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    Chem edexcel revision part2

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    chemistry

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    6 views9 pages

    Chem Edexcel Revision Part2

    Uploaded by

    mariem
    chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    N w - . Put a drop of the sample on the baseline Puta drop of the sample on the baseline CHROMATOGRAPHY Used to separate: 2 or more dissolved solids U Eg: = Colors c dyes ) = =a ‘Ways to separate: Get a Chromatography paper. . Drawa line with pencil called baseline (do mater iss not use ink as it will interfere with results). — eee | Sovent rent using glass rod. Finer paper Put the paper in suitable solvent (level of peeks solvent MUST be below baseline to avoid dissolving of the spot in solvent). Baseline Inkspot Solver (wate) ‘Nepte Until Satu Femoe Chrowdegion \ Yeates OS to LoP i. : 3 Fee ee Say: oh Ake Pepe The Purity and identity of substances: = The distance moved by a particular spot is measured and related to the position of the solvent front. = The ratio of these distances is called retention factor (Ri) value. This value is used to identify the substance. y= Distance moved by the substance Distance moved by the solvent front = Paper chromatography is one test that can be used to check the purity of a substance, If the sample is pure, it should give one spot by chromatography. = The identity of substances can also be checked by comparing its Rr value to that of a sample we know to be pure. = The most common tests for purity are the melting and boiling points. Impurities would lower the melting point and raise the boiling point of a substance. ‘Solvent front Base line j+ Solvent evel IMPORTANT NOTES: ubstances separate according to their solubility in the solvent. E.g.: The dyes are carried by the solvent and begin to separate. The substances that is most soluble moves fastest up the paper. shat ismost soluble.moves fastestup the paper The run stops just before the solvent front (the level reached by the solvent). L-@ an insoluble substance will remain at the origin. @ If sample is insoluble in water, USE ethanol (organic solvent). (* Make sure to cover with lid if using ethanol as ethanol is volatile (can evaporate Make sure to cover with lid if using ethanol as ethanol is volatile ( easily). * Ifonly 1 spot produced, then the sample is pure. _ IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1. Why isa lid necessary on top of the beaker, in case of using ethanol as a solvent? ¥ To prevent evaporation / loss of solvent. 2. If the dyes are insoluble in water, name a suitable solvent that could be used Y Organic solvent (E.g.: Ethanol) RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION: > Introduction Volume cane # The reaction starts fast as the curve fat) concentration / Mass of reactants is high (Curve Steepest) Rerction slower = The reaction then slows down as the ea concentration / Mass is decreasing (Curve less Steep) action fastest = The reaction is finished when limiting (curve steepest) factor is used up (all reactants react) (Curve Tine Flat) > Factors affecting the rate of reactions * Temperature * Pressure * Concentration * Surface Area © Stirring + Catalyst et && By increasing any of these factors the rate of chemical reaction increases > Different reactions with different rate * A 8 € g B 3 2 c 3 Time /s Graph A ‘Steeper curve ® Higher rate of reaction. Higher end point > Higher concentration / Mass of limiting factor. Graph B Steeper curve } Higher rate of reaction } Using higher temprature / adding catalyst / increasing concentration / using smaller lumps Graph C Less steep curve >} Slower rate of reaction > Using lower temprature / decreasing concentration / using larger lumps Same endpoint > Same concentration / Mass of limiting factor > Anomalous Point: 1.0 09 i This may happen due to misread the A an measuring cylinder or read too goey - 06 0.5 04 03 02 ot If the point is below the curve, then it happened due to taking late reading This is the way to obtain the right measurement Some graphs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 i rT BEST FIT LINE SMOOTH LINE CURVE Draw it with pencil without using Ruler Itis not necessary to path by all points Draw it with pencil using Ruler IMPORTANT NOTE WHY Polystyrene is better than copper can? Polystyrene is an insulator which will decrease heat loss and therefore the temperature measure high. ‘Graph of Temperature measured using polystyrene cup (Graph of Temperature measured sing copper cup IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1. Suggest an advantage of taking readings regularly at short time intervals (e.g. every 15 seconds) ¥ There will be more readings so a smoother curve and more accurate graph will be drawn. 2. Suggest an advantage and disadvantage of taking readings after 1 min? ¥ Advantage: fair experiment. ¥ Disadvantage: may be the reaction not finished as if you are measuring temperature, termperature may be still changing. 3. Why does the rate of the reaction decrease over time? ¥ Concentration of reactants decrease 4. When does the reaction finish? / Explain why the rate is zero? ¥ All limiting factors react / used up / decompose 5. Why there is an anomalous point? @ ¥ Itcan bea result of misreading measuring cylinder or reading too early / late. ——_——{——— “Or? mote of \e

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