  24i
z= = = =
10 10 10 10
i
z=− , −5i
5
 which are simple poles.
 i
Now 5 z 2 + 26iz − 5 = 5 z +  ( z + 5i )
 5
−i 1 −i
Since =  1, the pole z = lies inside C
5 5 5
and −5i = 5  1,  the pole z = −5i lies outside C.
 i  i  i 1 1
Now R  −  = lim  z +  f ( z ) = lim  z +  = lim
5  z +  ( z + 5i ) z → 5 ( )
5  i − i 5 z + 5i
 5  z → −5i  5 z→ 
−i
5
 5 
1 1
= lim =
z→
−i
 i  24i
5 5 − + 5i 
 5 
By Cauchy’s residue theorem,
 1  
C f ( z)dz = 2  i  24i  = 12
 
 I = 2. =
12 6
2π
dθ
19. Using Contour integration, Evaluate  1 - 2p sin θ + p2 , | p | < 1. ( M / J 2011)
0
Solution:

dz z2 − 1
Let z = e i , dz = i e i  d  d = , sin  =
iz 2iz

2
d ( dz iz )
 1 − 2p sin  + p2 =   z2 − 1  2
, Cis | z | = 1
0 C
1 − 2p   + p
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
= = −
p C
=−
C iz − p(z 2 − 1) + izp 2 pz 2 − iz(p 2 + 1) − p  1
C z 2 − iz  p +  − 1
 p
2
d 1 dz
 1 − 2p sin  + p2 =−
p C  i
........(1)
0 (z − ip)  z − 
 p
i
The poles are given by z = ip & z =
p

i
| z | = | i p | = p < 1.  z= ip lies inside C and z = lies outside C.
p
1 1 1 ip
  Res of f (z)  z =ip = Lt (z − ip) = Lt = =
z →ip  i  z →ip  i  1  1 − p2
(z − ip)  z −   − −
p   p 
z i p
 p  
 dz  ip  −2  p
By Cauchy Residue Theorem   i 
= 2i 
 1 − p 2
=
 1− p
2
C (z − ip) z −
 p 

2
d 1  2p  2
From (1)  1 − 2p sin  + p2 = − − 2 
=
p  1 − p  1 − p2
0

CONTOUR INTEGRATION - TYPE II PROBLEMS


x 2 dx π
20. Using Contour integration, prove that  (x 2 + a2 ) (x 2 + b2 ) = a + b , a > 0, b > 0.
−
(M/J 2013)
Solution:
z 2 dz
Consider 
C
f ( z ) dz = 
C
( z 2
+ a 2
)( z 2
+ b 2
)
where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1

of z = R & the real axis from –R to R.

By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem

R
  f ( z) dz =  f ( z) dz +  f ( x ) dx − − − −(1)
C c1 −R

The poles of f ( z ) are given by (z 2 + a 2 )(z 2 + b2 ) = 0

 z = ± ai, ± bi
 z = ai,bi lies inside C and z = -ai,-bi lies in lower half plane
  Re s of f (z)  z =ai = Lt (z − ai) f (z)
z →ai

z2
= Lt (z − ai)
z →ai (z + ai)(z − ai)(z 2 + b 2 )
z2 −a 2
= Lt =
z →ai (z + ai)(z 2 + b 2 ) 2ai( −a 2 + b 2 )
−a a
= =
2i(−a + b ) 2i(a − b 2 )
2 2 2

 Re s of f (z) z=bi = zLt

→bi
(z − bi) f (z)

z2
= Lt (z − bi)
z →bi (z 2 + a 2 )(z + bi)(z − bi)
z2 −b2
= Lt =
z →bi ( z + bi)(z 2 + a 2 ) 2bi( −b 2 + a 2 )
−b
=
2i(a 2 − b 2 )
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem,

 f (z)dz = 2i (sum of the residues)

C
  a −b 
= 2i  + 2 
 2i(a − b ) 2i(a − b ) 
2 2 2

2i  
2 (
= a − b) = 2 2 (
a − b) =
2i(a − b )
2
(a − b ) a+b
In (1) if R →  ,  f (z)dz → 0
c1


 (1)   f (z) dz =  f (x) dx
C −


i.e.,  f (x) dx =
a+b
−

x2 
  (x + a )(x + b )
2 2 2 2
dx =
a+b
−


x2 − x + 2
21. Evaluate 
− x 4 + 10 x 2 + 9
dx , using contour integration. (N/D 2013)

Solution:
z2 − z + 2
Let f ( z ) = 4
z + 10 z 2 + 9
z2 − z + 2
Consider  f ( z ) dz =  dz
c c
z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9
Where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z = R & the real axis from –R to R.

