F @ Historical Development °y dof hs chaptr students shoud be able to: 1. Identify the underying history, plesopty ofthe er or movement 2 Classy the various st movements by cing the portant characteristics such ashistorl background facts nent person sceptical bss and prevalent arts, a forms andmeday 4. Presentthe history ofthe ats through the various eras or movement and 44 Gite the important characteris n an artworkbased onthe ea or movement ‘This chapter explains the progress of ert from the beginning of human cxsience. It shows the intrinsie value of artasaform oflanguagethat narrates the knowiedge, belle and experience ofeach specific generation of mankind tclearly shows the foundation of civilization ‘through art, wherein humanity from the ast tothe present have clearly stipulated their want fr a better fe. This chapter finally explains the use of arto innovate and create various systems and fools to satisfy hamanitysdesce fora better life PREHISTORIC ART (CAVE ART) Talented artists with their creative artworks have served mankind for its ‘entre existence. Even during the ancient times up tothe early civilization and the ‘modern world, art has served several fonctions in human ie In the history of art, prehistoric art refers to all artworks produced by ancient men before any preconceived culture and known methods of writing, and record keeping ever existed, simply ‘meaning art before history. “The term cave painting or petrograph refers to any parietal att, which involves the application of color pigments on the walls floors, oF ceilings of ancient * rock dwellings inhabited by prehistoric man, Monochrome cave paintings are ‘mages with only one calor, for example, black, just like the cave images found in Chauvet cave in France. A polylirome cave panting has two or more coors, as can be seen in the multicolored images ‘of bison on the ceiling at Altamira cave in Spain. The term cave drawing oF petroglyps,on the other hand, refers toa engraved drawing, that is etched or done by eutting Hines on the rock surface with Art Appreciation #63sauna see pes with charcoal mangae Prue of has dw sal bghly sized ad ft rai than the anil est = ovreiages esos s7mb comer markings wer al comin Senay comprised tear Palin in cave ofthe at Sone Age at shown by scat ding res on pings at E Cail and ‘Atamica ave. ‘Aso his time there isl no ear idea when cave printings fist. At the moment in cet tu obshed in Scene and Scene Ades, done nthe aes seated art Sa, rears ound more than 3 den caamples of wal paitigs th ae ore than 6500 yas ol A Cora dels Aion «cave in otbestrn Sui, researchers alo fod pert seal eds nd pigments th ae at est 18.000 years od The Paleahic Perdin ar nar vasthe ‘ume wen primi cave rw vere creed withthe ue of pie ‘ol by primitive men Thi poy ‘smal poet i ‘sulting py aie themes ht bn coer we abe ka si bo hea decorate Pied hand-tenced oc gn eta cave panting ofa Son bead ana Bighorn hing ‘the Neolithic Period oF the shit from Old Stone Age or Paleolithic » New Stone Age oF Neolithic happened rhea man began to develop cultue and change is lifestyle. Neolithic at reflected the great shift in vig ‘conditions The naturalistic art stylet thehunter gatherrof the Paleolithic bat ‘been replaced by geometrically abstat tof Neolithic farmers who satel civilization, Man became civilized whe he stopped being nomadic and seed down and created communities tht (pew crops and tamed wild animals: T# Akesigasusedon cay pots were commosf eid from plant and animal form PHILIPPINE PRIMITIVE ART The Philippines 8a colony of Spain, US, and Japan saw the decline and esiucton ofits ancient customs and Iradlionsbecausofthestonginfluence ‘ofthe conquering nations, which by way fof violence and intimidation, bent the peopl to their will and, thus. in effect Feta country hungry forts own dent. The eecent findings of ancent antiquity prior to any occupation by the other ations tld ws who we eeally were, The fneient antiquities simply concluded fur true Mentity 28a people who were sleeady civilized with our own writing fstem and intelligent enough to make Sophisticated tools and weapons long Defoe the arrival of the fist invades Cave Paintings In the municipality of Blnangonan, province of Rizal, ‘The Angono Petroglyps Ste Museum is located. Tt