By Cauchy’s residue theorem, we have

R

 f ( z ) dz =  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x ) dx
c c1 −R

The poles f(z) are at z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9 = 0

(z 2
+ 1)( z 2 + 9 ) = 0
z 2 = −1; z 2 = −9
z =  i; z = 3i
The poles are at 3i, − 3i, i, − i
Here the poles 3i and i lie inside the semi-circle.
Residue at z = 3i is given by
= Lt z →3i ( z − 3i ) f ( z )
z2 − z + 2
= Lt z →3i ( z − 3i )
(z 2
+ 9 )( z 2 + 1)
z2 − z + 2
= Lt z →3i ( z − 3i )
( z − 3i )( z + 3i ) ( z 2 + 1)
z2 − z + 2 7 + 3i
= Lt z →3i =
( z + 3i ) ( z + 1) 48i
2

Residue at z = i is given by
 = Lt z →i ( z − i ) f ( z )
z2 − z + 2
= Lt z →i ( z − i )
(z 2
+ 9 )( z 2 + 1)
z2 − z + 2
= Lt z →i ( z − i )
( z − i )( z + i ) ( z 2 + 9 )
z2 − z + 2 1− i
= Lt z →i =
( z + i ) ( z + 9 ) 16i
2

By Cauchy Residue theorem,

z2 − z + 2  7 + 3i 1 − i   7 + 3i + 3 − 3i   10  5
c z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9dz = 2 i  48i + 16i  = 2 i  48i  = 2 i  48i  = 12
5
R
  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x ) dx =
c1 −R
12

If R →, then  f ( z ) dz → 0
c1


5
Hence 
−
f ( x ) dx =
12

x2 − x + 2 5
 4 dx =
− x + 10 x + 9
2
12

dx
22. Evaluate  (x2 + a2 )2 ,(a > 0) using contour integration. (A/M 2019)
0

Solution:
1
Let f ( z ) =
(z + a 2 )2
2
. Consider  f ( z)dz
c

Where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z = R & the real axis from –R to R.
R
  f ( z ) dz =  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x ) dx
c c1 −R

The poles of f (z ) are given by ( z + a ) = 0  z = ai (twice)

2 2 2

z = ai is a pole of order 2 & lies inside C

z = - ai is a pole of order 2 & lies outside C

d  1  d  1  −2 1
Res f (z), ai  = lt  (z − ai) 2  = lt   = = 3
z →ai dz
 (z + ai) (z − ai)  z→ai dz  (z + ai)  (2ai)
2 2 2 3
4a i

By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem,

 1  
 f ( z) dz = 2 i  4 a
C
3 
=
i  2 a3

R
  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x ) dx =
c1 −R
2 a3
 If R →, then  f ( z ) dz → 0
c1


 (1)   f ( z )dz =  f ( x)dx
c −


dx 
=
−
 (x 2
+a )
2 2
= 3
2a

dx 
= 2 = 3
0 (x + a )
2 2 2
2a

dx 
 (x
0
2
+a )
2 2
= 3
4a

CONTOUR INTEGRATION - TYPE III PROBLEMS


x sinx
23. Evaluate  2 2
dx , where a > 0 using Contour integration. (M/J 2016)
0 (x + a )

Solution:

x sin xdx 1  x sin xdx
0 ( x 2 + a 2 ) = 2 − ( x 2 + a 2 )
 
x sin xdx xei x dx
Now
 2 2 = IP− ( x 2 + a 2 )
− ( x + a )

zei z dz
Consider
 f ( z ) dz = IPC ( z 2 + a 2 )
C

Consider  f (z) dz where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of | z| = R and the real
C
axis from –R to R.
R
  f ( z) dz =  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x ) dx − − − −(1)
C C1 −R