was acidntally discovered by National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco with a troop of boy scouts during a eld tip in 1965. He immediately notified the [ational Museum of the existence of the cave with primitive drawings. In the same year the National Museum field an. interdisciplinary research team headed by Archaeologist Alfredo Evangelista and recovered four stone toolsfromthesite. The National Museum in 1998 established 8 museum showing the cultural and artistic heritage ofthe province of Riz thus, establishing the cultural valve of the site. The Angono Petroglyphs were dated back to circa te Neoithi. Presiden 240 declared the Angono Petroglyphs © ‘National Caltual Treasure. sessed ane at Some other sites of Petroglyphs were those found in Ala, Moustan province carved on boulders ontop of cis The dating was elatvely later and placed at pot earlier than 1500 B.C. or even ltr. ‘These are two kinds of Petrographs: (a) charcoal drawings on cave walls in Petiablancs, Cagayan Province, andthe Singnapan Caves in southern Palawas fand (8) red hematite prints in Anda Peninsula, Bohol province. The dating of theses still undetermined. Burial Jars “The secondary bara jar was found In Mananggul Cave, Lipuun Point Palawan in the early 1960 and now considered one ofthe Philippine national ultra treasures, es perceved asa work ofa great craftsman, amaste potter The Imagen top ofthe ar cover sa boat picaminten. ©cee seperate dal ia 70 eit “rere e Prviee, The as weve wed Jars and were dated A Bours Bas AD. The tio these exthenvare ports fguresand faces indieses cats. tone CLASSICAL PERIOD Tie dala es for Goce Cas ines fo ede Sic ret ey hewn a ‘taste, which the classcists wane ne 7 t sec ony De rat period 15 8 BERETA gy 1 long period of ti Nar te 1stared wi ne jreek poetry of Hoy jrrecorded Gt al cated ou te Hf soda 9 0 the flo west Mid AS ret rt a ars Been known tote tat hea omaha bee Bed ere by which al wet os mere by art will be jadged. Tt has shaped cur ee felperecton tl a oe cna Geck art el prfetfpevininece ena ie peatng the Gres co Se cap ster Soe fw “iit iawa wwe emmen, Thebat ‘Sind ad peste of at a ge te a ince gyn, Ove the exe thet eure, Gack ass deep throm se Tey tel cae nd te the buh 2 raat as posible Oot Pisin ad cles shoved Grek dndoed ews 0 HF ‘Paintings endured from this age Gres Glen Age rte Feind of scent Greece wast eth Ges achieved eho ‘ace theater andi Devon in Athens was i he ei of Pee ‘Casal Period began after the Grek try over the Persans. Anew sense of pide and fling ofl confidencein the Greek word emerged. One ofthe mont ‘wonder accomplishments in Athens luring thie time yar the rebuilding ofthe Parthenon, a temple devoted ‘Athena on the Acropolis. Pris as leader of Athens planned the rebuilding of the destroyed. Acropolis with the help of his fiend Pheidis. Phidias crested a new saae of Athen, cuted In ivory and gold, on the Acropolis ‘The famous mntheratician Pythagoras lied into thie Period, Socrates, known a5 the father of philosophy, met with his flowers onthe streets of Athens daring this period, The gestest known works of the ‘Clissial period for contemporaries were the Massive Statue of Zeus at Olympia and the Statue of ‘Athene Parthenor inthe Parthenon, which were both chyslephatine (made Af gold and ivory, chryts, ephantng) and completed by Phidias or under his Aliretion. cy Agaeimagnaten te sate of Zs Greckart influenced Roman art and both of them were an inspiration fo the Renaissance, The Greeks were described. 5 Heals, imaginative, and spiral teil the Romans were bounded to what they sae inthe weeld. The Golden Age of Athens was the time when Greece reached its height during 457 BC. to 430 BC. when pres temples were bail In Athens and Olympia, and they were sdorned with magnificent sculptures tnd reli, Hellenistic arts copied life realistically especially in sculpture and Inert Almost no Grek paintings survived the ages unt the 20° century. What wwe know today was based on written desriptions. The paintings that survived were mostly vases that were made dung the Archaic Age (750 BC. 500 BC) not during the Golden Age of Greece (457 RC. to 430 BC) Greeks adorned thee warships with pigments mixed with hot wax. Later the Romans copied and used this technique to make