The poles of f ( z ) are given by z 2 + a 2 = 0

 z = ±ia are simple poles

 z = ia lies inside C
zeiz
  Res of f (z)  z =ai = Lt (z − ia)
z →ia (z + ia)(z − ia)

e − a (ia) e − a
= =
2ia 2
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem,
  e−a  −a
 f (z) dz = IP of 2 i   + i(0) = e
C  2 
R
 
−R
f ( x ) dx +  f ( z ) dz =  e − a
C1

If R → , then 
C1
f ( z ) dz → 0


Hence 
−
f ( x ) dx =  e − a


x sin xdx 1  x sin xdx  e − a .
0 ( x 2 + a 2 ) = 2 − ( x 2 + a 2 ) = 2

cos ax
24. Evaluate  dx , a  0, using contour integration. (N/D 2016)
0
x2 +1
Solution:
 
cos ax dx 1 cos ax dx

0
1 + x2
= 
2 − 1 + x 2
 
RP of eiax
Now 
cos ax dx
1 + x2
=  1 + x2 dx  ei = cos  + i sin  
− −

eiaz
Consider  f ( z ) dz = R.P  dz
C C
1 + z2
Where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z = R & the real axis from –R to R.
R
  f ( z ) dz =  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x ) dx − − − −(1)
C C1 −R

The poles of f(z) are at 1 + z 2 = 0

z 2 = −1  z = i
The point z = i lies inside the semi-circle and the point z = −i lies outside the semi-circle
Residue at z = i is given by
eiaz
 Re s of f ( z ) z = i = Lt ( z − i )
z→ i ( z − i )( z + i )
e ( ) eai e− a
ia i 2
eiaz
= Lt = = =
z→ i ( z + i ) i +i 2i 2i
By Cauchy Residue theorem,
eiaz dz  e− a 
R.P  = R.P of 2 i   = R.P of  e =  e
−a −a

C
1+ z 2
 2i 
R
 
−R
f ( x ) dx +  f ( z ) dz =  e − a
C1

If R →, then  f ( z ) dz → 0
C1
 
  f ( x ) dx =  e − a
−
 
cos ax dx 1 cos ax dx  e − a
Hence 
0
1 + x2
= 
2 − 1 + x 2
=
2
.

3z 2 + 7z + 1
25. If F(a) = 
C z -a
dz where C is | z | = 2 then find F(1- i) and F'(1- i) by Cauchy’s Integral

Formula. (APR / MAY 2019)

Solution:

Z=1– i lies inside z = 2

By Cauchy’s integral formula,

f ( z)

C z-a
dz = 2 i f(a)

3z 2 + 7z +1
C z - a dz = 2 i f(a), where f(z) = 3z + 7z +1
2

and f (z) = 6z + 7
3z 2 + 7z + 1
Given that F(a) = 
C z -a
dz

Put a=1– i , we get

3z 2 + 7z + 1
F(1 - i) = 
C z - (1 - i)
dz = 2 i f (1 − i )

= 2 i  3(1 - i) 2 + 7(1 - i) + 1

= 2 (13 + 8i )
Also ,
f ( z)

C (z - a)
2
dz = 2 i f (a),

3z 2 + 7z + 1
F(1 - i) =   z - (1 - i)
C
2
dz = 2 i f (1 − i )

= 2 i 6(1 - i) + 7 
= 2 (6 +13i )
z2
 (z -1)2 (z + 2)dz
26. Evaluate where C is z = 3 . (APR / MAY 2015)
C

Solution:

Z=1 lies inside z = 3

Z= – 2 lies inside z = 3

z2 A B C
= + +
( z − 1) ( z + 2 )
2 ( z − 1) ( z − 1) ( z + 2 )
2

z 2 = A ( z − 1)( z + 2 ) + B ( z + 2 ) + C ( z − 1)
2

 1
Put z = 1, B =
3
4
Put z = −2, C =
9
5
Equating co − eff of z 2 on bothsides, A =
9
5 1 4
z2 9 3 9
= + +
( z − 1) ( z + 2)
2 ( z − 1) ( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)