portrats, The Grecks also made use of paints made from precious stones, earth, and plans‘mera “nee Gre nd Asis 2a ee Som wen ne ead nay ceed te ep 8M we gee of al Roan ates det eg) aca) BC aig eat de eng es oe des fa i ot Snow ich te et of TERS Katee “ie Geo” by Dental, he ra we me eon sade mc ee hye an ‘eegrmebocine een and Shera eho ae ater The Shite ao tts how ey abladesyond evamaatel ‘tte fouls Ablenwee tote © Ae heprecates ‘metaphors katt The Artemio Bree an Te Parthenon Roman Art For over 4 millennium Ant Rome wat the most powerful sie fon earth, defeating all other # riltary organization and watt engineering, and architecture. ™ invention of the dome and the s# ‘aul, the development of concrete 3 2 Europeanavide network of roads bridges were all part of the unigel Roman achievements Iwas daring the age of Em nian BIT CE) and Emp Hadvian (u7-iss CE) that feached the peak of its aril for, attained through | building programs of | mon! %agueducts, palaces, temple smawoleums. Many of the bull {oom thier and later served as models for archtets ofthe alan Renalsance, sch at Filippo Beunelleschl (177 146) designe ofthe iconic dome of the cathedral In Florence, and both Doaato Bramante (144-154) and Michelangelo (0475-1568), designers of St. Peter's Basile, The time of Constantine (006-357 CE) witnessed the last great building programs inthe ety of Rome, including the completion ofthe Baths fof Diocletian and the erection of the Basilica of Maxentis and the Arch of Constantine ‘The Romans were practical people ad wanted thes art and architecture to be useful They planned their cites and but bridges, agueduets, public baths and marketplaces apartment houses, tnd harbors. Ever ordered seulptre for {public square was meant otll future trations ofthe greatness of Rome The att forms were influenced by the ancient Grocks and Btruseans, but the practical usage ofthe arts were distintiy Roman. Inthe late 600 BC, the Btrscans vere the most powerful people in Italy ‘who had come from Asia Minor and settled in Tuscany, an area north of Rome, The Etruscan imitated Greek styles of art but have alo achieved much by themelves. They developed a very Iielike type of portrait sculpture and Introduce the very first we ofthe sone ach into architecture. “The Romans pt into practical tse what they had learned from the Etruscan The baths and arenas were proofs to the ability of Rome's great bolder. Because of the arch, the Romans could build on a masive sale than the Greeks, who simply used the post and lintel (a beam supported by fo columns), Moch more weight could be supported by the ach than the post apdlintel Roman aquedcts were always ‘thie levels of arches pled on top of. nother. h By the 1* century BC. the Romans improved the wse of concrete. The ‘material could be made lato any shape for arches, vaults, or domes. Concrete made it possible fr architect to bull structures of great site, One such example was the masive construction ofthe Temple of Fortune at Praenest built bythe euler alla sbout 80 B.C. The architect made we of concrete to support the terraces and to bud what was in elect a shysrape. The Greeks were 2 {ret influence in Roman sculpture But Roman portraiture showed the skill nd originality ofthe Romans by portraying their emperors, generals, and senators with a degre of reais unkown tothe Greeks. Wall puimtings preserved in sock during. the eruption of the voleano Mt, Vesuvis ia A.D. 7, tll us nearly everything we knew about Roman painting. In Pompei, palnting was ‘sully done a a form of decoration nd was executed om the inside walls of the houses in fesco (painting on wet plaster). Often these murals were used to give the illusion of depth orto create ArtAppreiation 68antsape we spew ad 28 window 0 ecm ieee The Ro igh deer of through the ats Trees fom aature and pois “ten and bessfl young men 208 Tromen. Flglon, too, was 2 OEE abject. The most poplar ers wee ted tack and rem-whi Prete pe ncuedc 5904 SPainsThe Pe Ain re ay, Bobo! Empear person eco fom the Vil of the fates PomDe, Ty MEDIEVAL PERIOD “he istry of Medieval art coved atmos en entries between the Sack ome 450 CE) and the Early Haan Renaissance (1400), Only one istituen survive: the Chistian Church ~ tented in Rome and Constantine ‘The church became the