5 1 4
z2
C ( z − 1)2 ( z + 2) = C ( z − 1)dz + C ( z − 1)2 dz + C ( z +92) dz
9 3

By Cauchy’s integral formula,

5 1 4
=   2 i f (1) +   2 i f (1) +   2 i f ( −2)
9  3 9
5 1 4
=   2 i (1) +   2 i (0) +   2 i (1)  f ( z ) = 1
9  3 9
= 2 i
z dz 1
27. Evaluate  (z - 1)(z - 2)2 , where C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
by Cauchy Residue Theorem.
C

Solution:
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0
 z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a pole of order 2.
1
C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
Here z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.

Residue at Z = 2: (Pole of order 2)

d z z −1 − z
Res f ( z ) = lt ( z − 2) 2 = lt = −1
( z − 1)( z − 2 ) z →2 ( z − 1)
2 2
z → 2 dz

By Cauchy Residue theorem,

z dz
 ( z − 1) ( z − 2)
C
2
= 2  i (−1) = −2  i

28. Obtain Taylor’s Series and Laurent’s series to represent the function z 2 -1
in the
(z + 2)(z + 3)
region | z | < 2 and 2 < z < 3 (APR / MAY 2019)

Solution:
 z2 −1 z2 −1
f ( z) = = 2
( z + 2 ) ( z + 3) z + 5 z + 6

Since the degree of the numerator and denominator are same we have to divide and apply partial
fractions.
z2 − 1 −5z − 7 −5z − 7
= 1+ 2 = 1+
z + 5z + 6
2
z + 5z + 6 ( z + 3)( z + 2 )
3 8
= 1+ −
z+2 z+3

z z
(iii) Given |z|<2   1 and  1
2 3

Consider
z2 − 1 3 8 3 8
= 1+ − = 1+ −
z + 5z + 6
2
z+2 z+3  z  z
2 1 +  3 1 + 
 2  3
−1 −1
3 z 8 z
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
2 2 3 3

3 z z2  8 z z2 
= 1 + 1 − + − ....  − 1 − + − ... 
2 2 2  3 3 9 
2 z
(iv) Given 2  z  3   1 and 1
z 3
z2 −1 3 8 3 8
= 1+ − = 1+ −
z + 5z + 6
2
z +2 z +3  2  z
z 1 +  3 1 + 
 z  3
−1 −1
3 2 8 z
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
z z 3 3
3 2 4  8 z z2 
= 1 + 1 − + 2 − ...  − 1 − + − ... 
z z z  3 3 9 
1
29. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z > 2 and 0 < z -1 < 1
( z - 2)( z -1)
Solution:
1 A B A ( z − 2 ) + B ( z − 1)
f(z)= = + =
( z − 2 )( z − 1) ( z − 1) ( z − 2 ) ( z − 2 )( z − 1)
 1 = A ( z − 2) + B ( z − 1)
Put z = 1, A = −1
z = 2, B = 1
−1 1
 f(z)= +
( z −1) ( z − 2)
 Region1:
z 22 z
2
 1
z
−1 1
f(z)= +
 1  2
z 1 −  z 1 − 
 z  z
−1 −1
1 1 1 2
= − 1 −  + 1 − 
z z z z

1 1 1  1  2  2 2 
2
= − 1 + +   + ... + 1 + +   + ...
z  z z  z
  z z 

n n
1  1 1  2
=−    +   
z n=0  z  z n=0  z 
 1  2n
=− + 
n=0 z n +1 n=0 z n +1
Region 2 :
Put z − 1 = t  z = 1 + t
0  z −1 1 0  t 1
 t 1

−1 1
f(z)= +
( z − 1) ( z − 2 )
−1 1
= +
t t −1
−1 1
= +
t − (1 − t )
−1 −1
= − (1 − t )
t
=
−1
t
(
− 1 + t + t 2 + ... )
=
−1
( z − 1) (
− 1 + ( z − 1) + ( z − 1) + ...
2
)
−1 
−  ( z − 1)
n
=
( z − 1) n =0
z 2 - 4z + 2
30. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) = in 3 < | z + 2 | < 5 (JAN 2016)
z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6
SOLUTION:
 z 2 - 4z + 2 z 2 - 4z + 2 A B C
= = + +
z 3 - 2z 2 - 5z + 6 ( z − 1)( z + 2 )( z − 3) ( z − 1) ( z − 1)2 ( z + 2 )
 z 2 - 4z + 2 = A ( z + 2 )( z − 3) + B ( z − 1)( z − 3) + ( z − 1)( z + 2 )

1
Put z = 1, A =
6
14
Put z = −2, B =
15
−1
Put z = 3, C =
10
1 14 −1
z 2 - 4z + 2 6 15 10
= + +
3 2
z - 2z - 5z + 6 ( z − 1) ( z + 2 ) ( z − 3)
Given that 3 < | z + 2 | < 5
Put u = z + 2
3 z + 2  5  3 u  5
3 u
  1 and 1
u 5

141 −1
z 2 - 4z + 2 6 + 15 + 10
=
z - 2z - 5z + 6 ( u − 3)
3 2 u ( u − 5)
1 14 −1
= 6 + 15 + 10
 3 u  u
u 1 −  ( −5 )  1 − 
 u  5
−1 −1
1  3 14 1  u
= 1 −  + + 1 − 
6u  u  15 u 50  5 
1   3 1  u
n n
14
=    + +  
6u n =o  u  15 u 50 n =o  5 
1 1    3  14  1  1   z + 2 
n n
=      +  +  
6  z + 2  n =o  z + 2  15  z + 2  50 n =o  5 

The validity of the region is 3 < | z + 2 | < 5.

2π
cos2θ
31. Evaluate
0 5 + 4cosθdθ using contour integration. (APR/MAY 2018)

i
SOLUTION: Let z = e  dz = ie i d
dz 1 1
= d & cos  =  z +  …………(1)
iz 2 z
1  z 2 + 1
 cos  =   …………(2)
2  z 
z 2 = (e i ) 2 = e i 2 = cos 2 + i sin 2
cos 2 = Re al part of z 2 ………….(3)
Using (1) , (2) and (3) in the given integral, we get
2

 f (sin  , cos  )d =  f ( z)dz

0 C

2
cos 2 R.P of z 2 dz
 d =  iz
5 + 4 cos  C  1  z +1  
2
0
5 + 4  
 2  z 
z 2 dz

= R.P of iz
C   z2 +1  
5 +  2 
  z 
z 2 dz
= R.P of  iz
C  2z2 + 2 
5+ 
 z 
z 2 dz
= R.P of  C
iz
 5z + 2 z 2 + 2 
 
 z 
1 z 2 dz
i C 2 z 2 + 5 z + 2
= R.P of

1 z 2 dz
= R.P of 
i C 2 z 2 + 5z + 2
By using Cauchy’s residue theorem

C
f ( z)dz = 2 i( R1 + R2 + ..... + Rn )
1 z 2 dz
R.P of  = 2 i( R1 + R2 + ..... + Rn ) …………………………..(A)
i C ( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
z2
f ( z) =
( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
The poles of f(z) are z = - 2 is a pole of order 1 lies outside |z| = 1,
z = -1/2 is a pole of order 1 lies inside side |z| = 1
To find R1:
  1 
Re s  f ( z )z =− 1 = lim  z −  −   f ( z )
2 z → −1 
2  2 
 1 z2
= lim  z + 
z → −1 
2
2  ( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
 1 z2
= lim  z + 
z → −1  2  1
2
( z + 2).2  z + 
 2
( )
2
−1 1
z2 2 4 = 1 .
= lim = =
z → − 1 2( z + 2) −1 3
2 2( + 2) 2( ) 12
2 2
Using this in (A),
1 z 2 dz 1 1
R.P of  = R.P of  2 i 
i ( z + 2)(2 z + 1)
C i 12
  