main spon of architecture and the other type fring the medieval era. Dui the beginning ofthe Medieval prod all works of art were commissions by religious authorities (or church! rmonaeris) or secular leaders Public edifcation), and most setully made by’ monks. The 2% indus had widened considerably 4s original monastic base atthe 4 the prio. twas daring this ime atonly were mest artists lyme, Da umber ofantwacks were commis Dy wealthy middle class. patrons Pesonal enjoyment Medieval Architecture sn ait So architectural #8 diel eaital Europe during the 1 SN The architecture of struct smedieval Europe was predominantly telatedtothebuldingofsacredbulldings, such as churches, which was the primary structure signifying Christian faith, Medieval religious architectures, such as cathedrals, wore expressions of faith, Churches were also channels of creative energy during the medieval period. Churches used large amounts of money for beautification and the creation ‘of these buildings. The church even ranted indulgences (or pardon) for those who desired to help build churches and cathedral structures. The Roman basilica war the primary model of medieval religious architecture, andthe atin cross plan was the most common among thes religioos bulldings. ‘The medieval seclar architecture that survived to thi day mainly served defense purposes during the medieval period. Cartles and walls were the frost notable nonelgious examples fof medieval architecture. theoughout Europe. Romanesque and Gothic stchitetual styles loushed across the western prt of Europe with Franceatthe hear ofboth production and innovation ‘These styles, especialy the Romanesque architectural syle, were developed from Carolingian (Chaslemagne) and Ottoman models. Romanesque Architecture All western European architecture veastypcallybycasification considered Romanesque, all except Byzantine structures, roughly from 500 to 1150. ‘The catler period of ‘Romanesque architecture could be classified as Carolingian architecture or | Pre- Romanesque. It was the north European siyle of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8 and 9 centuries during the reign of Chaslemagne. The later period of Romanesque architecture was called Ottonian architecture developed lander the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-975). The German style lasted from the mid-10* century until the midi century, Romanesque arclitéture was the name given 10 the style of architecture used in very ‘easly Middle Ages when much ofthese evelopments were ploneered by the Normans (North men or the Vikings who settled in Normandy, France) and theie profi castle building. The name of this style of architecture led to the ‘immediate asocaton with the Roman Empire. The reason for this association was the similarities between Roman Architecture, especially the Roman “areel vault” andthe Roman ach. Romanesque architecture was known ‘by ke massive quality tick walls, ound aches, turd pls, barel vals, ange towers, and decorative arcading. The Middle Ages Romanesque Architecture ‘ras the frst major style of architecture to be developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire. The Romanesque architecture was ecclesiastical in nature. The Romanesque period wae defined by important churches and monastic buildings. Romanesque architecture was succeeded by Gothic of Perpendicular style of architecture of the later Middle Ages (1066-1485. Art Appeeciation ¢ 71esr Fee an Ma (aban Gothic Areiteture ‘hs sted nthe 28 century in Fane, Hwa the new se in techn od eign tefl 03 the Fecha hater 0 eed the Gab ledge Resace Pod. Gti archer ws ght (ued monly pcos in ate Sel pi in eh techniques cme athe Arco ‘Stat tea be Cana a led engin Guth sles Thar changes ice the we of «pied arch bela, nd bute Hey ies were als ele y ca tnt oi a at Secame larger sl ant apee faceasdinbeg Dt Art Appreciating uae dame Pat, Face Sn Res Cthed ane Byzantine Architecture ‘Alo called Eastern Roman, te Empire started with the establishment Constantinople formerly Byzantium ‘AD 3Handendedvwithitscapturebyhe (Ottoman Turks in 483. The Byzantie file began in the reign of Empene Justinian (27-65) and continued ln, alterthefallofConstantinople, when Gretk Orthodox Church was dominst When Constantinople was founded It was meant to crete 2 new Rome the East. Many Roman buildings we sacked to encich the city. The Casi (Orders were familie there, The style! atcitecture established is now what ™ call Early Christian or Byzantine. T# Byzantine Empires architecture sharacerized by massive domes ‘square bates and rounded arches ‘Pitesand mech use of lass moses ag opin stab They nda’ ase, ere ty “Types of Medieval Art ‘Medieval art expanded rom the type of art shown in religious paintings in {he form of art presented in illuminated manuscript, mosaics, and esco paintings in churches. 1. Muminated Manuscripts ‘Theft cover othe Code Aureus. “These were regis tents decorated with ich colors, which often featured the use of gold and silver. The word “ilyminated” comes fom the Latia word illeminare, meaning adorn. or illominate and ie defined as the fmbelishment of & manuscript with Iuminows colors (especially gold). The atists who peoduced the luxurious artwork on illuminated manuscripts Were called Marinator. (uminators ould be male or female and were ‘members of monssterls or convents Medieval monks were dedicated t0 a pious and religious fe in monasteries and painstakingly copied religious texts tnd embellished these manuscripts with rich colors. 2, Metalwork ‘Metals with greatluster, such as ol silver and bronze were fequenly used ts mediums in the creation of religous ftifats, Metalvorkers transformed these beautiful metals into ebjects of sdornment forthe church. Commonly these precious metals were used 36 sculptures, jewelry and church dors Sitversmiths and Goldsmiths Act Appreciation #73Panel Painting: ir refers 10 2 1YPE Of in done on a single oF Sera Piece | dort board KBOW® 383 Panel | rome Oe Byeantine at Were sae forredand doves p28 panty, evar on 24 see ncn vee = earth sed pec metal ode eos ve SE vests and sloth aan ofthe Medial durch 4 Enbroldery trased that nly peians mtr Qgefthe mos celebrate histo vere tobe made and used 2s estes fr gyents of the Medieval era was the thet be al worthy be BIE pes Taps I was the history ad pig oa thestry of Willam the Conqueror. be 2 Panes Noman ivaion of England and te deal pings —indaled Batleof Hastings. twas an embroiey ects In koopa frac, sod madeof colored wool used to embrse Pind pnngdecngrclignussens imgrant scenes. The Bayeux tpt Peco ves made of eight Tong. stipe Ths es wa type of pining woah linen, which had Been sot commonly neon valor alin. topther to frm a continuous pd ‘rit wth tee Ding te Tele formed he background leAgatescoavetesconmen_ Ba duly alan ccs eee, Te Berens ed ha 2c igh and 23 lo the rwerode Atapleeattibuted tothe Toithep fob Cann PUP EL gr Dette on exoindeCiytal eerste Stet ete lorewent ae "erate Bear Tapesty Yt sretppeinin Ceramics were done handmade and not whee-urned during the eatly medieval period, producing ‘common cooking ware, such a6 pots Jars pitchers, and crucibles. 6. Mosaes, Mosc is the artful creation of pictures withthe use f broken pieces of ore las rock, or anyother materia: (Christian churches and cathedals have ‘sed mosaic as walla cling display. 1. Sculptures Gosie culpre emerged fom the carly rigid, inflenble, and elongated Style of states used in Romanesque art into more naturalistic syle in the late * and early 1 century. 8. Stained Gass Stained Gass art: Stained glass was Aislaed to the windows of Medieval churches, cathedrals, and eases Stained glass art exemplified the type of pictorial ac that survived the Medieval ofthe Middle Ages. Stained glass art makes use of feagmented pices of glass ‘sto lok lke an image oa picture. The pletures are joined together by stips of lead supported bya hard durable fame 9. Heraldry Heraldry was the at and custom of creating coatsofarms and badges ofthe fable. The usuil materia for making coat of arms were parchment paper. painted wood, embroidery, enamel, sonework, and stained glass. Names of Famous Medieval Artists ‘The most famous artists of the idle Ages inchided men, like Donatello, Giotto, Leon Battista Albe CCimabue, Filippo Brunellesch, Fra Angelic, and Lorenzo Ghibert RENAISSANCE The period In European history, foom the 18° to the 17 century, was considered the link between the Middle ‘Ages and modern history. I began as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Acc Mpeesnion 9 75