= R.P of = .
6 6


dx
32. Evaluate
 (x2 + a2 )2 ,(a > 0) using contour integration. (APR / MAY 2019)
0

Solution:
1
Let f ( z ) =
(z + a 2 )2
2
. Consider  f ( z)dz
c

where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle c1 of z = R & the real axix from –R to R.
R
  f ( z )dz =  f ( z )dz +  f ( z )dz .......... .......... ...... (1)
c c1 −R

The poles of f (z ) are given by ( z + a ) = 0  z = ai (twice)

2 2 2

z = ai is a pole of order 2 & lies inside C

z = - ai is a pole of order 2 & lies outside C

d  1  d  1  −2 1
Res f (z), ai  = lt  (z − ai) 2  = lt   = = 3
z →ai dz
 (z + ai) (z − ai)  z→ai dz  (z + ai)  (2ai)
2 2 2 3
4a i

1 
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem  f ( z )dz = 2i( 4a i ) = 2a
3 3

In (1) R → , then  f ( z )dz = 0

c1


 (1)   f ( z )dz =  f ( x)dx
c −


dx 
=  (x
−
2
+a )
2 2
= 3
2a

dx 
= 2 = 3
0 (x + a )
2
2 2
2a

dx 
 (x
0
2
+a )
2 2
= 3
4a
2π
dθ
33. Evaluate
 1 - 2p sin θ + p2 , | p | < 1
0

i i dz z2 − 1
Solution: Let z = e , dz = i e d  d = , sin  =
iz 2iz
 2
d ( dz iz )
 1 − 2p sin  + p2 =   z2 − 1  2
, Cis | z | = 1
0 C
1 − 2p   + p
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
= = −
p C
=−
C iz − p(z − 1) + izp
2 2
pz − iz(p + 1) − p
2 2
 1
C z 2 − iz  p +  − 1
 p
2
d dz1
 1 − 2p sin  + p2 =−
p C
 i 
........(1)
0 (z − ip)  z − 
 p
i
The poles are given by z = ip & z =
p

i
| z | = | i p | = p < 1.  z= ip lies inside C and z = lies outside C.
p

   
   1 
1 1 ip
  Res of f (z)  z =ip = Lt (z − ip)   = Lt   = =
z →ip   i   z→ip z− i   1  1 − p2
 (z − ip)  z −    p   −
p 
i p
  p   

dz  ip  −2  p
By Cauchy Residue Theorem   i 
= 2i 
 1 − p 2

=
1 − p2
C (z − ip) z −
 p 

2
d 1  2p  2
From (1)  1 − 2p sin  + p2 = − − 2 
=
p  1 − p  1 − p2
0

34. Evaluate xsinx dx , where a > 0.
 0 (x 2 + a 2 )
(MAY / JUN 2016)

Solution:
 
Let f ( z ) =  x sin xdx = 1 
x sin xdx
0
2
(x + a )
2
2 (x + a )
−
2 2

1  x sin xdx 1  xeix dx 1

=  = IP  2 = IP(I1 )
2 − ( x + a )
2 2
2 − ( x + a )
2
2
 
xeix
I1 =  2 dx =  F ( x)dx
− x + a
2
−

xeix zeix
Here F ( x) = let F ( z ) =
x2 + a2 z 2 + a2
The poles of F(z) are given by

 z = ia are poles of order 1

 z = ia lie s inside C
Consider  f (z) dz where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle C, of | z| = R. and the real
C
axis from –R to R.
R
  f ( z) dz =  f ( z ) dz +  f ( x) dx − − − −(1)
C C1 −R

zeiz
  Re s of f (z)  z =ai = Lt (z − ia)
z →ia (z + ib)(z − ib)
e − a (ia) e − a
= =
2ia 2
 e−a  −a
I1 = 2i   + i(0) = ie
 2 
1 1 −a e − a
I = IP(I1 ) = IP(ie ) =
2 2 2
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem


 (1)   f (z) dz =  f (x) dx Q  f (z) dz → 0 as R → 
C − C


e − a
  f (x) dx = .
0
2